Paper Keywords: Lu Jia's political ethics, seeking virtue and valuing the people.
Abstract: Lu Jia was a pioneer in reviving Confucianism in the early Han Dynasty. Xin Yu, his representative work, is based on Confucianism, benevolence and morality, while absorbing some factors from Taoism and Legalism, and advocates the political proposition of doing nothing, seeking virtue and valuing the people, which provides a solid value support for the rulers in the early Han Dynasty to build a rule of virtue, promotes the stability and development of social economy at that time, and contains rich political and ethical thoughts, which has far-reaching historical significance.
Lu Jia was a pioneer in reviving Confucianism in the early Han Dynasty and became an important figure at the turn of Qin and Han Dynasties with his special contributions. Lu Jia's thoughts mixed Confucianism and Taoism, and absorbed some factors of Legalism, but Confucianism was the main one. He summed up the political experience and lessons of Qin's death and Han's prosperity in his masterpiece Xinyu, and put forward? Rule the country by virtue, and act by benevolence and righteousness? The policy of "ruling by virtue" embodies the political proposition of taking benevolence and righteousness as the body and punishment as the purpose, the way of governing the country by doing nothing, vigorously cultivating and selecting talents to enrich the employment methods of bureaucrats at all levels and attach importance to the people's thoughts, and earnestly strengthen the moral education of the people, which contains rich political and ethical thoughts and has its important historical position.
First, the political proposition of benevolence and righteousness.
Lu Jia was the first thinker who advocated Confucianism in the early Han Dynasty. According to the historical facts of Qin's death and Han's prosperity, he proposed? Both offensive and defensive, both civil and military? Think, remonstrate with Liu Bang to govern the country with benevolence and righteousness, and point out that the world can? Get it right away? , but not? Immediate treatment? . Historical records? Where was the biography of Lu Jia recorded? Lu Sheng always said that he was called "poem" and "book", and the day when Emperor Gao scolded him: I immediately understood that I saved the poem and the book! ? Lu birthday:? If you get it right away, why not treat it right away? And Tang Wu did the opposite, naturally, both civil and military, is also a long skill. In the past, Fu Cha and Zhi Bo of Wu were all killed by extreme violence. The criminal law of Qin people remained unchanged, and Zhao died. The township made Qin Rong the world, doing righteousness, and being the first king. Can your majesty accept it? Lu Jia summed up the positive and negative experiences and lessons of history, indicating that Israel? Reverse? And then what? Shunshou? , both civil and military, not full-time? Criminal law? And needs? Be righteous, the first king of France? Is truth based on "new words"? Win the world? The general policy of changing from wartime politics to future peaceful politics was unanimously endorsed by the monarch and ministers in the early Han Dynasty, which found a historical and realistic basis for reviving Confucianism.
As a Confucian in the early Han Dynasty, what is the symbol of Confucianism held high by Lu Jia? Renyi? Thought. He criticized Qin's tyrannical law with benevolence and righteousness as the standard, and established the value standard, authority standard and legitimacy standard of pre-Qin Confucianism. This means that if the Han Dynasty wants to set things right, it must absorb the Confucian concept of benevolence, righteousness and morality and the way of governing the country. Lu Jia attached great importance to the role of benevolence and righteousness in governing the country. He regards benevolence and righteousness as the foundation of governing the country. "Newspeak? The puppy pointed out:? Rule the country by Tao, put morality first, stand by and watch Xi Ren, and insist on restraining power by righteousness. ? "Newspeak? Say it again in art:? A man who seeks things without justice will fail later. ? In Lu Jia's view, the ruler must pay attention to benevolence and morality, which is the foundation of governing the country. According to statistics, what are the contents of this edition of Newspeak? Ren? Twenty-three words mean thirty-five words. Renyi? Also said that there are thirteen places. Throughout New Talk, the theme of ruling the world with benevolence and morality is consistent. Of course, Lu Jia's Xin Yu is not a simple copy of pre-Qin Confucianism. His theory of benevolence and righteousness enriched new contents and absorbed some ideological factors of Taoism and Legalism, making it more suitable for the political needs of the rulers in the early Han Dynasty. Unlike Taoism, which values morality over benevolence, and Legalism, which values punishment over morality, Lu Jia put benevolence and morality on the same footing and realized one-sided emphasis? Still being punished? And the danger of rejecting benevolence and righteousness is learned from Huang Lao Silk Book? Morality before punishment? The idea. "Newspeak? Art points out:? Rule the country by virtue, and act by benevolence and righteousness. Therefore, those who respect the position without virtue are virtuous, and those who are rich without righteousness are benevolent; People who are mean are respected, and those who are poor are respected? "Newspeak? The bank also said: The strong in virtue is strong, and the strong in strength is arrogant. Suntech in Qi Huangong was a bully, and Qin Ershi died of punishment. Therefore, torture is resentful, while Deb is prosperous. People are attached to morality, flesh and blood are kind, husband and wife are righteous, friends are righteous, monarch and minister are righteous, and officials are righteous? . Lu Jia? Benevolence? His political ethics carried forward Confucian morality and provided a theoretical basis for the implementation of long-term stability in the early Han Dynasty.
