The first part of the thesis on special children's education: "the influencing factors and countermeasures of the development of special children's education in China"
With the development of society, people pay more and more attention to education, the education for special children is further developed, and the individualized education plan for special children (IEP) is more firmly implemented. However, the lack of special education institutions, insufficient funds, imperfect diagnosis and evaluation system for special children, weak teachers, low quality of education and backward ideology and culture of special education have affected the development of special education in China. Therefore, this paper further analyzes these four influencing factors and puts forward corresponding countermeasures, hoping that all sectors of society will pay more attention to the development of special children's education and let special children grow up with great love.
Keywords: China Special Education Influencing Factors Countermeasures
First, the development status of special children's education in China
Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid economic development in China, the education for special children has also developed. The Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Education Reform and Development Plan (20 10-2020) promulgated on 2010 (hereinafter referred to as the Outline) regards special education as one of the eight major educational development tasks, which reflects the government's concern for the disadvantaged groups and attaches great importance to the development of special education. It is pointed out in the "Outline" that caring for and supporting special education, perfecting the special education system and perfecting the special education guarantee mechanism also provide opportunities for the development of special education in China. However, the number of special children in China is huge, and there are deep-seated factors in the development process. By the end of 20 13, there were 84,000 school-age disabled children in China. Therefore, we should pay attention to several problems in the development of special children's education, which affect the further development of special education in China.
Second, the factors affecting the development of education for special children in China
(1) There are few special education institutions and insufficient funds. ? The party's report pointed out that "support special education." ? According to China's national conditions, China is currently in the primary stage of society, and the development of special education is relatively backward compared with other types of education. Although the total investment in special education in China has shown an upward trend in recent years, its proportion in the national education expenditure has shown a downward trend. Special education is a pattern of education for disabled children and adolescents with a certain number of special education schools as the backbone and a large number of special classes and ordinary classes as the main body. Therefore, special education schools play a very important role in the education of disabled children.
(2) The diagnosis and evaluation system of special children is not perfect. Educational diagnostic evaluation is a very important link in special education teaching. It is a process of systematically collecting data, making predictive and estimated evaluation on the evaluation object, so as to help educational decision makers choose from several feasible strategies. A unified and perfect educational diagnosis and evaluation method for special children is the premise of understanding special children and ensuring their right to education. The diagnostic and evaluation procedures for special children in China have not yet formed a unified standard, and the diagnostic and evaluation procedures are too simple. According to the full-text database of China HowNet China Journals, the earliest literature on diagnosis of disabled children in China was published in medical journals in the mid-1990s, while the earliest article on educational diagnosis and evaluation of children with special needs was published in 1997.
(3) The teachers are weak and the quality of education is not high. At present, the education mode of special children in China is mainly to study in regular classes, and the quality of special education in regular classes has a great relationship with the number and level of special education teachers. Since the reform and opening up, the number of special education schools has gradually increased. For example, the statistics of the Ministry of Education in 20 12 show that there are 43,697 full-time teachers and 37,875 students in the national special education schools1person. Compared with the teachers and students in special education schools in developed countries, there is still a long way to go in the construction of special education teachers in China. In addition, more than half of the teachers have technical secondary school education, and most teachers have not received special education professional training. Even if they have received corresponding training, most of them organize seminars and discussions by themselves. With the investment of special education hardware, teachers' quality and professionalism also need to be paid attention to, and the development of special education needs the complementarity of hardware and software.
Three. Countermeasures of Education for Special Children in China
(1) Raise funds from various sources to increase investment in special education funds. Solving the problem of special children requires the joint efforts of the government and society. In special education, it is necessary to raise funds through multiple channels and continuously increase the investment in education funds, which requires us to pay more attention to social groups or individuals to run special education. Such educational institutions often have good social prestige and reputation, and can attract more social and private funds. The government should give affirmation to social organizations or individuals to hold special education, and provide corresponding information and financial support. At the same time, it will also enhance the social awareness of special education and attract more special education participants, such as enterprises, individuals and non-governmental organizations.
