The energy of psychological activity is the excitement of the nerve center.

We were in a state of psychological excitement when Ribido acted.

What's the difference between Ribido and instinct?

Instinct includes simple reactions such as knee jerk reflex, but Ribido does not include these simple reactions.

But in some psychoanalytic documents, libido may be equated with instinct, but the "instinct" here means libido, not physiological instinct.

Libido includes sexual libido and offensive libido.

Freud's point of view may be more inclined to the expression similar to physiological meaning, because he is more inclined to the basis of physiology.

However, he also realized that this is not exactly the same as simple physical excitement, it is a more advanced "physical" excitement.

But not all psychoanalytic psychologists agree with this view.

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What is consciousness? What is pre-consciousness? What is the subconscious?

The classic description uses the method of comparing phenomena.

Consciousness: the feeling and experience that an individual perceives at any moment.

Pre-consciousness: Memory of events and experiences that can be extracted through proper efforts or attention.

Subconscious: Memories and emotions that pose a threat to consciousness and must be pushed away cannot be perceived by simple attention, but may be revealed in dreams, slips of the tongue and humor. It can also be found through psychoanalysis and other techniques.

Is there a difference between subconscious and unconscious?

In some translations, they are sometimes mixed together. According to the data definition cited by Zhang Chunxing's Modern Psychology (Shanghai People's Publishing House), there are differences but similarities between them.

Subconscious is defined as above.

Unconscious refers to the unconscious state of consciousness.

These two words are different in a foreign language.

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What are ID, ego, superego and their respective principles?

Id is an individual's initial state of consciousness and follows the principle of simplicity and happiness. In other words, it wants to be satisfied as soon as it needs to be satisfied.

Ego refers to the state of consciousness developed by individuals in order to reconcile the surrounding world and the internal driving force by suspending or stopping the principle of happiness and following the realistic principle of objective environment. It will be willing to wait when it needs to be satisfied. It follows the principle of realism.

Ego is usually a level of consciousness generated by delaying the immediate needs of the id.

One view is that the paradigm of self coexists with the id and then develops strongly.

There is also a saying that the ego is differentiated from the id.

Both of the above are classic concepts.

Superego is a state of consciousness caused by the moral influence of the external environment, which follows the principles of idealism and perfectionism. The superego is social, and it will be manifested in the form of conscience.

At present, there are two views on the time when the superego begins to develop. One view holds that superego begins to brew at the age of 6, while the other holds that superego begins to form around 10.

The development process of ID, ego and superego is as follows:

As the starting point of early individuals, the ID abides by the principle of happiness, and then appears in the interaction and adaptation between individuals and the real environment, thus starting to adapt to the principle of reality.

Mainly manifested in the fact that the child's id follows the principle of instant happiness-primary thinking (if you want it, you should get it right away)-which may not be in tune with the real environment, so there will be secondary thinking (if you want it, you should not ask for it right away) in your growth, so that the self will begin to rise and develop.

After about six years old, the power of superego began to rise. This is mainly because social morality has joined the competition within individuals and developed superego on the basis of ego, so superego should be regarded as a special ego, but it in turn restricts ego.

6 years old or 10 years old is the beginning or completion stage of individual subjective differentiation, and people can feel other people's feelings and ideas that may be different from their own.

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What is the relationship between three self-consciousness and three consciousness?

Unconsciousness is mostly the category of id, and a small part includes ego and superego.

Pre-consciousness is mostly the content of the self, which is hidden by the self, but it can be revealed through attention. But it also contains a part of the superego.

Consciousness mainly includes self-expression and superego, including personal self-awareness and feelings.

We involve several levels of consciousness and personality structure, and we also need to pay attention to the Oedipus complex of psychoanalysis.

If you want to read further, I recommend you to read it.

Three Kinds of Psychology (published by China Light Industry Press).

The relationship between several levels of consciousness and personality structure can be read on pages 19 to 2 1.

The content of Oedipus complex can be read on pages 22-28.

