The first article of Principles of Marxist Philosophy first defines the concept of philosophy. Literally, what is the concept of philosophy? Understanding of philosophy itself? . Isn't this in philosophical theory? An idea? , but constitute this theory? Core concept? 、? Basic concepts? 、? Concept of soul? It determines the vitality of this theory and constitutes the principle difference between this philosophical theory and other theories. Not so much Thomas. Kuhn's more complicated meaning? Research paradigm? Imre, to be exact? The more simple meaning of lakatos? Theoretical hardcore? . [1] This hard core includes the definition, nature, research object, characteristics and functions of philosophy.
Marxist philosophy and Marxist philosophy are different and must be distinguished. In order to truly understand Marx, we must go back to Marx's text and trace the source. This paper takes Marxist philosophy as the object and understands Marxist philosophy from four aspects.
First, Marxist philosophy is a critical philosophy and a philosophy to transform the world.
Marxist philosophy has a strong critical spirit, criticizing not only social reality, but also various theories and old ideologies, and finally criticizing itself to a certain extent. In the development of Marxism, Marxism has changed from a truth that is deeply rooted in people's hearts to a dogma that binds people. The purpose of philosophy is to emancipate people's minds, which runs counter to the spirit of philosophy. Some people assert that only Marxism is the only science, and neither pre-Marxist philosophy nor modern western philosophy is scientific. In my opinion, this practice seems to expand the authority of Marxist philosophy on the surface, but it actually damages the majesty of Marxist philosophy. Doing so will make the Marxist ideological system more and more closed and stagnant. Marxist philosophy must be an open theoretical system, and creativity must sprout in criticism. Only in this way can Marxist philosophy develop continuously.
In his doctoral thesis "The Difference between democritus's Philosophy of Nature and Epicurus' Philosophy of Nature", Marx quoted the oblique motion of atoms, expounded the deviation of oblique motion from linear motion, and expressed a sense of freedom. Pursue a kind of freedom in the middle. In a free and democratic society, the function of philosophical criticism can be brought into full play. In an authoritarian society, people's freedom of speech is strictly controlled, and the critical function of philosophy is obscured and weakened. Our present society aims at freedom and democracy, and academic criticism is protected. Professor Nie Jinfang pointed out that in order to strengthen the guiding position of Marxist thought, it is necessary to strengthen the academic nature of Marxism, which must allow free debate and criticism. This is actually the reflection and criticism of Marxist philosophy on itself.
Marx deliberately proposed to fire at the German system! Be sure to fire! Although this system is lower than the historical level and any criticism, it is still a critical phenomenon. Just like a criminal who is below the level of life, he is still the target of the executioner. In the struggle against this system, criticism is not the passion of the mind, but the passionate mind. For capitalists, the whole problem is to revolutionize the existing world and actually oppose and change existing things. [2] Therefore, the historical task put forward by Marx to philosophy is to forge a weapon of world outlook, make it a revolutionary and critical way of thinking, and mercilessly criticize everything that exists. The goal of this ruthless criticism is to realize the liberation of mankind itself.
Criticism is not always effective, it is not only destructive, but also constructive and transcendent. Just as you say I am wrong, you must say why I am wrong, and what I can do is right. Only in this way can we reflect a kind of theoretical consciousness. The social function of philosophy is to reflect, criticize and transcend the real society. Philosophy comes from life, but it must be higher than life. This is the philosophy of settling down.
Marx's philosophy is dialectics to a great extent. Dialectics does not worship anything. It is revolutionary and critical in nature. With the change of social life, Marxist philosophy will inevitably change its own form and develop its own content. The critical nature of Marxist philosophy makes it a developing theoretical system. The so-called modern spirit is the spirit of human self-criticism and the subject spirit of human self-reflection and self-control. The subjective consciousness embodied in Marxist philosophy is this modern spirit. The Birth and Goal of Marxist Philosophy
It determines that people's self-consciousness will enter the stage of self-criticism, self-reflection and self-control from self-loss. Of course, the ultimate goal of criticism is to build a new world. Criticism is not only a means, but also an end.
Second, Marxist philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times and the living soul of civilization.
Philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times. This sentence has two meanings: first, a certain philosophy is the spiritual product of a certain era; Secondly, philosophy is the highest form in all kinds of ideology and culture, and it is the essence and essence of the spirit of the times. At the same time, philosophy is the living soul of civilization. Because philosophy is human and transcends the times. Because philosophy is a science about self-consciousness, and consciousness is relatively independent.
Philosophy must grasp the most urgent problems of the times, absorb the ideological spirit in time, provide explanations for the urgent problems, and then standardize and guide the development of society.
In the editorial of Cologne Daily, Marx clearly stated for the first time that any real philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times. ? [3] This proposition is widely quoted and recognized as Marx's most concise and incisive thesis on philosophy. The philosophy that Marx admired and affirmed originated from the times and the people, and sublimated the essential problems of the times and the people into theory. True philosophy must grasp the urgent problems of an era and take the urgent problems of its own era as the focus of philosophical thinking.