(2) Standardize the diagnosis and evaluation system for special children, and improve the professional quality of evaluators. The diagnosis and evaluation of special children should be family-centered, and the family should be the core of the whole educational intervention system. Collect information from parents, relatives, teachers and neighbors comprehensively and systematically. It is helpful for diagnosticians to adjust diagnostic test tools, make the test tools more suitable for special children, and thus evaluate the abilities of special children more accurately. At the same time, the diagnostic tools should be localized and combined with the dynamic evaluation model. When formulating the evaluation scale, it should be compiled according to the political, economic, cultural and regional differences in China. To use the test scale made abroad, it is necessary for professionals to evaluate, modify and test the scale to adapt to the characteristics of diagnosis and evaluation of local special children in China. In the diagnosis and evaluation of special children, what is needed is a dynamic process. After the first evaluation, it does not mean the end of the diagnosis and evaluation of children. The U.S. Department of Education stipulates that children should be reassessed at least once every three years, unless parents or schools feel it is unnecessary to reassess.
(3) Strengthen the construction of special education teachers and improve the quality of education. The number of special education schools is gradually increasing, and the enrollment rate of special children is also increasing year by year, so the construction of special education teachers is imminent. Many schools employ retired special education teachers to return to the classroom and undertake some or even all teaching tasks to reduce the demand for new teachers. The task of special education itself is heavy, but if the post becomes more attractive, it will not only increase the number of teachers and improve the quality of teaching, but also play a certain role in the learning of special children. In addition, social workers (such as families and neighbors of disabled children) can be recruited to teach in special schools after strict training and passing the examination. This not only expanded the number of special education teachers, but also alleviated the shortage of teachers' resources to some extent.
Generally speaking, I have made great progress in the education of special children, and more and more people pay attention to and participate in the cause of special education. However, there are still some shortcomings in the investment of special children, diagnosis and evaluation, teachers and people's cognitive level. These problems are our further thoughts on the education of special children. The education of special children needs the joint efforts of families, schools and society. We firmly believe that with the joint efforts of the whole society, many problems will eventually be solved, so that more special children can feel a happy new life and create a better future.
References:
Statistical Bulletin on the Development of Disabled Persons in China. [No.29 issued by the Disabled Persons' Federation [20 14].
[2] Thanks. Constructing lifelong education system to promote the career development of disabled children [J]. Modern special education, 20 12, 10 (04): 1
Chang Jianwen. Several problems perplexing the development of special education in contemporary China [J]. journal of suihua university, 2014,34 (1):141-145.
[3] Wang Aitao. Suggestions on the investment and use of special education funds in China [J]. China Special Education, 2013,30 (07): 225-226+230.
[4] Peng. Six major changes in the development of special education in China [J]. Special education in China, 20 10/0,7 (9): 3-8.
Special Children's Education Part II: Current Situation and Countermeasures of Special Children's Education in China
Abstract: With the continuous development of society, the level of science and technology and people's living standards have also been greatly improved, followed by the continuous growth of China's population and the increase in the number of special children. Therefore, how to make these special children receive a good education has become a difficult problem for the development of education in China. This paper makes a simple understanding of the present situation and existing problems of special children's education in China and the measures to solve these problems.
Keywords:: the current situation of special education for special children and countermeasures
Special children account for a large proportion of China's population. Because there is a certain psychological and physical gap between special children and ordinary children, we can't treat special children with ordinary educational methods, but take targeted education according to their characteristics, which is commonly called special education. In order to make special education develop in an all-round way and benefit every special child, it is necessary to take the education department as the main force and cooperate closely with the departments of civil affairs, health and disabled persons' Federation to actively develop social forces and form a channel for running special education in China.
1 special children and special education
The so-called special children are obviously different from ordinary children in intelligence, emotion, body and behavior language. In China, special children mainly refer to children with various physical or psychological defects. Education specially designed to meet the learning needs of special children. There are some similarities between special education and general education, and some characteristics and laws of general education can also be applied to special education, but special education also has a special side. In addition to educating students in moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic and labor, we should also emphasize the education of making up for defects and developing advantages. In China, special education can be generally divided into three forms: setting up special special special education schools; Set up special education classes in ordinary schools and study in regular classes in ordinary schools. At present, the third special education mode is more common in China.