Oedipus complex is a controversial concept. In the theory of object relationship in psychoanalysis, Oedipus complex has not received much attention, and more discussion is aimed at the content of pre-Oedipus period.

Among western feminist writers, Oedipus complex has also been widely questioned.

The main text source of Oedipus complex mainly comes from Oedipus stories in Greek mythology.

The story begins with the birth of a baby. When the citizens of Thebes cheered for their lovely prince, the great prophet predicted that the baby would kill his father and marry his mother one day. In ancient times, when the ethical concept was initially formed, Pharaoh sent the prince to the mountains and buried him in the belly of the beast. The lucky prince was saved by the shepherd and grew up. When he knew his fate, he left his beloved shepherd couple. Fate played a modest joke on him at this moment. He shot and killed a god in the clash of the titans, that is, the king of Thebes, the biological father of the prince. Fate did not give up the poor prince, but lured him to the gate of Tebai. At this time, the demon Sphinx, the Sphinx, is hurting people with a philosophical puzzle. "What animal walks on all fours in the morning, on all fours at noon and on all fours in the afternoon?" The brave prince easily solved the puzzle and defeated the devil, but the reward offered by the queen was to become the king of Thebes and marry her own mother, which once again confirmed the prophecy of the prophet. In the process of tracing the murder of the former king, the truth finally came out, and Oedipus, who was in pain, stabbed his eyes and begged for his life to wash away his guilt.

This story symbolizes that children are attached to heterosexual parents and reject same-sex parents.

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What is the defense mechanism?

The definition of defense mechanism by anna Floyd and the International Psychoanalytic Society is that the self's resistance to the id impulse is the defense mechanism.

In detail, it is that the ego faces some impulses of the ID, and then the ego responds to the impulses of the ID in the form of signal anxiety, and then makes some defensive activities. These defenses include repression, rationalization, reversal and so on.

What's the difference between defense and repression?

In some of Freud's works, how does it say that repression equals defense?

Repression is the most important way of defense, and some literature views seem to think that defense is repression. Because repression is the most common defense way to exclude some unwilling content from consciousness.

There are historical reasons for this. During the development of psychoanalysis, the word has undergone several changes.

Before and after the development of psychoanalysis, some people used repression instead of defense, and after a period of time, they used defense instead of repression. So if you don't know this historical background, you may be confused in reading.

However, after 1926, Freud finally defined the term "defense mode", indicating that repression is a defense mode, canceling some problems with uncertain concepts in the past, that is, what we call the defense mechanism of psychoanalysis in modern times.

However, some people say that it is meaningful to distinguish depression from all defense methods, especially in the relationship between psychotherapy.

It will be very simple to explain visitors' defense mechanism by suppressing one defense mechanism, because other defense modes also play a role.

Therefore, in the psychoanalytic literature before 1926, the concept of repression may have greater significance and even replace the use of defense. However, on or after 1926, the concept of defense was redefined. Therefore, we now use the word defense to express the self's resistance to the id impulse and other forms.

-Reference Volume 4 * Page 277 * "Repression and Defense" (Changchun Publishing House)

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What are the main types of defense?

A model of defense mechanism?

1. Repression is an unfavorable impulse to stop the ego or the memory, emotion and fantasy derived from it, which does not exist in conscious activities. These contents are unconsciously suppressed into the unconscious, so that individuals no longer have anxiety and pain because of them. For example, a female visitor may forget that she was raped for many years. Even if she is reminded, she has no memory, and there is no trace of pretending or covering up this performance on the conscious level. But she may suffer from neurosis because of this depression, in order to maintain a self-esteem from being attacked.

Second, rationalization-it is a psychological defense mechanism to explain yourself with favorable reasons when you suffer setbacks, and to modify your id impulse when you face difficulties, so as to hide your true motives and get rid of them. For example, inedible grapes are sour.

Third, transfer-the individual's feelings, desires and attitudes towards someone, thinking that the other person or society has difficulties in accepting it, is controlled by his own reason, and transfers it to other people or objects to reduce the psychological load.