Second, the way of governing the country by doing nothing
At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the war was decided, and the poor were tired. The urgent task is to recuperate with the people. Therefore, Lu Jia absorbed the Taoist thought of quietness, emphasizing that rulers should learn from the lessons of ancient kings and the demise of the Qin Dynasty, so as to govern by doing nothing. Lu Jia praised the role of inaction in Xin Yu: the husband's way is greater than inaction, and the behavior is greater than respect. Why is there still a long way to go? Yu Shun used to rule the world, playing banjo and singing the poem "South Wind". If he has no intention of governing the country, if he is indifferent to people's hearts, he will be ruled. Duke Zhou's rites and music, serving the world, observing mountains and rivers, not setting up divisions and brigades, suspended the criminal law. However, in the four seas, he got a confession, and King Shang Yue retranslated it to North Korea, so there is hope for inaction. ? Here? Tao? Clearly refers to the rule of law, and? Doing nothing? This is the top priority of governing the country. It means: first, I think inaction is the greatest way, and it is also the way of ancient St. Wang Zhiguo; Secondly, it is certain that a promising goal can only be achieved through inaction. What is the ideal state of inaction politics? "Newspeak? Virtue says:? The rule of a gentleman is also, if there is no block, if there is no silence, if there is no official, if there is no people in the pavilion; Don't complain in the lane, young and old don't worry about the court; Those who are near have no discussion, and those who are far away have no listening; There are no officials who walk at night in postal translation, and there are no signs of night talk in rural areas; Dogs don't bark at night, birds don't sing at night; Old people rest in the hall, while strong men plow the fields; Those who are in the court are loyal to the monarch, and those who are at home are filial. So, reward good and punish evil, polish it and carry it forward. Then, the difference between wisdom and stupidity, the difference between old and young, the difference between up and down, the difference between strength and weakness, the difference between size and dignity, the difference between geese and geese, words and faith, anger and prestige, relying on armor and soldiers, the difference between deep punishment, day and night before departure! ? Lu Jia's up there? Virtue? In the world, Confucian etiquette and justice have been practiced. Although there are different levels of propriety, size, age, strength, virtue and stupidity, the relationship between them is harmonious, which is maintained and realized through morality, education and rewards and punishments, rather than by severe punishment. In addition, Lu Jia also pointed out: Zhou Shi declined, social morality was corrupted, politics was out of order, the avenue was hidden and uncomfortable, and its wings were destroyed? Confucius? Want to rectify the way of the empire and oppose the politics of the world, there is no place in the world, there is no owner, and there is no desire in the world? . So what? After death, it is the afterlife; Record cases to understand life; The performance of the six arts has nothing to do with good and evil. The noble and the humble do not insult each other, and the strong and the weak do not bully each other. They are endless for the world and their achievements will last forever. " Poetry; Classics, rites and music are in their proper places, which is the foundation of the righteous way of heaven. ? Lu Jia believes that the end of disputes and chaos in the Western Han Dynasty is an excellent opportunity to realize this ideal society.
Lu Jia emphasized inaction, but did not exclude doing something. He wants to do something but not act rashly, and advocates reducing the subjective factors in the process of monarch's promotion to politics as much as possible and following the principle of governing politics based on written law. As far as political measures are concerned, the administration is simple, there are not many measures, and the punishment is not excessive; As far as the personal accomplishment of the supreme ruler is concerned, it refers to acting within a certain legal scope. "Newspeak? Say cautiously:? Punishment according to the weather, luck according to yin and yang, looking up at astronomy and observing people's hearts? , "Newspeak? Wuwei also said:? The king's capital, the king of the south, is the law taken by the people and cannot be illegal. ? Here? Decree? That is, to govern affairs according to established political rules, rather than to handle political affairs according to subjective will. Rulers can realize their ideals as long as they govern by doing nothing, restrain and be responsible for their actions, respect the punishment lightly and let their subjects go their own way? Virtue? This world. Lu Jia's political ethics thought of governing by doing nothing adapted and improved the relationship between the ruling class and the common people at that time to a certain extent, and promoted the social and economic stability and development in the early Han Dynasty.
