China had his own writing in the Shang Dynasty more than three thousand years ago (Oracle Bone Inscriptions). In the pre-Qin period, there were great thinkers in China, such as Confucius and Laozi. A large number of works born in that distant era still have world influence, such as Tao Te Ching, The Book of Songs, The Spring and Autumn Annals and The Analects of Confucius.
China's ancient poems are very developed, including The Book of Songs, which recorded the poems of the Zhou Dynasty earlier and flourished in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, China's poetry ushered in its heyday. Famous poets and poets in China history include Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Su Shi and Li Qingzhao. Eight famous writers in Tang and Song Dynasties (Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong) were famous writers in Tang and Song Dynasties. Calligraphy is a unique art in China. Famous calligraphers in China include Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Liu Gongquan and Yan Zhenqing. Chinese painting is also famous. Famous contemporary painters in China are Xu Beihong, Qi Baishi and Zhang Daqian. Famous novelists in the history of China include Luo Guanzhong, Shi Naian, Wu Cheng'en and Cao Xueqin. He wrote many famous Chinese books, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions.
After the May Fourth Movement, the vernacular movement rose, and vernacular began to gradually replace classical Chinese as the mainstream writing form. Famous vernacular novelists include Lu Xun, Lao She, Mao Dun, Ba Jin, Qian Zhongshu, Zhang Ailing, Ding Ling, Shen Congwen and others. Poets and essayists who write in vernacular Chinese include Guo Moruo and Zhu Ziqing. Famous works include The True Story of Ah Q by Lu Xun, Home by Ba Jin, Midnight by Mao Dun, Camel Xiangzi by Lao She, Fortress Besieged by Qian Zhongshu and Border Town by Shen Congwen.
China now has 3 1 world heritages, ranking third in the world, most of which are cultural heritages or dual heritages of culture and nature.
China's world natural heritage includes Jiuzhaigou scenic spot, Wulingyuan scenic spot, Huanglong scenic spot and West Lake scenic spot in Yunnan Sanjiang Parallel Protection Zone.
West Lake Scenic Area National Scenic Area. The total area is 60.04 square kilometers. It starts from the Songmuchang in Hangzhou in the east, turns from Lu Bao to the north of Children's Palace Square, and passes through Baisha Road, Huancheng West Road, Hubin Road and Nanshan Road to the south of Wansongling and all the scenic spots in Wu Shan, Ziyang Mountain and Yunjushan. It starts from the Drum Tower in the south, along Wu Shan, Ziyang Mountain and Yunju Mountain, passes through Fengshanmen, along Fenghuangshan Road, at Tianhua Mountain, along the diversion canal of West Lake to the north bank of Qiantang River, and then turns to Coral Sand Reservoir to the north of Liufangling; West Liuzi Fangling, Zhugan Mountain, Jiuqu Mountain, Mingrenling to Renmeifeng, Beifeng, Lingfeng Mountain to the east of Laoheshanling; Turn from the northern foot of Laoheshan Mountain (the western wall of Zhejiang University) to the north of Wu Qingzhi Road for 30 meters, and then connect Yugu Road, Zhejiang University Road and Shuguang Road to the south of Songmuchang. The peripheral protection zone covers an area of 35.64 square kilometers, starting from Nanxingqiao Binhe Park, Jiangcheng Road, Fengshan Bridge, Zhongshan South Road, Gulou to Where Street, Yan 'an South Road and Yan 'an Road in the east, and turning to Huancheng West Road to Chun Qing Road, Wulin Road and Jiaochang Road in the west; South to the middle line of the main channel of Qiantang River, and turn to Hangfu Road north of Tangtang; The west is the area east of Liuzhuan Road; Stay in the north, cross Hanghui Road and Tianmushan Road to the south of Wulinmen. The West Lake Scenic Area is centered on the West Lake, with 60 national, provincial and municipal cultural relics protection units and more than 100 scenic spots, among which there are mainly ten West Lake scenes and ten New West Lake scenes. The West Lake used to be called Wulin Water and Qiantang Lake, and also called Ming Sheng Lake and Jinniu Lake. The north, west and south are surrounded by mountains, the east is the urban area, and the three sides are Yunshan and the city. Because the lake in the Tang Dynasty was in the west of the city, it was called West Lake. When Su Dongpo was guarding Hangzhou, he wrote a poem: The water is bright and sunny, and the mountains are cloudy and rainy. If there are more dead beauties in the West Lake, C+ is so appropriate. Therefore, it has the name of Xizi Lake. The outline of the lake is nearly oval, with an area of 6.03 square kilometers, of which the water surface area is 5.66 square kilometers, and the circumference of the lake shore is 15 kilometers. The bottom of the lake is relatively flat, with an average water depth of about 1.5m, the deepest point of about 2.8m and the shallowest point less than1m.. Bai Causeway and Su Causeway divided the West Lake into five parts: Waihu, Lihu, Yuehu, Xili and Hu Xiaonan. There are four islands in the lake: Gushan, Zhou Xiaoying, Huxinting and Ruan Gongdun. The main streams flowing into the West Lake are Jinsha Port, Longhongjian and Changqiaoxi. The West Lake water diversion project drilled through the mountains, attracting a clear stream of Qiantang River. The main outlet for regulating the water level of the West Lake is Tang Sheng Gate, which enters the canal through Tangsheng River. One is Jinyongmen, which flows into Hecheng River outside Wulinmen via the underground pipeline around Shahe River. West Lake was a shallow bay connected with Qiantang River in ancient times. Later, due to siltation, the sea was cut off and the seawater in the sand mouth became a lagoon. Therefore, the folk proverb says: the pearl of the West Lake falls from the sky, and the dragon and phoenix dance to Qiantang. The West Lake is washed by mountain springs and flowing water, and it is also artificially dredged. When the poets Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846) and Su Dongpo (1037 ~101) were the local governors of Hangzhou, they all carefully managed the West Lake, dredged the lake mud, built water conservancy projects and irrigated farmland, forming three islands in the lake and the second dam of Essence. The mountains around the lake are lush and lush, with flowers and trees. Springs, pools, streams and streams are dotted among peaks, rocks, caves and valleys, and pavilions, pavilions, towers and caves are dotted among green trees. The lakes and mountains are picturesque. Between Qingyi Bibo and Lv Yun Cuigu, there are countless beautiful natural landscapes and dazzling historical sites. People in China say that Hangzhou is the best of the 36 West Lakes in the world. He also said that the beauty of the West Lake is difficult to draw poems in ancient and modern times. During the Ming Dynasty, a Japanese envoy visited the West Lake and wrote a poem saying: I saw this map of the lake in previous years and I don't believe there is such a lake in the world. After crossing the lake today, the painter still needs time. The name of the Ten Scenery of West Lake originated from the four words of Song Di, a landscape painter in the Northern Song Dynasty. He marked his paintings with wild geese in Pingsha, blue rocks and Pu Yuan returning to sail. Later, landscape painters followed suit. In the 3rd century A.D./KLOC-0, painters Ma Yuan and Chen Qingbo in the Southern Song Dynasty painted the essence of the West Lake, and also marked the willow waves singing, the two peaks inserting clouds, the autumn moon in Pinghu, the snow on the broken bridge, the moon printed in Santan, the sunset photo of Leifeng, the spring dawn in Su Causeway and the midnight bell in Nanping. Later, they painted two pictures, Huagang Watching Fish and Qu Yuan's Lotus Style, which gave rise to the theory of the Ten Scenes of the West Lake. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty toured the West Lake in the south, setting up a monument for the title of Ten Scenes, changing two peaks into two peaks, and the wind of Quyuan was the wind of Quyuan. In this way, the ten scenic spots of the West Lake were confirmed. During the period of 1985, Hangzhou Daily, Hangzhou Gardens and Cultural Relics Administration and other units launched an activity to collect new scenic spots, with 50,000 participants and lasting for 8 months. As a result, Yun Qi Bamboo Trail, Manlong Guiyu, Tiger Run Mooncherry, Longjing Tea, Jiuxi Tobacco Tree, Wushan Tianfeng, Ruandun Huanbi, Huanglong Cui Tu, Jade Emperor Feiyun, Gem Liuxia and other ten scenic spots were selected, and people called them the Ten Scenes of the New West Lake. Chen Yun, Liu Haisu, Zhao Puchu and other 10 famous artists built monuments for it. In the West Lake Scenic Area, besides the Ten Scenes and the New Ten Scenes, there are other famous scenic spots such as Tianzhu, Wuyunshan, Phoenix Mountain, Yushan, Beifeng, Huxinting, Bai Causeway, Gushan, Hefangting, Liu Zhuang, Hangyuan, Botanical Garden, Nanfeng, Leshui Cave, Lion Peak, Geling, Ziyun Cave, Xixi and Lingfeng Tan Mei. ?