2 the current situation of special children's education in China
In China, special children's education belongs to the current education system, which is generally divided into preschool education, compulsory education, vocational education and general senior secondary education. However, there is still a lack of separate education legislation for the disabled in the current education legislation system, and the law enforcement is not enough, which makes it difficult for the existing legislation level to play its corresponding role, and the right to education of special children cannot be fully guaranteed. According to the relevant provisions of the Education Law, the implementation of education in China is mainly based on financial allocation, supplemented by multi-channel financing. However, in practice, the investment in special education funds is far lower than that in ordinary children's education, which leads to the unfairness of non-education funds. In addition, family education also has some defects in the education system for special children. As the initial living environment of children, especially special children, family plays a vital role in mastering children's psychology and emotions. Therefore, families should give full play to their functions and roles in the education system and take on the important responsibility of special education and development for special children.
3 problems in the education of special children
Although China's special children's education is developing and progressing, the scope and quality of education have been improved accordingly, but in the actual implementation process, due to the different characteristics of regional economic development, there are some problems in special children's education.
3. 1 Education equity cannot be achieved.
Because our country's special education mainly adopts ordinary schools to study in regular classes, the enrollment rate of special children can be greatly improved. However, due to the lack of teachers and teaching resources, the special funds for special children's education have not been fully utilized, and the funds for regular classes are even less, which has caused unfair factors in the education process for special children and ordinary children.
3.2 the lack of government responsibility in special education
There are many differences between special education and general education, among which the return on investment of special education is far lower than that of general education, which makes the government unwilling to perform its corresponding duties in special education. There are also some problems in the legislation of special education in China, which mainly include: the legal system is incomplete and the legislative level is low; The legal terms in the legislative procedure of special education are not standardized; Lack of practical operation and weakness of special education judicial system.
3.3 The supply of public goods for special education
The public goods of special education mainly refer to public goods such as infrastructure, teaching equipment and education funds provided by the state, collective or social channels to meet the educational needs of special children. There are still some problems in the supply of public goods in special education, including: unbalanced supply of public goods and inadequate public services; The supply level of public goods is far below the demand level of special children; The supply of public goods does not comply with relevant laws and regulations.
3.4 types of special education institutions are not perfect
Special children, especially disabled children, have different characteristics, including vision, hearing, language, limbs, intelligence, spirit and many other aspects. Therefore, different educational methods should be adopted to treat different special children, which leads to the difference between the development and demand of special education. At present, China's special education schools are relatively fixed. Basically, only one type of disabled students can be fixed in a school, and special children with multiple disabilities still cannot get the education they deserve. Therefore, there are still some problems in special education in China, not only in the type of institutions, but also in comprehensiveness. If these problems are not improved, the fair education and development of special children will not be realized.
3.5 Special Education Teachers' Level and Training System
The biggest difference between special education and general education is that students who receive special education have physical or psychological disabilities, which puts forward higher requirements for teachers' teaching level. However, China still lacks relevant special education professionals and technicians, and the training system of special education is not perfect. At present, China has not yet issued policies and standards on special education, training and vocational qualifications, and the teachers' level and training system of special education cannot be guaranteed and restrained accordingly.
4 China special children's education improvement measures
In order to make special children get the same educational opportunities as ordinary children, we should face up to these problems in the current special education system and try our best to solve them. Only in this way can our country's special education get comprehensive and long-term development.
4. 1 Strengthen government responsibility and improve legislation.
For special education, the government should assume its own responsibility, and cannot ignore or even give up the education of special children just because of interests. The government represents our country. How a government treats special children can show the level of civilization development in this country. Only when the special children in our country get a good education can we prove that the development of spiritual civilization in our country has reached a certain height. At the same time, the legislature should supplement the existing education laws and regulations accordingly, so as to improve their principles and operability. Only by perfecting educational laws and regulations and strengthening enforcement can we fundamentally guarantee every special child in China to receive education.