Third, the way to seek talents by employing people
The gains and losses of employing people are related to the rise and fall of the country and the happiness of the people. Lu Jia linked the problem of employing people with the policy of benevolence and righteousness, emphasizing benevolence and advocating the use of talents. He compared righteousness to that of a monarch? Nest? And regard the saint as a monarch? Staff? . "Newspeak? Fuzheng said:? A man with a high husband must not be uneasy at home, and a man with a dangerous staff must not be unstable. If you are uneasy, you will fall, and your staff will be different. ? On the basis of learning from the successful experience of Wang Zhiguo, an ancient sage who attached importance to talents, Lu Jia developed the thought of attaching importance to sages in pre-Qin Confucianism? Fuzheng also said:? Yao used to take benevolence and righteousness as his nest, and Shun used jade spirit deed as his staff to make it stable and dynamic. Climb the banquet platform, take the road of compromise, match heaven and earth with virtue, be extremely proud of eight, make great contributions through the ages, enjoy fame and fortune forever, build your own nest, and get a staff. ? Lu Jia draws a conclusion by comparing the positive and negative experiences of the success of ancient St. Wang Zhiguo and the failure of Qin to govern the country. Therefore, the stick saint is the emperor, the stick saint is the king, the benevolent stick is the overlord, the righteous stick is strong, the greedy stick is destroyed, and the thief stick is dead. ?
Lu Jia advocated that when selecting talents, we should try our best to choose those saints, sages and benevolent people and avoid those who take bribes and pervert the law. You mainly do this, first of all, you should be a saint and a wise man, pay attention to self-cultivation with morality and govern the country with benevolence and righteousness. Whether the monarch can get talents depends largely on whether he has morality and benevolence. "Newspeak? Think about affairs and say: So the benevolent is in office, the benevolent comes, the righteous is in court, and the righteous comes. Therefore, Mozi's door is a warrior's door, Zhong Ni's door is a moral door, Wen Wang's door is a virtuous door, and Qin Wang's door is an ominous door. ? Secondly, the monarch should be open-minded and courteous to the virtuous corporal, but also be upright and upright, suppress evil and promote good, be close to the wise and stay away from the villains. For this reason, Lu Jia took Zhao Gao as an example to illustrate the fact that the rulers thought that stuffing was against the country and brought disaster to the people. In addition, the selection of sages by rulers should not be limited to officials, officials and nobles, but also pay attention to those who live in seclusion and are poor? Fantastic talent? . Lu Jia, bureaucratic? In Qualification, I use camphor trees and dead poplars as image metaphors. The famous wood in the world, born in the deep mountains and near the valleys, stands as the ancestor of many trees on Mount Tai, while servants are used all the time. ? It shows that Cinnamomum camphora, a famous wood, is located in a remote place. If it is not found and valued, it will be even worse. Dead poplars on the roadside? Because of this, you mainly see the unequal opportunities for talents to play their roles, and really look for talents and get close to them. In addition, Lu Jia also stressed that the appointment of talents must be light and heavy. " Newspeak? Art says:? In Lv Wang, a good horse is not alone, a sword is not alone, a beautiful woman is not alone, and a loyal minister is not alone. ? Therefore, selecting talents should not only look at fame, but also seek truth from facts. For those talented people, you should know who you are and be good at what you do. Because? There is a horse without the imperial power of Wang Liang, a sword without the power to sharpen a knife, a woman without elegant ornaments, a scholar without a king of letters, a Taoist skill without comfort, and a beautiful jade hidden but not revealed. Therefore, those who cherish Tao will live in the world, and those who cherish simplicity will wait for work. The Tao is explained by the wise, the horse is loved by the ruler, the sage is used, the book is handed down by the wise, and things are made clear to the discerning. It shows that a benevolent person must know how to be good at people's duties, so as to select a group of people who dare to speak, be honest and clean, and practice benevolent policies with both ability and political integrity. Lu Jia's political and ethical thought of seeking talents is conducive to discovering talents, giving full play to their enthusiasm, improving the political management quality of the ruling class at that time, and stabilizing and strengthening the feudal subordinate relationship between the ruling class and the people.