Su Causeway, Xiao Chun, Su Causeway is on the west side of the West Lake, with Nanshan Road and Beishan Road connected at the north and south ends, with a total length of 2.8 kilometers. When Su Dongpo, a poet of the Northern Song Dynasty, was an official in Hangzhou, he organized migrant workers to open the West Lake and dig mud to build a lake. There are also six stone arch bridges on the embankment, such as Yingbo, Suolan, Wangshan, Dike, Dongpu and Guohong, which alternate with high and low, breaking through the monotony of straight and long roads. Peach and willow trees are planted on both sides of the dike, and the scenery is beautiful. The embankment has been paved with asphalt, and all kinds of flowers and trees have been planted on the broad lawns on both sides. At regular intervals, there is a long armchair, which is very quiet. During the day, tourists wander around and enjoy themselves. At night, it becomes the marriage path for local couples to meet. The scenery in Su Causeway is different in four seasons, and it is different in the morning and evening. Sunny, cloudy, rainy and snowy are all interesting. Especially in the spring morning, the lake is misty like yarn, the shore is full of smoke, and willow trees are shaded, so it is called Su Causeway Xiao Chun. ?
Liulang Wenying is located on the southeast bank of West Lake, near Qingbo Gate of Nanshan Road. It used to be the imperial garden of the Southern Song Emperor-Ju Jing Garden. There is a willow bridge in the garden, and the lake is covered with weeping willows. The dense willows by the lake seem to have hung green curtains. Spring breeze is blowing, blue waves are flying, and warblers can always be heard from the depths of the shade. Therefore, it was named Liulang Wenying. Now it has been expanded into a night park, with an area of 17 hectares from the original corner. The whole park is divided into four scenic spots: friendship, singing, gathering scenery and Nanyuan. There is a new bird paradise in Wenying Pavilion. Birds are singing and dancing in it. The park is full of green grass and flowers. ? Qu Yuan's Wind Load The original wind load of Qu Yuan was under Hongqiao at the northern end of Su Causeway (at the Kangxi Monument). In the Song Dynasty, there was a Qu Yuan who brewed official wine. Many lotus flowers were planted in it, and the fragrance overflowed in the depths of the lotus flowers, so there was the saying that Qu Yuan was full of lotus flowers. Now the wind load of Qu Yuan is several hundred times larger than before, and the layout is exquisite. There are countless kinds of lotus flowers on the vast water surface in the lotus viewing area. The lotus gallery, porch, pavilion and pavilion built by the water are simple and elegant, which are in harmony with Lv Yun and lotus fragrance. There is also the West Lake Dense Forest Resort. The park is densely forested, with towering trees and thick shade, which is quite like a deep forest. There are stilt birch huts, wooden bungalows and cookers in the forest for tourists to camp and have picnics. ?
