1. Extension of communication system
First, from the "outshine others" of newspaper reviews to the coexistence of radio, television and online reviews.
Before 1978, it was almost the unification of newspaper comments, and people regarded news comments as a newspaper style. Almost at the same time, from the end of 1970s to the beginning of 1980s, both radio and television developed news commentary as an important program type, from verbally broadcasting comments written by themselves to making comments more colloquial and more suitable for "listening and speaking", and then gradually focusing on making comments more in line with the communication characteristics of the media itself, that is, how to enrich the types and expressive force of sound symbols when broadcasting reports and comments with sound symbols; How to use audio-visual combination and audio-visual combination to make TV comments both vivid and speculative? 1 April 1994 1 CCTV launched Focus Interview, 19941October1china national radio founded News Horizon, which enhanced the social influence of radio and television commentary unprecedentedly.
Since the middle and late 1990s, with the application and popularization of network communication technology in China, network comments have gradually emerged. It not only has the characteristics of * * * similar to the dissemination of newspaper comments in words, but also has the characteristics of rapid and timely network dissemination, massive information and real-time interaction. Its function of reflecting, organizing and forming public opinion is very unique.
Second, from the inheritance and innovation of traditional comment genre to the emergence and development of new comment styles reflecting the characteristics of different media.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, newspaper comments have always been dominated by traditional comment genres, among which editorials, short comments and editors' notes have the highest frequency of use. Column comments, especially essays, were very popular in the early 1960s. After the reform and opening up, great changes have taken place in newspaper comments: firstly, in the early 1980s, the small column comments of People's Daily, represented by Today's Talk, rose, which was more collective than those of Zou Taofen Life Weekly; Then came the "essay fever" represented by the "realistic articles" of China Youth Daily in the middle and late 1980s, which paid more attention to news than the essays of Lu Xun and Deng Tuo. Almost at the same time, signed commentator's articles are increasingly seen in newspapers. Compared with previous commentators' articles, they are not only signed by themselves, but also have more individual characteristics in terms of viewpoints and writing methods. Since the late 1990s, the comments of China Youth Daily have flourished again. 2/kloc-in the 20th century, a new editorial, represented by Beijing Youth Daily's Today Editorial, became a new attempt by some media, which is similar to the pursuit of Zhang Jiluan, the former editor-in-chief of Ta Kung Pao. "Editorial" has changed from "comment" to "comment", which is more timely and practical.
From the early 1980s, talk shows on local radio stations began to rise, and by the mid-1980s, audio comments appeared and gradually improved. 1 987 65438+1October1china national radio's "Half an hour at noon" was launched, which strengthened the series and comments of the host in the magazine program; In the early 1990s, radio talk shows changed from "writing for speaking" to "focusing on speaking". 19941kloc-0/china national radio set up the column "news horizon", which is a news commentary program with focus news events as the main report object and was quickly adopted by most radio stations. Since the beginning of the new century, with the progress of communication technology and the promotion of channel (rate) specialization, hotline live talk show has gradually become the main program form of another broadcast commentary program after audio commentary.
On July 1980 and 12, CCTV's "Observation and Thinking" column was launched, which marked the first fixed TV commentary column in Chinese mainland, and also marked the emergence of a TV commentary style with more TV communication characteristics than newspaper and radio commentary. 1 April, 19941The Focus Interview, with the special status of CCTV, the prime time after News Network, the high frequency of its daily issue and the concern for China's global vision, made the TV commentary and in-depth reporting programs mature. 1996 The column "Tell the truth" and "Dialogue" was launched in March, which transformed the mature "talk show" programs in western media into talk commentary programs; The organic series connection and timely comments of hosts in magazine and live programs also make it another special style of TV commentary.
In the emerging online comments, there is no essential difference between media comments, forum comments and similar comments in newspapers and periodicals, and there are a lot of fragmentary views or comments on BBS or news posts. Although there are few individual and complete commentary articles, these posts have become a special form of spontaneous speech on the Internet.
It can be said that after more than 20 years of development, China's news commentary has become a communication system that spans print media, electronic media and online media, and is composed of various communication symbols, including different genres and program styles.
2. Voice communication function
First, from public opinion guidance to the combination of public opinion guidance and public opinion supervision. A number of commentary columns featuring public opinion supervision have been well received.
