The Revolution of 1911, as a democratic revolution, successfully overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended China's feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years, opened a new democratic era, and made the concepts of * * * and * * penetrate into the minds of the upper and middle class in society. The word "Xinhai Revolution" recorded earlier comes from The Story of Xinhai Revolution signed by Chen Shou, a native of Bohai Sea. This book was published in June of 19 12, covering the period from 19 1, 1 1 to19/kloc-0.
Life report. In the same year, there was The Revolution of 1911, and A Record of the Events of the Revolution of 1911 edited and published by Cao Mang in his later years. Zhang Shaoceng prefaces the book, pointing out that Liao Shaoyou will be a rebellious person for the rest of his life. Liao Shaoyou, also known as Liao Yuchun, was experienced in running for the North-South peace talks during the Revolution of 1911. "I used to serve with it in the past, and I learned something from my husband ... and copied the cost. From August 18 to1February 26, there are eight days in every hundred days. " [1] The Gregorian calendar that starts and ends in conversion of time is191year, 10 year 10 October 9 to19/2 February/. The facts contained in the above two books occurred in the lunar calendar 19 1 1 year, and it is very appropriate to call it the Xinhai Revolution.
However, in the early years of the Republic of China, the word Xinhai Revolution was not widely used, and there were many pronouns from the Wuchang Uprising in191to the abdication of the Qing emperor. Many terms such as "Wuchang Shouyi", "* * * and the establishment", "the birth of the Republic of China" and "the Battle of 1911" appeared in newspapers in the early years of the Republic of China, such as Shen Bao, Ta Kung Pao and Government Gazette, but the "Revolution of 1911" was extremely rare. Even Dr. Sun Yat-sen did not use certain terms when talking about the Revolution of 1911 in the early years of the Republic of China. During his tenure as interim president, the official documents published in the name of Sun Yat-sen included the expressions of "Wuhan Shouyi", "the founding of the Republic of China", "the restoration of the Republic of China" and "revolution". 19 17 Sun Yat-sen recalled the revolutionary process at the welcome meeting from all walks of life in Shantou and said, "A revolution to overthrow the Manchu autocracy started in Wuchang. The second revolution, in Nanjing, began to assassinate Song for Yuan Shikai. There is no direct book "Revolution of 1911", but the theory of "Second Revolution" is still in use today.
Around the 1920s, the use of the "Xinhai Revolution" began to heat up and its influence became wider and wider. 19 19 In August, Mao Zedong serialized the political article "People's Great Unity" in Xiangjiang Review, using
This paper introduces the word "Xinhai Revolution" and expounds its connotation. 192 1 10 Liang Qichao delivered a speech entitled "The Significance of the Revolution of 1911 and the Optimism in Ten Years", and expounded the connotation of the Revolution of 1911. At the beginning of the first cooperation between the two countries, Chen Duxiu wrote The Revolution of 1911 and the Kuomintang, focusing on the reasons for the failure of the Revolution of 1911, which gradually became a proper term.
With the successive victories of the Northern Expedition, the word "Xinhai Revolution" appeared particularly frequently in related commemorative activities. On the eve of 1927 10/0, the Central Committee of China Kuomintang formulated a propaganda program, the first of which was "to continue the spirit of the Revolution of 1911 and correct its shortcomings". On July 1930 and 10, the100th executive meeting of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang adopted the Concise Table of Revolutionary Memorial Day and the Brief History and Publicity Points of Revolutionary Memorial Day, which clearly stipulated the commemorative activities of the Revolution of 1911 in the form of a system. Since then, the Revolution of 1911 has become a popular word. [2
] background of business English revolution
Method of change
The constitutionalism movement is the third large-scale reform carried out by the Qing government in China after the self-improvement movement (Westernization Movement,1861-kloc-0/895) and the Reform Movement (1898), aiming at making the Qing empire a constitutional monarch. 19 1 1 On May 8, 2008 (April 10, Xuantong three years), the Qing government abolished the Ministry of War, promulgated the cabinet official system, and appointed prime ministers. More than half of the members are Qing imperial clan (royal family) and Manchu, and they are ridiculed as "royal cabinet". Constitutionalists and public opinion are disappointed and even dissatisfied with this. They believe that the Qing government did not have the sincerity to implement constitutionalism, but gradually sympathized with and tended to revolution. The Qing government collapsed in (19 12) and the Republic of China was born. In the struggle to overthrow the Qing dynasty, the revolutionaries launched ten armed uprisings, and they were defeated repeatedly and were able to start again. The strong economic support of overseas Chinese is one of the most important factors. Regarding the role of overseas Chinese in the revolutionary struggle to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, Sun Yat-sen once expressed in this sentence: Overseas Chinese are the mother of revolution.
