Academics refers to systematic and specialized knowledge, and it is also a kind of learning knowledge. Generally refers to higher education and research, which is a discipline with its existence and laws. From Historical Records Biography of Lao Fei and Historical Records Biography of Zhang Yi.
1755 The Academic and Charity College of Philadelphia College is the first time that the academic community has established a secular institution. The standards of organizational colleges and universities established by the University of Virginia are still in use today.
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I. Organizational structure
Academics are often divided into disciplines and fields.
With the change of time, human beings constantly revise and create disciplines and fields. Since the Enlightenment, the academic field has become more and more specialized and the research scope has become smaller and smaller. Therefore, interdisciplinary research often wins awards in today's academic circles.
This has also caused difficulties in actual management and funds. In fact, many interdisciplinary studies in the past later became specialized fields today, such as cognitive science. In short, this is the historical process of academic internal differentiation.
Many academic institutions reflect the division of disciplines in administrative structure, such as courses in different fields or departments or colleges. Although there are some overlapping parts (college members, researchers and administrators), usually each college has its own administrative and financial appropriations.
In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure that is beyond the control of a single college, discipline or field. Academic autonomy is an important part of academic career and research, which ensures that academic circles are relatively free from political and financial pressures.
Two. Qualifications and degrees
Degrees are awarded to those who have completed major academic courses and obtained qualification certificates. The typical order is that students complete their bachelor's degree, then their master's degree and finally their doctor's degree. This has only recently been regulated in Europe as part of the Bronn process.
Although teachers and scholars with master's degrees are very common in some professional and creative fields, researchers and professors with doctoral degrees and other ultimate degrees are more common in many other fields.
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