For example, we often find that when a person is angry, everyone who talks to him will be angry, as if he had been shot. In fact, he didn't really want to be angry with others, but involuntarily transferred his anger to others.

Fourth, deny-deny unpleasant or unwanted reality at will.

Common examples are some unexpected events: a little boy who beat his father up denied his failure by saying that he was a hero, and replaced his uncomfortable impulse with a strong performance.

5. Reverse formation-refers to expressing unacceptable thoughts or emotions in the heart with opposite attitudes and behaviors. For example, a person who loves her same-sex friend may actually be an unconscious hatred. Probably because her partner is better than her. She resisted the jealous impulse in her heart by strengthening her superficial friendliness.

Seven, return-people can't cope with setbacks, that is, give up the mature attitudes and behavior patterns they have learned and satisfy their desires in a naive way. This is called return.

For example, when a person's values are broken by external events, he may temporarily return to his childhood psychological characteristics.

Eight, projection-the psychological mechanism that the ego transfers unbearable id impulses and desires to others and projects its own desires to others to obtain a kind of liberation.

For example, an evil person says that others are evil, which is a kind of "projection", or a boy loves a girl very much, but his roommate likes that girl because he is afraid of confession.

Sublimation-the individual transforms the negative emotions caused by behaviors that are not accepted by society or others into behaviors that meet social standards and pursue noblely, that is, "turning grief into strength".

For example, after being lovelorn, it is not depression or cynicism. Instead, they vent their pent-up emotions by striving for progress, writing poems and novels, thus eliminating anxiety, regaining self-confidence and maintaining inner balance. However, sublimation is not considered as one of the defense methods in some viewpoints.

Isolation from Tenuto-When some unpleasant memories or emotions have entered the consciousness, the ego strongly rejects them, prevents the consciousness from touching them, and separates them from the consciousness so as not to cause mental unhappiness. This mechanism is called isolation.

If a lovelorn person doesn't want to realize his failure, he refuses to imagine the emotions inside. Do something else. But emotional impulses still attack his ego.

Eleven. Reverse ego-when the ego needs to express anger and other emotions, it turns to attack itself for fear of opponents. Unconsciously identify with the object of attack.

12, compensation-refers to individuals using some method to make up for their physical or psychological defects, so as to cover up their inferiority complex and insecurity, the so-called "lost corner, harvested mulberry elm" is this role.

This is obvious in disabled people, for example, the hearing of the blind is particularly good.

In the theory of psychological development, Freud experienced oral and labial period, anal period, sexual organ period, latent period and reproductive period.

2。 What is fixation?

In Freud's early psychoanalytic theory, "fixation" generally means that Libido stagnates in one of the four early stages of life (oral desire stage, anal desire stage, sexual organ stage and reproductive stage), but does not completely turn to the latter stage.

That is to say, at a certain stage, Bido was hindered by some reason and did not get a reasonable release, but curled up in a certain aspect. This part of the forces that have not been liberated can not be satisfied, thus causing a series of physical and mental problems and obstacles.

If you encounter too much at a certain stage, Libido will not leave at this stage; And if you encounter too little frustration and anxiety, it will hurt your future development.

The job of early psychoanalysis is to release the libido that has not been completely released, so as to satisfy it and get rid of the symptoms.

3。 What is anxiety?

After 1926, Freud revised his theory because of his rich clinical experience and research. In more aspects, he emphasized "anxiety" rather than "fixation", which is different from anxiety used in ordinary daily life and anxiety used in anxiety symptoms. Specifically, it refers to the following three kinds of anxiety: realistic anxiety, nervous anxiety and moral anxiety.

Realistic anxiety: When an environment or an unfriendly person is with us, what we experience is realistic anxiety. That is, anxiety caused by threats from the real environment.

Nervous anxiety: when an individual's ego can't control his impulsive emotions, etc. And this kind of performance will be punished by his parents and some specific authorities. This kind of anxiety is nervous anxiety. Individuals may not realize the cause of this anxiety, but they may feel fear or upcoming events.