Fourth, attach importance to the idea that people come from the people.
In Lu Jia's ideological system, the thought of valuing the people is of great significance. Although Lu Jia didn't make it clear like Mencius and Jia Yi? People are precious? And then what? The people are the country? However, he inherited the people-oriented thought in the pre-Qin period and put forward rich people-oriented thought on the basis of summing up historical experience. First of all, Lu Jia not only understood the Confucian people-oriented thought, but also realized that the gain and loss of political power and the root of national chaos lay in the support of the people, and also saw the power of the people from the historical process of Qin's death and Han's prosperity. Will he? Dai Min? Or? Lost people? It is regarded as the key to the long-term stability of social cherry blossoms. "Newspeak? Virtue says:? Those who want to conquer the country and serve it far away get it from the people. ? Lu Jia thinks it is because? Those who cherish Taoism return to it, but those who hold it fear it? Is the nature of heaven and earth, is the eternal universal law, so to win the hearts of the people? Rule the country by virtue, and act by benevolence and righteousness? . Lu Jiali advocated educating people with morality, and emphasized that only by attaching importance to the education and influence of morality can it be made possible? People fear their rights and follow them, return to their territory by virtue, and dare not violate their politics. ，reach？ Fear of impunity, joy without reward? Field. Such a social order can not be achieved by Qiang Bing and cruel laws alone, but also by respecting benevolence and virtue to accomplish the task of educating the people, thus? Win people's hearts, serve distant places and become benevolent? . Secondly, Lu Jia advocated that the monarch should be thrifty and save the people's strength, instead of abusing it, and urged the rulers to attach importance to agriculture and mulberry trees and emphasize their importance to the people. Wind and frugality? ,? Under the control of the monarch, the extravagant should be thrifty, and the arrogant should be unified with reason? . Emphasizing that rulers lead by example, live frugally and are unwilling to help others can not only set an example for changing social customs, but also ensure that more workers are engaged in farming mulberry, so that ordinary people can support their families and the country can maintain long-term stability. On the other hand, the rulers' forced pursuit of a luxurious and luxurious life will inevitably lead to the wanton conquest and extortion of the people, which will lead to the loss of popular support and even the crisis of family destruction. So-called? With Tao, military concession and Dexing, Sri Lanka is the eternal way, and the law of constant practice is also? Rulers should educate the people with benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and joy, but in order not to make the people in trouble, they should? Did nothing? , from this? Light labor? 、? Provincial contribution? Cultivate the strength of the people. Finally, Lu Jia emphasized that as a ruler, what else? Stick to small profits and do not compete with the people. " Newspeak? The bank said: Isn't it absurd for the husband to explain the matter of farming mulberry, picking pearls from mountains and seas, catching leopards and catching green, eliminating tendons and dispersing springs, and doing things with an eye on six roads, being arrogant and extravagant? ? Therefore, Lu Jia thinks that it is extremely absurd for the rulers to compete with the people for benefits, and exhorts the rulers to abide by benevolence and morality and not covet the people's interests with the fact that Lu Zhuanggong was arrogant and extravagant in history and exploited the people with exorbitant taxes and levies. Lu Jia attached importance to the people's political and ethical thoughts, and saw the importance of people's support, which eased the relationship between the monarch and the people, reduced the labor burden of the people, and was conducive to giving play to the people's enthusiasm for production, as well as to the stability and development of the social economy at that time.
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The political and ethical thoughts expressed by Lu Jia in Xin Yu were based on Confucianism, benevolence and morality, and absorbed some factors from Taoism and Legalism, which provided a relatively solid value support for the rulers in the early Han Dynasty to build a rule of virtue. At the same time, it also combined the social practice of Huang Lao's politics in the early Han Dynasty, which was related to people's livelihood, light punishment and saving trouble and money, and promoted the stability and development of society, politics and economy at that time, with distinctive characteristics of the times. Lu Jia's political ethics has a great influence on the formation and development of later generations, especially Dong Zhongshu's feudal ethics, which shows that it occupies an important position in the history of Confucianism and has a unique moral value model.