Key words: piano playing piano art The origin of piano industry can be traced back to stringed instruments in ancient Egypt and Greece. Strings of stringed instruments are increasing, and multi-stringed instruments are gradually formed. In addition, multi-stringed instruments have evolved into two forms of musical instruments. One is a multi-stringed instrument, which produces sound by plucking the strings with your fingers. Then it is combined with the keyboard to form a plucked clavichord. The other is an ancient piano, where fingers touch the keys and a mallet is installed at the end of the keys to strike the strings. These two musical instruments are the ancestors of modern piano, so they are collectively called guqin. Modern piano was born in 1709, and the inventor was Italian Christopher. He used to be a harpsichord maker with rich experience in making harpsichords. After summing up the advantages and disadvantages of the harpsichord, he installed a keyboard machine with a hammer on the harpsichord, which laid the foundation for modern piano. Because of this improvement, it makes up for the shortcomings that the volume of the clavichord and harpsichord can hardly be adjusted. When playing, the volume of this piano changes with the tapping intensity on the keys, which is much larger than that of the clavichord and harpsichord. In the next 200 years, it was constantly improved and perfected, becoming the modern piano we see today. The predecessor of modern piano is only the development and leap of the quality of 1709 ancient piano. Without the accumulation of the "quantity" of guqin development, there would be no 1709 guqin "qualitative" leap. First, the evolution of the piano
The piano was built by Italian bartholomew in 1709? 6? The piano invented by Christopher1(1655-1731) is essentially different from other similar musical instruments, such as harpsichord and wing piano. It uses a keyboard percussion machine, so that a player who is far away from the strings can touch the keys with his fingers to remove the sound quality and intensity of string vibration. In this way, the piano has a unique outstanding performance. Since the piano music came into being, its unique features have evolved and developed in different historical periods, which makes this kind of performance art reach a very rich and perfect height and realm.
However, in fact, the whole evolution of piano can be traced back to more than 600 years ago, that is, before the emergence of modern piano, piano has existed for more than 300 years. We call the piano at this stage the clavichord. The predecessor of modern piano is only the development and leap of 1709 clavichord. Without the accumulation of "quantity" in the development of guqin, there would be no "qualitative" leap of 1709 guqin.
With the continuous improvement of modern piano and the need of fast-paced social life for jazz and rock music, the clavichord is like a delicate and shy lady-it can only be hidden behind the curtain of modern social stage. The inventor of the piano is Bartholo O 'Christofory, a musical instrument manufacturer in medici family, Florence. 1709, based on the plucked clavichord, he made a guqin with "strong and weak tone sandhi". Piano's English name is Piano, which means "weak" in Italian, while forte means "strong" in Italian. The long name "chela piano eil forte" was later abbreviated as "pianoforte", and it took about a century to completely simplify it into today's piano. Christopher's mechanical device of striking the strings with a hammer on the piano replaces the mechanical device of plucking the strings with an animal feather tube on the ancient piano in the past, which makes the piano sound more expressive and rich in sound level, and directly controls the sound change by touching the keys with his fingers. Gottfried Hilberman, a German organist and producer, made the first piano in Germany in 1730 on the basis of an extremely inaccurate Italian piano sketch and drawing lessons from Christopher's invention. Then, the piano is also made in England. Later generations made some improvements to Christoph's piano. 1783, that is, 83 years after the birth of the first piano, an Englishman Broadwood invented the pedal and obtained a patent.
Piano experienced many improvements in the first century of its birth. Although it was originally described as a rough machine made by a boiler worker, with the evolution of music from baroque style to classicism, the piano with rich, delicate and resonant tone ascended the throne of "the king of musical instruments" in the19th century.
1732, in Florence, Lodovici Giustini published his first piano sonata. Piano spread to some countries, and music specially made for piano appeared. 1After the 1960s, the fate of the piano has changed greatly. The piano went out of the private music salon and entered the public concert hall. Many composers began to compose piano music.