Second, from the dissemination of opinion information to the combination of fact information and opinion information. The biggest difference between news reports and news comments in the past is that the former focuses on reporting facts, while the latter focuses on analysis and discussion. At present, the boundaries between news reports and news comments are increasingly blurred, and different reporting styles and comment styles are more interspersed and combined.
The third is the combination of evaluation discussion and in-depth interpretation. With the increasing complexity of social life and the refinement of social division of labor, people are increasingly dependent on society, and it is difficult to meet the needs of the audience only by simple right and wrong and value judgment. This is also why professional international reviews, rule of law reviews, financial reviews, etc. It is often more concerned than general ideological comments and social comments.
Fourth, from opinion release to the combination of opinion release and opinion integration. With the aggravation of planning elements in news reports and comments, news comments have paid attention to the integration of related comments from the past to today. Especially the appearance of opinion pages in newspapers and periodicals, the content and method of integrating comments are sometimes more important than the quality of individual comments.
3. Enrichment and refinement of communication content and scope.
Nowadays, the content and scope of news commentary in China are constantly expanding, and with the trend of mass communication, more and more specialized and specialized comments are gradually exploring their own survival and development space to meet the diversified and multi-level needs of segmented audiences.
4. Changes in communication methods
From one-way communication to interactive communication; From passive reaction to active planning; From expository and explanatory discussion to discussion and confrontation discussion; From closed conclusion to open conclusion; From the publication of personal opinions to the establishment and improvement of opinion platforms such as newspaper opinion pages and online forums.
Problems and trends in verbal communication
Since the reform and opening up, although great changes have taken place in China's news commentary, due to the interest orientation in media competition and the constraints of people's speech literacy, there are still the following problems in speech communication:
1. supervision and guidance-artificial deviation in functional orientation
When dealing with the relationship between public opinion supervision and public opinion guidance, there are often artificial biases in different periods and columns, which leads to the deviation and fluctuation of column positioning and makes it difficult to form a brand effect.
2. Objective reporting and subjective evaluation-the fuzzy boundary between news and comments.
At present, due to the blurring of the boundary between news reports and news comments, and the convergence of news comments and in-depth reports, it is difficult for the audience to distinguish objective facts from the media's point of view, and some media have deliberately enhanced the "directionality" of news in this way. Although the choice of any fact must be judged subjectively by journalists, the formation of any viewpoint must be based on objective facts. However, there should still be a clear boundary between the two, so as not to affect the objectivity of news and the fairness of comments.
3. Rationalization and emotionalization-the realistic contradiction between fair trial and emotional catharsis.
Where are the "scales" and "boundaries" of emotional catharsis in comments? Internet speech is full of foul language and even personal attacks. This is because some netizens are lax in self-discipline and uneven in quality in the virtual network society. Perception and irrationality have become one of the remarkable differences between online speech and traditional comments. If this situation is not improved, it will restrict the growth and development of online speech.
4. Specialization and popularization-the dilemma of comment requirements
News commentary is not a professional newspaper. We should not only pay attention to the news closely related to the public, but also spread it in a way that the public can easily understand. Under the general trend of specialization and objectification of communication, some commentary articles (or programs) with experts as authors (or guests) have not become popular among the general audience while being applauded by researchers. The reason is that media practitioners forget that the carrier of professional communication is still the mass media, and experts and scholars need to master a "translation" skill and make professional interpretation in a popular way.
5. Quantity and quality-the imbalance between demand and supply
On the one hand, due to the expansion of newspaper pages and the proliferation of channels, the demand for review works has risen sharply. On the other hand, a large number of comments on the same topic, the same angle, vague comments and mediocre writing abound. When comments lose profound rationality and fresh ideas, their value will be discounted; Once comment writing is reduced to "spending money like water", even if the layout space is large, where is its practical significance?
Facing the great changes in China's news commentary in the past 26 years of reform and opening-up, the future development trend of China's news commentary is: development in debugging and innovation, coordination, integration and separation of news and commentary, due consideration of the individuality and publicity of the author and works of the commentary, repeated debugging of the diversity and constraints of the content and opinions of the commentary, and parallel orientation of specialization and popularization of the commentary.