2. Thinking mode
(1) position. Sentence paragraphs have different positions and functions in the text and paragraphs. The range of the paragraph where the material is located. These are the first things to consider when answering action questions.
(2) Grasping the basic content of sentences and materials, so as to answer, which is the premise.
(3) Grasp the relevance of sentences and materials in the context. Even if you don't ask to say "specific" function in the stem of the question, you can't answer "connecting the preceding with the following" in general.
(4) According to the content arrangement of different texts, sometimes the structural function should be considered in combination with the expressive function. The functions of this technique include "contrast" and "setting off".
3. Answer mode
Structurally: common expression techniques.
1, connecting the preceding with the following: it not only inherits the above …, but also leads to the following …, from … to … (things, people, scenery and things), from … to …
2. Causes are as follows: paving the way for the following writing …, paving the way for the following writing …, echoing the following … and laying the emotional tone of the article.
3. Summarize the above: echo the above …, point out the main idea of the full text, and further …, Zhang Xianzhi said …
4. Clues: Clues that run through the whole text appear X times in the text, step by step, step by step, pushing feelings ... to a climax.
Content: express the author's feelings, expressive techniques, vivid words and expressions and their expressive effects, so as to write or explain (the main content or theme).
(2) The answer mode about the function of quotations (quotations, interspersed materials) in the original text.
(1) The content of the current paragraph;
(2) the function of the full text;
③ Enrich the content of the article or be poetic.
(4) increase authority, literariness, historicity and culture (depending on style and function, not to list them one by one).
(3) The role of people.
Knowledge reserve
The role of three kinds of people
First person: express feelings directly and freely; Have a sense of intimacy; You can write the characters and events in the article as if they were my personal experience to enhance the realism of the article; It is easy to express the inner feelings of "I" directly. Emotions and sorrows, cordial and natural.
The second man said:
(1) Closes the distance with the readers or the images in the works, and facilitates the author's direct dialogue and communication with them;
② It is convenient for the author to express his feelings;
(3) When the object of writing is a thing, it plays an anthropomorphic rhetorical effect. Use general letters, poems and articles to praise and mourn.
The third person: direct expression of life, not limited by time and space, flexible and free. As a bystander, the author objectively narrates the readers, which is convenient to reflect a broader picture and richer content.
(4) Title function
Knowledge reserve
1, clue function.
2, highlight the narrative object (people, things)
3. Point out the theme and carry the author's emotion.
4. Symbolic and profound.
5. Skills (mainly rhetorical devices and effects)
6. Attract readers (stimulate readers' interest).
(5) The role of scenery description.
Knowledge reserves the description of specific scenes of scenery, such as location, climate, time, scenery, scene, etc.
(1) its own and independent aesthetic value; Show regional scenery and remind time, season and environment.
② Render the atmosphere to pave the way for the following; Set the emotional tone.
(3) Contrast some characteristics of the narrative object (person or thing).
④ Symbolic and suggestive functions.
(6), the role of writing content
Knowledge reserve
1, the function of expressing the content of the article, such as making the content rich, substantial, concrete and vivid, more cultural, literary and poetic.
2, emotional sustenance or symbol, meaning, etc.
3. Suspense to stimulate readers' interest in reading.
4. Clues running through the whole article.
5, care (echo)
6. Highlight the theme, sublimate (deepen) the theme, etc.
Part II: An overview of the reasons.
1, list the basic questions one by one.
2. Lu Xun from the results.
3. Briefly describe general problems.
Common ways to ask such questions:
(1) What is the reason for the author to say this?
② Throughout the whole paper, summarize the main reasons of ×××××××.
(3) Summarize the meaning and tell me why XXX is famous.
Other ways of asking questions:
(1) The article describes various walking modes of "time".
(3) Briefly describe the aspects from which the author wrote Tolstoy's life was "inseparable from the land for a moment".
Although the "Reason Summary Question" is not difficult, it requires high organization of answers: attention should be paid to both explicit and implicit points, and the answers should be organized in the original order as far as possible, and the points should not be missed.
The modeling of the cause generalization problem is manifested in three aspects:
1. Pay attention to the way of asking questions (for common ways of asking questions, see the section on "Proposition Characteristics" above).
2. grasp the way of thinking?
(1) Thinking method: Tracing back to the source, one fruit has multiple causes. ? In many essays, the author always expounds some life feelings and some truths, and these feelings and truths are the "fruit" of the proposer's proposition. Where do these fruits come from? It is narrative, description, memory and so on. In the final analysis, the full text of prose is generally a big causal complex sentence, so this kind of question requires a large span and involves the full text. When answering questions, you should cover the whole article and try to find all the "reasons".