Moral anxiety: When fear violates social standards or parents' standards (superego), moral anxiety is experienced. Such as guilt, shame and other emotions.

These anxieties are of great significance to the formation of defense mechanism.

What is impedance? What is empathy? How to deal with it?

Then there is a small problem around empathy. What's the difference between empathy and * * * love?

Impedance is the patient's resistance to various forces during treatment, such as refusing to change, refusing to accept problems, refusing to change childish impulses, which is directly related to the defense style.

When patients project their important relationships or some important contents to the therapist, we call it "empathy". This means the reappearance of a certain life relationship in the past. This is also the focus of psychoanalysis.

This requires therapists to be sensitive enough to reflect on their findings, rather than identify with the feelings of the general society.

The consultant's findings here come from two aspects, one is the consultant's ability to feel the visitors, and the other is that the consultant needs to fully understand the past life background of the visitors. Only by grasping these two points can we grasp the real content of empathy well. However, from discovering the relationship between empathy cultivation to revealing the relationship between empathy to visitors, it is not immediately revealed after discovery. Otherwise, this is the so-called savage analyst. The real revelation will not be shown to visitors until their understanding of it is mature enough to be accepted and understood. Otherwise, even if the relationship and enlightenment in empathy are found, it will not be of any benefit to the promotion of visitors. Empathy processing is the core technology of classical psychoanalysis.

People here often confuse the concept of emotion put forward by Rogers in visitor-centered therapy with the concept of empathy in psychoanalysis. This is not right. "Empathy" is a kind of ability to feel the feelings of the analyzed person, and it is also a psychoanalytic technique, which is an important condition to produce the therapeutic effect of psychoanalysis. But it is different from "empathy". Some domestic translators do not pay attention to the difference between the two, and their translation is easy to cause misunderstanding. In Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong, the address of * * * is "the same reason".

What is savage psychoanalysis?

Generally speaking, this term refers to the intervention type of amateur or inexperienced "analysts", who try to explain symptoms, dreams, words and behaviors with psychoanalytic concepts that they often don't understand.

In a more professional sense, if a specific analysis situation is misunderstood in terms of the current dynamics and its particularity-especially if the suppressed content is simply told to the patient without considering resistance and empathy *, this explanation is considered "barbaric".

In Freud's paper on "savage psychoanalysis" (19 10k), he first defined it by ignorance. His intervention in doctors criticized by Freud made two mistakes in science (involving the nature of sexual desire, depression and anxiety) and technology: "In the first diagnosis and treatment, it is technically opposed to try to' rush' (the patient) by abruptly telling him the secret that the doctor has guessed" (1a). Therefore, anyone who knows a certain concept of psychoanalysis but has not received the required theoretical and technical training (α) can be called a practitioner of barbaric psychoanalysis.

However, Freud's criticism did not stop there-he expanded to cases with correct diagnosis and accurate explanation of unconscious content: "We have already surpassed this concept: ... according to this concept, patients suffer from this ignorance; If a person eliminates this ignorance by providing him with information (about the causal relationship between his illness and his life, about his childhood experience, etc.). ), he will definitely recover. The morbid factor is not his ignorance itself, but the root of his ignorance lies in internal resistance; It was they who first produced ignorance, and now they still remain ignorant. ... telling the patient his unconscious state regularly usually leads to the intensification of his inner conflict and the deterioration of his difficult situation. " For this reason, only when the content of empathy is well established and the repressed content is gradually close to consciousness can such enlightenment be made. Otherwise, they will lead to anxiety beyond the control of analysts. In this sense, people can go back and describe the original psychoanalysis as "barbaric analysis" as Freud often emphasized when it was not clearly separated from hypnosis and catharsis.

Freud severely criticized the attitudes of analysts who proved their correctness by pursuing "advanced knowledge" rather than "ignorance" in his "Savage Analysis". In a paper in which Freud touched on this issue without naming names, he quoted Hamlet: "... do you think I can play the flute more easily?" (2)。 In this sense, defensive or empathetic analysis can obviously be as barbaric as the analysis of unconscious content.