Pinghu Qiuyue is located at the western end of Bai Causeway, surrounded by water on three sides and backed by an isolated mountain. In the Tang Dynasty, the Hope Lake Pavilion was built here. In the thirty-eighth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1699), it was rebuilt into the Imperial Book Building, and the water in front of the building was paved with a platform, hence the name Pinghu Qiuyue. Standing on the platform, overlooking the scenery of the West Lake, whether sunny or rainy, is very interesting, especially in the autumn night when the moon is shining, the lake is full of beautiful scenery and autumn, which is more poetic. ?
Santan Yin Yue is around Zhou Xiaoying, one of the three islands in the West Lake. When Su Dongpo organized migrant workers to dredge the West Lake, the island foundation was built with dredged mud. In the Ming Dynasty, a circular dike was built along the island to form an island in the lake, which is like the beauty of Penglai Fairy Island, hence the name Zhou Xiaoying. Now there are winding bridges and pavilions on the island. Under the background of lotus fragrance in Lv Yun, the landscape is rich in levels and profound in artistic conception. There are three small stone pagodas with beautiful shapes on the water surface in the south of Zhou Xiaoying Island, which are the coordinates that Su Dongpo set up in the deep water when he organized the dredging of the West Lake. The reconstruction of the Ming dynasty is today's style. In the autumn night, the bright moon is in the sky, like a candle in a tower, a hole is covered with tissue paper, and the light comes out of it, like a small moon reflected in the water, forming a wonderful scenery with a moon in the sky and a shadow in the lake. Three pools printing the moon got its name from this. ?
Leifeng Pagoda is located in the mountain on the south bank of West Lake. The original Leifeng Pagoda was built by Yue in 975 AD to celebrate the birth of Huang Fei, the son of Huang Fei, and was named Huang Fei Pagoda. Later generations renamed it Leifeng Pagoda because it stands on a hill called Leifeng Pagoda. When the sun sets in the west, the shadow of the tower streaks across the sky, resplendent and magnificent. Leifeng sunset got its name from this. When the Leifeng Tower was first built, it was on the 13 floor, so it can be boarded. After the Ming dynasty fire, it was changed to 7 floors, and then it became 5 floors and 8 sides. Leifeng Tower and Bao? The two towers face each other across the lake, so the north and south face each other. A lake reflects the twin towers and Lei Feng looks like an old woman. Is it guaranteed? As the girl said. The twin towers on the lake and the double shadows in the water complement each other with the three islands in the lake and the second embankment of the White Essence, which once added infinite aesthetic feeling to tourists and brought rich myths and historical legends, attracting many poets and painters in past dynasties. Later, the Leifeng Pagoda was hollowed out because villagers stole bricks, and fell down on the afternoon of September 25th. 1924. Therefore, Lei Feng Sunset Red is just a good name. In the Hangzhou Master Plan 1983 approved by the State Council in May, it has been clearly stated that Leifeng Pagoda, one of the ten scenic spots in the West Lake, will be restored, which is widely circulated among the people. In the near future, this scenic spot will shine again. ?
Nanping Night Clock is the chime and chime guide for Jingci Temple under Pingshan Mountain. Jingci Temple was built by King wuyue in 954 for Yongming, a Buddhist monk. It was originally named Yongming Temple, and was renamed Jingci Temple in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is one of the four jungle temples in West Lake. There used to be a big clock in front of the temple. Every evening, the bell echoes in the faint smoke, bringing people into the artistic conception of Yuping. The smoke flies and the bell in the temple falls faintly. Nanping Night Clock faces Leifeng Sunset across the road, and Tower Shadow Clock constitutes two of the most charming night scenes in the West Lake. Jingci Temple is also accompanied by the myths and legends of Jigong. There is a wooden well in the temple, which attracts countless tourists to watch. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, Jingci Temple had its ups and downs. After two transformations, 1959 and 1984, it has been restored. A new bronze bell weighing 15000 kg was cast, and the melodious bell echoed in the night sky of Xizi Lake. ?