(2) Thinking principle: the principle of proximity is combined with the principle of dispersion. Where the dry sentences appear, the context is often the place with the densest answer points. Therefore, we must think about the answer "nearby". There are still one or two points scattered in the context far from the theme. At this time, it is necessary to appropriately expand the search scope. The perfect answer to the reason summary question is the combination of explicit points and implicit points, and the implicit points are easily omitted. When answering, you should have the consciousness and principle of digging hidden points.
3. Standardized answer mode: There is no fixed answer mode, but there are generally several specific answer modes according to different topic requirements:
(1), quote, that is, choose a word or sentence in the original text as the answer to the test question.
(2) integration, that is, on the basis of understanding the meaning of the topic, according to the requirements of the topic, regroup the relevant semantics.
(3) generalization, that is, you can't answer with the ready-made words in the text, but you must translate them into your own language for generalization. In addition, the answer to the reason summary question is best organized and standardized, which can be used as an answer in the form of 1233 ...
Part 3: Understanding the meaning
1, sentence comprehension 2, sentence meaning
For this kind of problem:
1, pay attention to the way of asking questions and understand the meaning of the sentence. The question is direct and obvious, and there are mainly the following ways to ask questions.
How to understand this sentence?
Please analyze the content of this sentence.
(3) This sentence contains the author's thoughts and feelings.
2, grasp the thinking mode For this kind of problem, we must establish a "six-look" thinking mode.
The so-called "six views" refers to three views inside the sentence and three views outside the sentence. Look at the key words in the sentence three times; Second, look at the internal structure of the sentence. Third, look at the sentences. Self-expression characteristics. Look outside the sentence, look at the position characteristics of the sentence (either at the beginning of the paragraph, at the end of the paragraph, or at the end of the text, etc. ); Second, look at adjacent sentences; Third, look at the center of paragraphs and chapters.
Standardizing the answer mode Understanding the meaning question has a fixed answer mode, but different sentences still have their own answer characteristics.
① Generalization of the concretization of abstract sentences: First, analyze the meaning of the modifiers of the sentences themselves, and then grasp the supporting sentences in the paragraphs to explain or demonstrate these sentences and explore their specific meanings.
② Generalization of vivid and concrete sentences, that is, abstracting vivid and concrete keywords.
(3) Express characteristic sentences and highlight characteristics. Some sentences use symbolism. Use metaphors, personification, satire and puns.
(4) Rhetoric should focus on the interpretation of these expressive features.
⑤ Segmentation of complex long sentences means dividing these sentences into several paragraphs and understanding them layer by layer.
Part four: Appreciating and expressing characteristics.
1, list the skill questions.
2. Appreciate skills.
3. The role of skills.
4. Language features.
The topic of appreciation and expression features is mainly aimed at "analyzing the main expression techniques of works" and "appreciating the expressive art of wonderful language"
Appreciation of expression skills (artistic expression) focuses on judging which skills are used and analyzing the expression effect. Moreover, in the "judgment" technique, it is required to cut in from multiple angles and master the comprehensive application of various expression skills. ? Appreciation can be overall (usually looking for expression) or local (usually looking for rhetoric).
Knowledge reserve
(A) familiar with the common language
① Expression: narration, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism.
Narrative, narrative sequence mainly includes: sequential narrative, flashback, interpolation, supplementary narrative (to make things clear), flashback (to enhance the vividness of the article, to make the article more suspenseful and fascinating, and to avoid flat narrative and monotonous structure at the same time), interpolation (to supplement and set off the main plot and make the central idea more vivid), supplementary narrative (to enhance the aesthetic effect of the article).
① Personal use: first person, second person and third person.
(3) Lyric, direct lyric (direct expression, incisive), indirect lyric (implicit implication, intriguing).
(2) expression: contrast (highlighting the characteristics of things, strengthening thoughts and feelings, clear image, priorities)
Contrast (distinctive features, strong contrast)
In the contrast of writing, highlight things and characteristics; Emphasis on semantics, ups and downs in writing, twists and turns)
Rendering (creating atmosphere, creating scenes and deepening the theme)
Symbol (implicit image, profound meaning, association and strong appeal)
Irony (satirizing things from the opposite side or expressing the theme more clearly with irony)
Repetition (emphasizing function and emotion, momentum and appeal,)
Metaphor (meaning is shallow, there is this and that, vivid and easy to understand).
(4) Rhetoric: metaphor (turning plain into vivid, abstruse into simple, abstract into concrete, lengthy into concise)
Anthropomorphic (anthropomorphic, interesting and expressive) exaggeration (revealing the essence, inspiring people, setting off the atmosphere, enhancing the appeal and enhancing the association; Create an atmosphere)
Duality (neat form, symmetrical structure; The rhythm is distinct and the rhyme is harmonious; Concise and expressive, lyrical)
Parallelism (concentrated content, enhanced momentum; Clear rhythm, strengthen emotion)
Rhetorical question (strong tone, aggravating language situation and stimulating readers' feelings; Deepen the reader's impression and play a strengthening role)
Ask questions (ask questions to attract attention; Inspire thinking and deepen understanding)
Metonymy (replacing complexity with simplicity, emptiness with truth, secularity with strangeness, and affection with things).