Ferenc defined barbaric analysis as a kind of "analysis compulsion", which is easy to appear in the analysis and also easy to appear outside the analysis. If at every moment of analysis, we can see the structure established according to the predetermined plan, he will compare it with the flexibility that every analyzed case must require. Glover wrote: If an analyst slips his tongue or separates a dream or a fragment of a dream from the background, he is just "trying to enjoy a fragile omnipotence".

Further exploring these concepts, people can describe barbaric analysis, whether it is a "skilled" or ignorant type, as the analyst's resistance to the specific analysis in which he is trapped-prompting him to misunderstand the patient's statement and impose the prepared explanation on (the patient).

Reference: Sichuan University Applied Psychology Forum (/)

What is a dream?

The subjective experience in sleep and consciousness is called a dream by the sleeper after waking up.

What is a dream?

The conscious experience during sleep, whether it can be recalled after waking up in sleep, is called a dream.

What is explicit dream?

The various components of dreams, dreams that you can remember when you wake up, are called explicit dreams.

What is a hidden dream?

The subconscious thoughts and desires that make sleepers dream are called hidden dreams. After that, free association through psychoanalysis is easy to get.

What is an ideal job?

The subconscious psychological process of turning hidden dreams into explicit dreams is called dream work.

What are the three parts of the origin of dreams?

1. Sensory impressions of people who sleep at night, such as people who put their hands out of the quilt and dream that their feet are cold when they step in the water.

2. Sleepers are awakened by important life activities and ideas during the day, such as thinking about exams during the day, so they dream that they are taking exams at night.

3. The ID impulses that the sleeper has been repressed may include one or several ID impulses. When awake, these are excluded from consciousness because of self-defense, but when sleeping, the self-function is weakened and the id impulse will appear. Psychoanalysis is a dream about this kind of origin.

How is the development of psychoanalytic therapy group?

Freud was the first school of psychoanalysis. As the founder of psychoanalysis, he played an irreplaceable role. His theoretical views involve consciousness, pre-consciousness and subconscious; The personality structure and defense mechanism of id, ego and superego; Sexual desire and death desire; The core of its key treatment is to vent and successfully deal with empathy to eliminate the complexity of the problem, which constitutes the basic framework for the development of psychoanalysis. But with 1926 as the boundary, we can distinguish some differences between Freud's early theory and his later theory, such as definition, cognition and so on. The psychoanalytic school, which strictly follows the ideas provided by Freud and develops continuously, is generally called the classical psychoanalytic school, which can be said to be the birthplace of all psychoanalytic related ideas and schools.

The developmental school of classical psychoanalysis can be divided into early and late stages.

The theory distributed and displayed by early psychoanalysis should be the first to promote Jung's analytical psychology and Adler's individual psychology. In psychoanalysis, it can have almost the same influence as Freud. Maybe we should admit that it is jung. He put forward the concepts of consciousness, individual unconsciousness, collective unconsciousness, prototype and other psychological system results. In treatment, catharsis, analysis, education, individualized treatment and extensive creative skills are adopted; His contribution also contributes to the development of psychological typology.

Adler's individual psychology can be said to be divorced from some basic assumptions of psychoanalysis to some extent, because his theory is more of a social theory. He assumes the relationship between superiority, inferiority and family order, and adopts a way closer to education in the sense of social psychology. This makes him more different from psychoanalysis.

Luo Luomei often mentioned Ranke's anxiety theory and will therapy in Psychoanalysis Review Reference.

Jung, Adler and Ranke were the first famous psychologists who broke away from the classical psychoanalysis school. At present, Jung's school of analytical psychology is the biggest development, and there are at least three developments at present. One is the classic Jungian school, which maintains Jung's previous views and emphasizes self-realization in the pre-life stage and individualized development in the post-life stage; Second, the archetypal school, which is dominant in the United States; The third is the theory developed by the British school headquartered in Britain, which combines Jungian psychology with object relationship psychology.

