1, first cause effect

Who doesn't want to make a good impression on others? The first reason is the initial impression, or the first impression. In interpersonal communication, people tend to pay attention to the details they come into contact with, such as the expression, figure and appearance of the other person.

And I don't pay much attention to the details I came into contact with later. This initial impression formed by previous information and its influence on later information is the first cause effect, which is what we often call "preconceptions".

The information produced by the first impression is limited, and the first impression is not necessarily true and reliable. Due to the comprehensiveness of cognition, with the change of time and the deepening of cognition, people can completely penetrate these incomplete information, fill in the gaps with thinking, and form a certain degree of overall impression. Just like "Ma Quan is far-sighted, and people have seen him for a long time."

2. recency effect?

Proximity is the last impression. Recency effect refers to the influence of last impression on people's cognition. The last impression is often the deepest impression, which is the post-reflection of psychological explanation.

The first cause effect and recency effect are not opposites, but two sides of the same problem. In college students' interpersonal communication, the first impression is of course important, and the last impression can not be ignored.

In the cognition of strangers, the first cause effect is obvious; Recency effect is more obvious in the cognition of familiar people. This tells us that when interacting with others, we should not only pay attention to the impression we usually leave on each other, but also pay attention to the first impression and the last impression we leave on each other.

3. Halo effect

Halo effect, also known as halo effect, means that in interpersonal communication, people often generalize from one characteristic of the other person to a series of other related characteristics, and form a complete impression from local information, that is, make comprehensive conclusions about others according to the least situation. The so-called "beauty is in the eye of the beholder" refers to this halo effect.

The halo effect is actually the result of personal subjective inference generalization. Under the halo effect, once a person's advantages or disadvantages become a halo and are expanded, their advantages or disadvantages will retreat behind the light and be ignored by others.

Have you ever had this situation in interpersonal communication? Give attractive students more ideal personality characteristics, or design a bright future for more beautiful students. For example, "You have a good temperament, so you can apply for a job in the future", "The man who met me for the first time was so concerned about me that I will never forget it" and so on.

4. Projection effect

Projection effect means that in interpersonal communication, people always assume that others have the same tendency as themselves, that is, project their own characteristics on others. The so-called "there is a villain's heart and a gentleman's belly" reflects one aspect of the projection effect.

Projection can be divided into two types: one is that individuals do not realize that they have certain characteristics, but add these characteristics to others. For example, a classmate who is hostile to others always feels that the other person has hatred for himself, as if his every move is a provocation.

The other is that individuals realize some unsatisfactory characteristics of themselves and add them to others. For example, in the examination room, students who want to cheat always feel that other students are cheating, and they will suffer if they don't cheat. The purpose is to re-evaluate one's unsatisfactory characteristics through this projection, so as to achieve a temporary psychological balance.