The so-called "false" data refers to the fact that due to human intervention (fabrication or tampering), the numerical value or presentation of the data is inconsistent with the objective facts or background introduced in the research (the quantitative process of the research object and the procedure of data collection), that is, there is a situation that cannot be self-consistent. Generally speaking, all social science papers involving data collection and statistical analysis should report some basic statistical data.
Including but not limited to: theoretical/practical range, sample size, mean and standard deviation of variables involved. There is a saying in forensic medicine that "every contact will leave traces." After a series of statistical processing and analysis, the data after human intervention is used to calculate various statistical indicators.
The defects of the average data of paper questionnaire;
1, the simplest commonly used statistic is probably the mean. In a social science paper involving quantitative research, it is necessary to report the average value of almost every quantitative variable observed.
2. The "discrimination" score of each participant must be an integer between 0 and 10, so the sum of all participants' scores, no matter how many, must be an integer under each experimental condition.
3. Then the total number of scores recovered from the average should also be an integer. There has been an unexplained problem. If the total number is "1 1 1.90" or "42.90", there is still the possibility that rounding error will lead to incomplete figures.