For more than a century from the end of 19 to now, people have not made any major reforms to the instrument itself except for the continuous exploration and improvement of the sound quality of modern pianos. The automatic piano, which was all the rage in the early 20th century, was quickly eliminated by record players and tape recorders. Second, the development of piano art Piano, the "king of musical instruments" with a history of hundreds of years from the18th century, has produced many famous musicians, performers, composers and educators in its development history. Maybe you can tell a bunch of their stories: Bach, Mozart, Cherny, Beethoven, Chopin, Debussy and so on, but it is always so far away from people, mysterious and unattainable.
(A) Baroque piano music
Baroque comes from French, and the baroque period of music is roughly 1600- 1750, that is, from Monteverdi to Bach and Handel. At that time, there were two different keyboard instruments: one was the clavichord, and the other was the clavichord. There are several forms of the early plucked clavichord, such as the triangular plucked clavichord, and the wing plucked clavichord is called the wing piano. From the pronunciation point of view, the timbre is strong and monotonous, and it is usually used in concerts or as accompaniment in orchestras. At that time, most of the music was written for "Clavixen". /kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, after the status of piano was gradually established, the functions of the above two musical instruments became less and less. The ancient British pianists William Baird (1543- 1623) and Johann Niu (1563- 1628) first created an independent new piano style. They created a series of music with a strong flavor of life. In the genre of creation, folk songs and dance music are the main styles, and most of them are lively and lively. At the same time, they also successfully created a series of texture techniques and established a unique musical vocabulary of the ancient piano. ②/kloc-classical music in the second half of the 0/8th century
/kloc-In the second half of the 8th century, with the development of opera art, the genre of classical symphonies and sonatas was established. It was the Vienna Classical School that pushed music to its peak, including the development of piano.
Piano music in this period is cheerful, optimistic, full of poetic and warm sentiment, and its representatives are Haydn and Mozart.
/kloc-romantic music in the first half of the 0/9th century
The piano music of this period is elegant in style, pursuing harmony and balance in technique, exquisite in color, elegant in taste and full of sense of humor, represented by Chopin.
The creator of the piano deserves to be the soul of all things! Performers are also worthy of admiration. A five-life machine of steel bones sang a golden voice under their fingertips. We praise the piano because this machine-like object can express and convey human voice in various tunes and styles, which is the starting point and end point of piano culture. Piano is for piano music, because piano music exists.
In the second half of the 20th century, the piano met the arch-rival of keyboard instruments-the electronic organ, which broadened the vast music space, but all this was controlled by machines, not the fingers of the players. Although the performer's labor has been greatly liberated, musical instruments and human beings are in the most indirect state, and it is difficult for human beings to directly express their inner feelings through electronic organ. The appearance of electronic organ, like a freak of mutated piano culture, is simple but boring for fast food culture in modern society. For real music ears, it is not a real piano music, without heart, emotion and popularity. Piano still stands at the forefront of piano culture with the high attitude of "the king of music", bringing us a feast of piano music.
No matter which period, that style of piano music has made people appreciate the connotation of piano culture, and it is closely related to its era, with a certain national color and spirit of the times. The development history of piano music can also be regarded as the changing process of a world era. Einstein once said; "There is only one real world, and imagination can create thousands of worlds." Piano music can create thousands of kinds of music. This suggestive color leads people to a higher level of music. China's piano art mainly consists of four aspects: composition, playing skills, theoretical research and education. In the long-term cultural exchange between Chinese and western music, it has gone through the stages of acceptance, learning, reference and innovation. Especially after the founding of New China, China's piano art developed rapidly. He has created hundreds of excellent works and won nearly 60 awards in international works and performance competitions at all levels. More than a thousand papers and nine theoretical works have been published in academic journals at all levels, and professional colleges have developed from several before the founding of the People's Republic of China to hundreds now (including the music department of comprehensive universities), and have made brilliant achievements that attract worldwide attention.