Political influence
The Revolution of 1911 was called "a great bourgeois democratic revolution in the history of China" by the Producers' Party of China, which overthrew the feudal imperial power system practiced by the Manchu government and China for more than 2,000 years and established the first democratic Republic of China in Asia. All previous uprisings in China ended with one dynasty replacing another, but the Revolution of 1911 completely overthrew the monarchy and tried to establish a new political system-* * * harmony. Although the rules of democracy and peace were destroyed by the northern warlords to varying degrees many times, and even there was a brief restoration of monarchy, they could not fundamentally subvert the people and the state system.
At that time, the successful revolutionaries in China didn't have a definite plan to govern the country, so the presidential system was implemented in accordance with the US Constitution and the American political system. Although due to the constraints of realistic social conditions and the rulers' contempt for the Constitution, for example, Sun Wen arbitrarily amended the Constitution of the Republic of China to restrain Yuan Shikai, who later suspended the Constitution because he proclaimed himself emperor, the democracy and system in the early years of the Republic of China were not really implemented, but this was the first time that China tried to implement democracy and regime, which promoted the spread of democracy and ideas in China and made democracy * * *.
For a long time after the Revolution of 1911, China's ideas of imperialism and absolutism for more than 2,000 years were not completely eliminated. They once had a considerable social foundation. Although the China * * * production party claimed that the people's democratic dictatorship in People's Republic of China (PRC) established in 1949 realized "the real people are the masters of the country", some people think that in practice, the so-called "real democracy * * and" has never been fully implemented in China-whether it is the Beiyang government, the Nanjing National Government of the Kuomintang or the China people *.
The influence of ideology
From the perspective of ideological history, the Revolution of 1911 is also a profound enlightenment trend of thought. It makes democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. In China Thought since Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty, the relationship between monarch and minister is the first of the "three cardinal guides and five permanents". The emperor is not only a political authority, but also an important basis and source of the legitimacy of many values in culture. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the imperial system, which not only broke the values and political thoughts of imperial politics, but also impacted the authority of many traditional values dominated by Confucianism in China, resulting in the overthrow of national nihilism thoughts such as Confucius and Mencius and "total westernization" in the subsequent New Culture Movement. The disappearance of cultural authority has also made this generation of intellectuals feel unprecedented anxiety. Therefore, a new value system with a complete system, such as anarchism, liberalism, the Three People's Principles and socialism (especially * * * productism with a clear process), has become the new belief of a large number of China intellectuals.
economic impact
In addition, since the independent response of the provinces in the Revolution of 1911, China has entered a long period of division and chaos. Except for Yuan Shikai's brief reunification of the country after the Second Revolution, other regimes in the Republic of China failed to directly rule the whole of China (for example, the so-called unified national government could only collect taxes from five provinces), and it was not until the AD 1950 that Chinese mainland was unified by the China * * * production party. Long-term division and war have greatly hindered China's economic development and modernization.
social influence
The impact of the Revolution of 1911 on China society was not as great as expected. Although the Revolution of 1911 is often called "bourgeois revolution in China", China at that time actually lacked a strong bourgeoisie, which was not the main participant in the revolution, and the success of the revolution did not directly contribute to its further development. In the transformation of the traditional society, the Revolution of 1911 only overthrew the Manchu dignitaries at the top of the society, but most of the gentry from other provinces and the old bureaucrats of the Han nationality who were dominant in the traditional local society in China also turned to revolution in the Revolution of 1911 and gained their position, further consolidating their position.
The Revolution of 1911 did not reconstruct the social structure like the Western bourgeois revolution. More people took part in the Revolution of 1911, including soldiers, old bureaucrats and gentry from all over the country. These people remained in power after the Revolution of 1911. Although Sun Yat-sen, its main leader, was born as a civilian intellectual, the poor civilian class in China did not participate in the Revolution of 1911, so the living conditions did not fundamentally change after the Revolution of 1911.
After the Revolution of 1911, the warlord regime, a large number of wars and military politics made the traditional gentry bureaucrats with knowledge and prestige gradually decline, and they were replaced by people with military backgrounds and local bandits and bullies.
The Revolution of 1911 did not fundamentally change/kloc-the population increase after the 8th century, the land annexation in the late Qing Dynasty, and the oppression and economic aggression of western powers against China.
The influence of life culture
"New clothes are bursting, and the top of the ridge is full of clothes; Cut your hair and braid it; Patriotic hat, melon skin hat out; The sky is full of vitality, and the feet are destroyed; The solar calendar is prosperous, and the lunar calendar is destroyed; JuGongLi line, bow down ... "
The influence of overseas Chinese
The intervention of Chinese in Malay Peninsula and Singapore in China's revolutionary activities is unprecedented. Although the revolutionary activities were mainly aimed at saving China, this action had a far-reaching impact on the local Chinese. The images of Malay Peninsula and Singapore can be roughly divided into: the rise of Chinese nationalism in Ma Xin, the growth of Chinese unity in Ma Xin, the emergence of new ideas and the influence of party politics.