Broken Bridge Broken Bridge is the eastern starting point of Bai Causeway, at the dividing point between Waihu Lake and Beili Lake. The name "Broken Bridge" originated from the poem "Broken Bridge" written by Zhang Hu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, which was broken by Gushan Road, hence the name "Broken Bridge". The story "The Legend of the White Snake", one of the four great folklore stories in China, happened here. In ancient times, there were steps on the stone arch bridge and a pavilion in the center of the bridge. In winter, the snow and ice on the sunny side of the bridge melted, but on the shady side it was made of jade and silver. The bridge seems to be broken, and it looks like a bridge and a dike, which constitutes a strange scenery. Broken bridge and broken snow due to fame. ?
Shuangfeng Tea Rhyme is located next to Hongchun Bridge on Lingyin Road, where Shuangfeng Tea Rhyme Yubei Pavilion is located. Shuangfeng refers to Nanfeng and Beifeng, which are the most famous of the two mountains around Hunan and north of Tianzhu Mountain. The two peaks face each other, which is more than 10. When it rains, I look at the towering twin peaks. Thick clouds are like distant mountains, and distant mountains are as light as clouds. They are clouds and mountains, hazy and indistinguishable. The peaks of the twin peaks twinkle in the clouds. At this time, tourists are faced with a huge splash-ink landscape painting, with a vast sea of clouds and faint peaks. This is why the two peaks cut into the clouds. ?
Guan Yu in Huagang is located at the southern tip of Su Causeway, bordering Xishan in the north. It is the largest first-class park in the West Lake Scenic Area. In ancient times, it was called Huagang because there was a stream flowing from Huajiashan to West Lake. In the Song Dynasty, Luyuan was built at the foot of Huajia Mountain, which was the private garden of Lu Yunsheng, an in-service official in the Southern Song Dynasty. Flowers and fish were planted in the garden, which was picturesque, so it was named the flower port for watching fish by the painter. Renovation of abandoned gardens in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. This scenic spot used to have only a monument, a pavilion, a pool and three acres of land, but now it has been built into a big park covering more than 20 hectares. Watching fish in Huagang, with fish as the center and crossing the lawn, is a paradise for fish. Tourists gather around the fish pond for food, and the fish churn on the water, chasing for food. The red Boeing is colorful and full of sounds, showing a scene of fish and people. ?
Yun Qi Bamboo Trail is located in Wuyunshan Yun Qi Wharf, about 20km away from the lake. According to legend, the colorful clouds floating from Wuyun Mountain often stay here, hence the name Yun Qi. Entering from Yun Qi Stone Arch, there are thousands of towering green mountains along the way, as well as several natural scenery of mountains, streams and throat springs. Next to the Bamboo Trail, there is a tablet pavilion and a heart-washing pavilion with Chen Yun's inscription "Bamboo Trail in Yun Qi". The pool in front of the pavilion, the water is very clear and cold, so you can wash the dust. ?
Full Dragon Guiyu Full Dragon Guide Under the Peak, under the White Crane Peak, the path of full sleep. More than 7000 osmanthus plants were planted along this mountain road. In the autumn season, the groves in the forest are graceful, the pearl trees are beautiful, and the fragrance is everywhere, which makes people feel deeply. There is a poem in the ancients: The West Lake is clear in August, where the fragrance has passed the nose. Manjue dragons are all over the golden millet, and mountain winds are blowing all over the autumn. Therefore, it was named the man Gui Longyu. At the southern foot of the Fifteen Ridges between Nangaofeng and Qinglong Mountain, there is a cave shaped like a stone house, named the Fifteen Cave, and there is a osmanthus hall in front of it. ?