4.2 Increase investment in special education funds
In order to ensure the opportunity for special children to receive fair education, the government has increased investment in special education. Due to the characteristics of special children, their infrastructure and teaching equipment are different from general education, and the input cost of these facilities is much higher than that of general education. Therefore, in order to achieve educational equity, it is imperative to increase special education funds.
4.3 All-round development of special education institutions
Therefore, the development of special education institutions can provide corresponding education for special children to the maximum extent, and select targeted institutions for training and education according to the characteristics of different special children. In order to fully develop special education institutions, firstly, the government should give policy and economic support; Secondly, these institutions should improve their teaching and training capabilities and take targeted measures to improve the quality of teaching; Finally, they need the support and participation of the general public, so that they can coexist and develop with ordinary schools.
4.4 Strengthen the construction of education level and training system.
The teaching level of teachers directly affects the teaching quality of special education, so it is urgent to improve the teaching level of teachers involved in special education. A teacher's teaching level should not be limited to his teaching ability, but also include his moral quality. In order to improve the teaching quality of every teacher, China should strengthen and improve the training system of special education. Only by strengthening training can special children enjoy the same teaching service and quality as ordinary children.
Conclusion: Above, we briefly discuss the current situation and problems of special children's education in China. Although China's special education has made some progress and development, there are still some problems that need to be solved urgently. This requires the government to pay more attention to special education and strengthen supervision responsibility. We can realize the fairness of special education through the joint efforts of all departments and all walks of life, so that every special child has the opportunity to receive a fair education.
References:
[1] He Kan's current situation and prospect of disabled children's education Research on the disabled 20 12(02)
[2] Chen China Special Education Development Assessment 2007(04)
[3] Liu Chunling Jiang Qindi. Introduction to Special Education. East China Normal University Press, 2008.
[4] China to strengthen educational research to promote the development of special education in regular classes in China 2003(05)
Education for Special Children Part III: Education for Special Children
With the continuous development of society, special education has gradually attracted people's attention. Understanding the current education situation, we find that there are some problems, such as lack of funds and weak teachers. In addition, special children have weak self-control, low intelligence, poor hands-on ability and weak acceptance ability, so the purpose of special education is to guide these children to learn to survive and meet their own needs. Therefore, the education of special children not only needs a good environment, but also needs to stimulate their interest in learning, cultivate their learning motivation, and make them willing to keep learning and learn happily.
Problems in Learning Interest in Special Education Law and Policy The real development of modern special education in China began at 1874, and now the special education in China has a history of 130 years. Throughout the past century, from the initial imperfection to the gradual maturity, the achievements are encouraging, but the development status of special education also exposes many shortcomings, and there are also problems in the educational methods of special students.
I. Concept and connotation of special education
Special pedagogy is an educational discipline for special people with physical and mental defects, including mental retardation, physical disability, mental illness and so on. The education of special groups of children is more concerned by the world. Because children with special education are facing a special group of children, the methods adopted are necessarily different from the traditional educational methods. Education? With what? Love? The combination of educational methods. ? Education? Literally means nurturing. Most special children cannot take care of themselves. What role do teachers in special education often play? Mom? This role teaches them to dress, talk and learn. ? Love? It contains the foundation of human nature, love. Special children often live in their own world and have weak ability to accept new things. At this time, what is needed is to walk into their lives with patience and love and help them grow.
Second, the current situation of special education in China
1. Forms of special education in China
1949 after the founding of new China, China's special education entered a period of rapid development. 195 1 year, Premier Zhou Enlai signed a document entitled "Decision on Educational System Reform", which clearly stipulated that governments at all levels should actively set up special schools for the blind and deaf, attach importance to education for the disabled, and guarantee their right to education. From 65438 to 0979, Beijing established special education classes for mentally retarded children, and hired professional special education teachers to teach according to the needs of children. 1982, at the National People's Congress, China first proposed to care about the life and education of the disabled. 65438-0989 The Ministry of Education issued a document, proposing that special education should develop in depth and breadth. On the one hand, we should improve the popularity of special education and pay special attention to its development in economically backward areas; On the other hand, we should strengthen secondary and higher education for special groups and gradually adapt them to the development of society. Nowadays, there are various forms of special education in China. The government and society cooperate to set up special funds for special education, actively expand the fields of implementing special education, and gradually form a relatively complete education system for the disabled.