After Sun Yat-sen took office as interim president in Nanjing on February 29th,19165438 Many centrists and royalists in Malaysia and Singapore turned to support Sun Yat-sen. After Wuchang Uprising, Chinese in Malaya and Singapore cut off their braids. On the other hand, under the call of the League and Sun Yat-sen, local Chinese also actively donated money to support the revolutionary movement.
Before Sun Yat-sen launched the revolution in Malay Peninsula and Singapore, the local Chinese were in disarray, and there were often gang struggles and native struggles. Disunity hinders the spread of revolutionary ideas, and gang struggle affects the economic growth of China society and prevents the cooperation of different dialect groups.
1906, when Sun Yat-sen presided over the establishment ceremony of the Youth League branch in Kuala Lumpur, he warned that the disunity of local Chinese would eventually lead to the collapse of the whole Chinese society. Therefore, the League has carried out various publicity activities, such as reading books and newspapers, evening classes, theatrical performances, etc., so that groups of different dialects can work together for Sun Yat-sen's revolution and China people from different backgrounds have the opportunity to learn to understand each other and cooperate with each other to solve the same problem. Through uninterrupted contact, the unity spirit and national consciousness of the people of China have been gradually strengthened and developed. 1909 The cluster society established in Daba is an organization that instills the idea of unity.
Another major development is the spread of Putonghua in schools in Malay Peninsula and Singapore, with the main purpose of breaking the previous dialect teaching. This makes China people from different backgrounds have the same media language.
Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary thoughts brought new ideas to Malay Peninsula and Singapore, and impacted the traditional society and tradition in China. The ideas of altruism, self-sacrifice, equality and freedom continue to spread. Encourage girls' schools and allow women to participate in social activities and the Sun Yat-sen Revolution.
The revolutionary significance of editing this paragraph
First of all, the Revolution of 1911 dealt a fatal blow to the feudal autocracy. It overthrew the corrupt and humiliating Qing Dynasty, which ruled China for more than 270 years in modern times, ended the feudal autocratic monarchy system in China for more than 2,000 years, established a bourgeois republic, and promoted historical progress. A series of events before and after the Revolution of 1911 played a key role in the development of China's constitutionalism and the rule of law, central and local politics, and the relationship between central and local governments, and had a significant impact on China's diplomacy and China's border defense situation. After the Revolution of 1911, the Beiyang government, which emerged after the North-South peace talks, made great achievements in firmly safeguarding national unity and territorial integrity, canceling unequal treaties, and improving national status. The Revolution of 1911 gave the people some rights of democracy and peace. In the later historical process, whoever wants to be an emperor and restore the monarchy will quickly collapse under the opposition of the people.
Secondly, the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the "foreign court" and dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist forces of aggression. After the Revolution of 1911, the imperialists had to change their agents in China again and again, but they could not find any ruling tools that could control the overall situation, nor could they establish a relatively stable ruling order in China.
Third, the Revolution of 1911 created favorable conditions for the development of national capitalism. After the founding of the Republic of China, domestic industrial groups were established one after another, and it became a trend to set up factories and banks. The economic power of state capitalism has been greatly enhanced in a few short years, and the ranks of the proletariat have also grown rapidly.
Fourthly, the Revolution of 1911 had a wide influence on the liberation movement of oppressed peoples in modern Asian countries, especially on the struggle against colonialism in Vietnam, Indonesia and other countries, which was also a great turning point in Asian history. Lenin regarded the Revolution of 1911 as "the awakening of Asia". The Revolution of 1911 fired the first shot of democracy in Asia.
Edit this revolutionary evaluation
Before the Republic of China, a few years ago, intellectuals and revolutionary participants were still excited about the successful overthrow of Manchu in the Revolution of 1911, and they spoke highly of the achievements of the Revolution of 1911. However, since democracy and democracy were not really implemented after the Revolution of 1911, people also reflected from different angles. In his letter 192 1 to Russian Foreign Minister Ruan Qilin, Sun Yat-sen mentioned that "now all my friends admit that my resignation was a huge political mistake", and Sun Yat-sen also charged in his will that "the revolution has not been successful, and comrades still need to work hard". After 1920, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party spoke highly of the Revolution of 1911. The Kuomintang regards Sun Yat-sen as the founding father of the Republic of China and the Revolution of 1911 as a successful revolution led by him, which is highly appraised. The Revolution of 1911 is the starting point of China's modern history and the most important key for China to develop into a democratic modern country.