Marx believes that the main difficulty of an urgent problem in an era is not the answer, but the problem. Einstein once said that it is more important to ask questions than to solve them. A good question can greatly promote the development of society. The significance of the problem is that all individuals are dominated by an open and reckless voice of the times. Problems are the motto of the times and the most practical voice to express the inner state of the times. Because of this, philosophy must take problems as the research object. When people confuse philosophy with fantasy, philosophy must seriously protest.
Therefore, Marxist philosophy is the unity of the times and the times, which not only reflects and expresses the spirit of the times, but also shapes and leads it. Philosophy is an ideological era, which leads the times to an ideal society!
Third, Marxist philosophy is a philosophy of caring for and releasing people.
What is the starting point of Marx's philosophy? People who engage in practical activities? What is the foothold? Human society or socialized human beings? And then what? Destination? Based on? Everyone's free development? Conditional? Free development for all? . [4] The starting point, foothold and destination of Marxist philosophy show Marx's broad humanistic feelings about human destiny and his intention to liberate all mankind with philosophy. Marx said that philosophy is concerned with the truth of all people, not the truth of individuals. The movement it participated in was not an independent movement for the benefit of a few people, but an independent movement for the benefit of the overwhelming majority. This humanistic feeling of paying attention to human destiny and the philosophical purport of devoting to human liberation are the soul, shining light and the most fundamental philosophical idea of Marxist philosophy. This philosophical idea is the philosophical view of Marxist philosophy.
From the end of 65438 to the beginning of 1844, Marx wrote the preface to the critique of Hegel's philosophy of right. From the beginning, it was pointed out that as far as Germany is concerned, the criticism of religion has basically ended; Criticism of religion is the premise of all other criticisms. Because of this, Marx put forward that after the other side of the world of truth disappears, the task of history is to establish the truth of this side of the world. By criticizing German philosophy including Feuerbach, Marx clearly put forward the starting point of his own philosophy-German philosophy? From heaven to earth? ; On the contrary, what are we here? From earth to heaven? . [5] In other words, we don't understand human beings from what people say, imagine and imagine. Our starting point is people who are engaged in practical activities. Philosophy is about people's knowledge, just as China's philosophy says that it is not far from people, which means the same thing. Socrates brought philosophy back to the world from heaven, which is the requirement that philosophy belongs to human nature. Analysis of alienation in Marxist philosophy, and how to eliminate alienation, eliminate capitalist society and build a beautiful capitalist society. It embodies the extensive humanistic care of Marxist philosophy and the humanistic nature of philosophy.
Fourth, Marxist philosophy is a complete and rigorous world outlook.
World outlook is the fundamental view of the world. Including the fundamental view of nature, society and human subjective spiritual world. World outlook is the research object of philosophy. World outlook and methodology are closely related and are two sides of the same problem. What kind of world outlook, what kind of methodology. The Principles of Dialectical Materialism, edited by Xiao Gan and Li Xiulin, stipulates that philosophy is a theoretical and systematic world outlook and methodology. Marxist philosophy is a complete and rigorous world outlook and methodology system.
Seeing the world from material, spirit and practice are the three main ways of philosophical world outlook. [6] From the material point of view, the world has become an objective world, such as the famous saying of Latin America? People are machines? This objectivity inhibits people's subjective initiative. Looking at the world spiritually, as Lu Jiuyuan said, there is nothing outside the heart. Not fluttering, not the wind, but the heart is moving. This kind of philosophy turns philosophy into a castle in the air completely divorced from the world, a form of nothingness. It highlights people's freedom and imagination, but develops people's initiative abstractly. Looking at the world from the perspective of practice, the picture of the world is that there is a bridge between the material world and the spiritual field, and that is practice. Practice is an activity from subjective to objective, and practice is the basis for the division and unity of the material world and the spiritual world. Practice is a unique objectification activity of human beings. Has Marxist philosophy been philosophized? Practice turning around? Look at the world from reality and find an intermediary between the two poles.
The way we treat the world is also science and religion, morality and art, and philosophy is the only and highest way. As for the difference between philosophy and religion, Hegel put it well. Philosophy and religion have the same content, and both are knowledge about the whole world, but in different forms. Appeal to reason principle of philosophy and religion appeals to perceptual principle. Hegel also discussed philosophy and science. He said that philosophy and science are the same in form and both are rational ways of thinking. But the content is different. Philosophy is about the whole world, and science is about a specific field. Marxist philosophy recognizes that philosophy is a world view, not the only world view.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
Engels believes that Marxist philosophy starts from the realistic people and their historical development, and uses? Realistic rationality? Criticism? Abstract rationality? . Realistic rationality refers to the rationality of practice and the rationality of transforming the world. Marxist philosophy unifies the freedom of thought pursued by philosophy with the historical development of human practice, the absoluteness and relativity of truth, the progress of philosophy and the development of science. Philosophy is inconclusive, never static, but constantly changing. Marxist philosophy is the wisdom of the world, emphasizing that philosophy should return to the life world and face up to the challenge of life to philosophy.
In a word, Marxist philosophy is a profound knowledge, which is constantly developing. We must grasp Marxist philosophy in the process of development.
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