2. Problems faced by special education today
Since the reform and opening up, the national economy has developed rapidly, the openness of the country has been greatly improved, and people's pursuit of equality has become more obvious, thus paying more attention to the lives of disabled people. At present, there are nearly 6.5 million disabled school-age children in China, but only 400,000 children receive special education. The education quality of these 400,000 children needs to be improved urgently. Therefore, in order to improve the development quality of special education, we should try our best to deal with the following problems.
(1) The number of teachers is small and their professional level is low.
Teachers are an important guarantee for the continuous inheritance of education. As engineers of the human soul, teachers should not only have professional knowledge, but also have excellent quality and morality. The physical and mental defects of special children easily make them sensitive and fragile in mind and feelings, which requires special education teachers to be patient and caring, and also requires them to master scientific and professional educational methods to guide special children. However, at present, the opening rate of special education specialty in colleges and universities in China is very low, and only a few normal universities have undergraduate majors. In addition, the social environment has caused prejudice against special education majors, limited employment options and poor development prospects, which makes the number of employees far from meeting the needs of special education schools and lags behind the development of special education in China to some extent.
(2) Lack of funds for school education
Special education schools are generally invested and built by the national government at one time. Due to the limited educational funds, the educational environment in many schools is not suitable for children's development. Although enthusiastic people in today's society actively donate money to help schools develop, the operation mode of large investment and almost zero return makes many schools make ends meet, and the lack of funds restricts the development of schools. On the one hand, the school environment is poor, teachers' salaries are low, and it is impossible to attract professional excellent special education teachers.
The solution to the above problems can be found in two aspects: on the one hand, change the concept and understanding of Chinese people, create a fair and just environment for disabled children, and there should be no difference between educational opportunities and job opportunities, so that the whole society can participate in special education; On the other hand, strengthen the formulation and implementation of laws and policies, increase investment in education funds, and improve the special education system.
Third, adopt the correct methods to educate special children.
Interest is a child's best teacher, and a strong curiosity about something can stimulate special children's desire to learn. In many special children, they may be unable to take care of themselves because of physical disability or mental abnormality, but they can have high talents in other aspects (such as mental arithmetic, singing, conducting, etc.). To develop the potential of special children, we must first stimulate their interest in learning, make them curious, and thus generate learning motivation.
1. Educate with your heart and use competition to motivate.
Special children have a hard life, can't accept things like normal children, and have limited psychological endurance, so every detail in life and study may hurt them. When educating special children, we should adopt a patient and caring attitude, educate them slowly and repeatedly and encourage them. Special children also have childlike innocent and lovely personality. Small competitions can stimulate their enthusiasm for learning, and prizes can bring them joy.
2. Educate students with different characteristics in different ways.
Special children also have individual differences, which vary from person to person, so teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is an important guarantee to improve the quality of education. After being familiar with the characteristics of different students, we should fully realize the differences between students and guide them correctly so that the talents of each special child can be displayed.
The development level of special education is an important condition to test the economic, political and cultural development level of a country, and it is a long and slow process. The development of special education in China is still on the rise, and there are still many problems to be solved while making achievements. Only by correctly understanding and handling these problems can special education flourish. In terms of educational methods, we should pay more attention to stimulating special children's interest in learning, which is the potential driving force for learning. Only by arousing their interest can they ignite their thirst for knowledge. Make joint efforts to make the development of special education mature.
References:
[1] Lin Yongxin. Introduction to special education [M]. Beijing: Huaxia Publishing House.
[2] Meng Wanquan, Liu. On how to stimulate the learning motivation of special children, psychological research on learning and teaching of special children [J]. Special education in China.
[3] Zhang Li. How to stimulate the learning interest of children with mental retardation [J]. Journal of hulunbeier college.
[4] Zhang Yuexin. Specialization of Special Education Teachers and Special Education [J]. China Special Education, 2004, (02).
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