Tiger Run Mooncherry Tiger Run is a tiger run spring, located in Dinghui Temple in Daci Mountain. The name "Tiger Race" comes from Mooncherry. Legend has it that a monk lived here in the Tang Dynasty, and later he was ready to move out because of lack of water. One day, he was instructed by God in his dream that there was a boy spring in Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue, and he wanted to send two tigers. If you see two tigers coming to make holes and spewing out springs. Tiger Run Mooncherry got its name from this. The fun of the tiger running trip is in spring. After entering the mountain gate, the clear spring makes a string-like sound under its feet, just like drops of beads falling on a plate in pipa music. Tiger running spring is very clear, and the water quality is clean. Longjing tea is tiger running water and has always been known as the two wonders of the West Lake. From listening to the spring, watching the spring, tasting the spring and testing the spring to Mooncherry, people can naturally enter a vivid and fantastic realm. Tiger Run is also the burial place of the legendary figure Jigong. Jigong Hall and Jigong Tower are located here. Li Shutong, a master of modern art, became a monk here, and the memorial room of Master Hongyi also attracted people's attention. ?
Longjing Tea Longjing is on Fengling Mountain in the west of West Lake. Ge Hong was an alchemist here in Jin Dynasty. During the drought, the well water did not dry up. People think it is related to Haitong, so it is named Longjing. The water in Longjing is unique in that when it is stirred, a dividing line appears on the water surface, which keeps swinging like a hairspring and then slowly disappears. This little miracle added fun to the tourists. Since ancient times, people have regarded a glass of water in the mountains as their best enjoyment. Longjing is not only a famous spring, but also the origin of the famous Longjing green tea in China, hence the name Longjing tea. Longjing green tea has four characteristics: green color, rich aroma, beautiful appearance and sweet taste.
Pay for additional cultural heritage:
Great Wall 1987+02 Cultural Heritage)
Cultural Heritage of Beijing Forbidden City and Shenyang Forbidden City 1987.438+02
Shaanxi Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Terracotta Warriors 1987.6438+02 Cultural Heritage
1987.6438+02 Cultural Heritage of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province
Beijing Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site 1987.38+02 Cultural Heritage
Shandong Taishan 1987+02 Dual Heritage of Culture and Nature
Anhui Huangshan 1990+438+02 Dual Heritage of Culture and Nature
Hunan Wulingyuan National Scenic Area 1992.438+02 Natural Heritage
Jiuzhaigou National Scenic Area in Sichuan 1992. 12 Natural Heritage
Sichuan Huanglong National Scenic Area 1992. 12 Natural Heritage
1994+02 Cultural Heritage of Potala Palace in Tibet
1994.6438+02 cultural heritage of temples in and around chengde mountain resort.
Cultural Heritage of Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Confucius Forest in Qufu, Shandong Province: 1994+08.
1994. 12 Cultural Heritage of Ancient Buildings in Wudang Mountain, Hubei Province
Jiangxi Lushan Scenic Area 1996. 12 Human Landscape
Sichuan Emei Mountain-Leshan Scenic Area 1996 438+02 Dual Heritage of Culture and Nature
Old Town of Lijiang 1997+02 Cultural Heritage
Shanxi Pingyao Ancient City 1997.6438+02 Cultural Heritage
Suzhou Classical Gardens in Jiangsu Province 1997.6438+02 Cultural Heritage
Beijing Summer Palace 1998+0438+0 Cultural Heritage
Beijing Tiantan 1998+0438+0 Cultural Heritage
Chongqing Dazu Stone Carvings 1999 38+02 Cultural Heritage
Fujian Wuyishan 1999+38+02 Dual Heritage of Culture and Nature
Qingcheng Mountain and Dujiangyan, Sichuan 2000. 1 1 Cultural Heritage
2000. 1 1 Cultural Relics of Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province
Royal Mausoleums in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Ming Xianling Mausoleum (Zhongxiang City, Hubei Province) and Qing Dongling Mausoleum (zunhua city City, Hebei Province)
City), Qing Xiling (Yixian County, Hebei Province), Shengjing Sanling 2000. 1 1 Cultural Heritage Ancient villages in Anhui: Xidi and Hongcun 2000+0 1 Cultural Heritage.
200 1. 12 Cultural Heritage of Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province
Yunnan Three Parallel Rivers Natural Heritage 2003.7
Cultural Heritage of Koguryo Imperial City, Mausoleum and Noble Tombs in July 2004
Cultural Heritage of Macao Historic District July 2005