Third, the piano industry.
Piano was only a handicraft product in the18th century, and craftsmen tried their best to exert their imagination of music and reflect the perfection of their opponents' craft works. But in the19th century, piano has become a big industry and business. 1827, Pleijel hired 30 workers and produced 100 pianos. A few years later, the output growth rate reached 900%. In other words, in the middle of19th century, the piano manufacturing industry has developed into a huge commercial activity, which led to fierce competition in this industry.
In the 1970s, the piano market continued to expand, especially in the United States, where people who bought pianos almost rolled in like a raging flood. The sales of Weber's piano increased by 368%, just like the growth rate of tax. After the piano became a huge industry, various piano factories proliferated. At that time, the famous piano brands were Baldwin, Backstam, Bo Sendorff, Broadwood and Chickering. Like other industries in the market, these brands compete with each other to get more buyers. The pianos they make also have their own characteristics and advantages.
From the birth of the piano to 1 850, the piano was only a high-end luxury. At that time, the output was not large, but the profit was not small. At that time, a skilled worker had to pay the equivalent of his annual income to afford it. 1after the middle of the 9th century. The piano production has increased greatly, which reflects the demand of the cultural market to some extent. 1894, the price of piano was only half that of 1850. At that time, it was the golden age of western piano consumption, and the output at the same time was at a high point (Figure 2), but in the 1920s. Due to the impact of the automatic piano phonograph, the grain consumption of the piano plummeted. From 1927 to 1932, the annual output of the United States dropped from 250,000 units to 25,000 units, and that of the United Kingdom also decreased by two-thirds. But at this time, piano manufacturers will not be idle. "Rural women play the piano" has become the driving force to stimulate American piano production, just like various advertisements to promote products in modern society. In this way, we can also regard Liszt and other piano master as "piano promoters".
Piano manufacturing industry is booming in the market tide, accompanied by the ups and downs of price and output, but it is still "thriving" in today's society. With the development of piano manufacturing and piano market, some related industries, such as publishing houses, have also been promoted. Due to the emergence of more and more piano learners and a large number of piano teaching materials, a number of piano teaching books have been published, which will inevitably promote the development of labor printing industry, and the number of piano teachers is also increasing, including the emergence of Piano tuner.
Playing the piano in today's society is basically entertainment (referring to the piano activity in the popular concept), which is a complex phenomenon integrating education investment, social fashion and economic value.
Although this kind of activity is very lacking in wisdom, imagination and personality, it has indeed become a huge industry and market. A highly entertaining activity is the "Battle of Two Pianos", which can be traced back to the end of 16 at the earliest. 1836, Liszt and Talberg's "competition", both of whom want to win the title of the strongest pianist in Europe through "competition". Piano grading and various piano competitions in modern society are also the continuation of windsurfing, which is getting worse and worse. In the past ten years, the piano industry has experienced "roller coaster" turbulence.
Mei Sen hamlin made a careful summary of the past of the piano industry: "For the piano industry, the past decade has been a turbulent decade, and the whole industry is like riding a roller coaster, with ups and downs and ups and downs. Generally speaking, the sales performance of the piano industry has experienced a decade of decline. In the past ten years, the operating mode of the whole industry has also undergone great changes. " Piano and its piano music have brought a different music world and colorful spiritual enjoyment to mankind. Piano, like a superstar, has been active on the stage of human society, showing its gorgeous brilliance!
References:
[1] Piano Art (Volume II) [M] Beijing: People's Music Publishing House, 2006.
Xin Fengnian, piano culture for three hundred years [M]. Xi 'an: Shaanxi Normal University Press, 1995.
Human Music [M] Beijing: People's Literature Publishing House, 2004.
Dictionary of mainland music [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1999.
I chose this when we were going to write a paper. There are some changes. Please refer to. I hope it helps you.