The greatest development of psychoanalysis in the later period originated from two outstanding female analysts, namely anna Floyd and Klein.

Anna Floyd, Eriksson and Hartman developed a psychoanalytic self-school with the theme of adaptation to development, among which the most classic view is Eriksson's theory of self-identity stage.

However, Klein, an analyst far away from Britain, creatively established the psychological theory of object relationship, which is one of the most powerful theories in psychoanalysis. But it is difficult to discuss all its viewpoints with a summary, because the theory of object relationship is not a unified theory, but a group of psychological theories of object relationship. Perhaps we can briefly introduce famous theoretical authors, such as Blank's basic concept of security, Wei Boen's theory of object relationship, Mahler's theory of object relationship in developmental psychology, Kangberg's comprehensive theory of object relationship, Winnicott's theory of object relationship and so on. Although their theory is quite different from classical psychoanalysis. They paid close attention to the formation and formation stage of children's internal objects in the pre-Oedipus period. This also gives them a powerful therapeutic power in treating the most intractable personality disorder.

After 1970, kohut, former president of the American Psychoanalytic Society, established the psychoanalytic autopsy school on the basis of the object relationship theory and the treatment of narcissistic personality disorder. This school began to treat the problems of visitors from the narcissism of personality, and the most characteristic is the treatment of narcissistic personality disorder.

Almost at the same time or a little earlier, Hani, Sullivan, Bourne and Hubbard put forward their own school views, so there were Hani School, Sullivan School of Interpersonal Communication, Bourne School of Interpersonal Communication (TA) and Auditory Therapy. Among them, TA is also a school suitable for group counseling. He used the script developed on the basis of the concepts of id, ego and superego to discuss the existence behind individual behavior, and made clarification and correction.

In the United States, short-term psychoanalytic therapy also appeared as an idea, which was stimulated by short-term treatment required by insurance companies. Although short-term treatment is selective in psychoanalysis and may not be suitable for all visitors, the reality still promotes the development of various short-term psychoanalytic treatments, such as supportive psychoanalytic treatment and time-limited treatment. For example, time-limited therapy starts from three aspects: interpersonal relationship, life development and meaning of existence, and makes a small step to improve the problems behind the obstacles, so as to promote the change of visitors and benefit from it.

There are many short-term treatments. But basically there is no independent school. In many ways, it belongs to a big school.

In the current effect research report, short-term psychoanalysis therapy is rarely different from long-term psychoanalysis therapy in terms of therapeutic effect as long as the selected object is suitable.

In France, Lacan School is undoubtedly a development of psychoanalysis. According to their views in many aspects, it can be called the hermeneutic school of psychoanalysis.

197 1 year, some people in the United States compared psychoanalysis to pseudo-science and cheating money, which is obviously to measure the deviation of all humanities by means of physics and other natural sciences. As far as psychoanalysis is concerned, it is more a humanities and empirical science than a natural science. If we must measure the contents of humanities and empirical science in the category of natural science, there is no doubt that this person has some characteristics of paranoid personality disorder. At least in the current effect research, the therapeutic effects of various schools of psychoanalysis still exist and are consistent with those of other therapies. Although some purely biological psychologists or medical scientists completely deny the significance of psychoanalysis, it is obviously unreasonable.

However, psychoanalysis is obviously not the only truly effective therapy that some friends think, which is actually not a rational understanding. Psychoanalysis is a creative beginning of psychotherapy, but not the whole thing. At least after the rise of humanistic therapy and behaviorism therapy, it is not the only effective therapy.

Bibliography: Joseph's Cassandra's Daughter (what publishing house)

Che Wenbo translated The Complete Works of Freud (Changchun Publishing House)

Shilin et al. translated Three Kinds of Psychology (China Light Industry Press)

Qian et al. Translated Introduction to Psychoanalysis and Guide to Psychoanalysis and Treatment (Beijing Publishing House)