Repetition (used to say rational articles, which play an emphasis role; Lyric scenery, strong appeal; Connecting the preceding with the following, it is divided into parts and levels. )
⑤ Language features: From the perspective of language style, it is implicit and bright, elegant and popular, vivid and simple, rich and plain, simple and complicated. The language is concise, the words are accurate and vivid, and the words are rich and diverse.
(B) the role of artistic skills answer style:
The function of the skill itself+the content of the text (writing a few points generally depends on the score) uses the technique of … to vividly express …, highlight (render) … and portray the image of ….
(3) Summary of appreciation and expression of featured topics: To appreciate and express featured topics, a model should be established from three aspects:
1. Construct a knowledge network system model about expression characteristics (expression skills, artistic expression). Such as common descriptive techniques, rhetorical techniques and expressive techniques, the recognition and expressive effect of any technique in every direction should be established and stored in your mind, and at the same time, it should be continuously strengthened in practice to cultivate your keen perception of "expressive characteristics".
2. Grasp the way of thinking
(1) Think from five angles.
(1) rhetoric (priority);
(2) the technique of expression (2);
③ Expression mode (second);
(4) the composition of the article;
⑤ Language expression (⑤ When viewed from two angles, there are generally clear hints).
(2) Two combinations of thinking and analysis.
(1) Answering any question expressing characteristics must be combined with the center of the article. There is no purely objective artistic skill, and any artistic skill serves the center of the article.
(2) To solve the problem of expressing characteristics, we should combine language. Language is the carrier of an article. Whether evaluating the theme of an article or appreciating artistic skills, it is inseparable from the appreciation, playing and reciting of language. Otherwise, all appreciation is empty talk.
3, standardize the answer mode, clear concept+specific explanation+brief description of benefits. Among them, "clear concept" is the most important last two links, which should be handled according to the requirements of the topic, not rigidly operated.
Part V: Structural thinking.
1, article structure.
2, content ideas.
3. Emotional changes.
Summary of structural (writing) thinking questions;
First, grasp the symbolic sentences in the text. At the level of articles or paragraphs, there are often some symbolic languages that connect the context, which have the functions of prompting, summarizing and connecting the preceding with the following. Among them, the prompting function of related words and punctuation marks is also worthy of attention.
Second, analyze the emotional context of thought. Part obeys the whole, and the content expressed in all paragraphs and levels of the article always revolves around the center of the full text. There is a certain context between sentences, which is reflected in the content combination of the article, while the structure of the article is only the external form of thought.
Third, grasp the characteristics of sentence cohesion. There are three kinds of permutation and combination between sentences, namely, juxtaposition, acceptance and total score. These three situations can be used as the basis for grading.
The idea of the article refers to the context of the article, and the answer steps are generally as follows:
First of all, read the full text to see what the article mainly says, or what it says.
Second, read the paragraph (sentence) carefully, and then mark the meaning of the paragraph with concise sentences.
Third, analyze the internal relationship between paragraphs (sentences) and divide the article level. Specific methods can be found in the obvious information in the paragraph, such as the general sentence at the beginning, the central sentence, the conclusion sentence and the transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following. , is often a hint of the meaning of the paragraph. In addition, there are lyric sentences or argumentative sentences of paragraphs.
Fourth, the paragraphs without obvious information should be read through the full text (paragraphs), find out the general keywords of the sentence, and analyze the meaning of the comprehensive paragraphs.
Part VI: Asking questions
(1) Scope of investigation
1, asking questions in sentences.
2, paragraph structure inquiry questions.
3. Explore the meaning (theme) of the article.
4. The author discusses the creative intention of the topic.
5. Personalized interpretation of inquiry questions.
(2) ask questions summary:
1. Establish a cognitive model of this question type.
(1) What are the main features of inquiry?
(1) stem label. Generally, the words "inquiry" will appear, and sometimes the words "your understanding", "your opinion" and "please contact an example" will appear.
2 thinking has a foundation. It is necessary to explore to a certain extent according to the content of the text, rather than play it at will.
(3) innovative ideas. You need your own thinking, a different point of view from the author, and a little deeper.
4 There are levels of answers. Candidates are required to think from different levels and angles, and the meaning of the answer is generally not only one layer.
(2) What are the main types of inquiry questions?
① Explore the appreciation questions. This kind of questions are some highlights of exploring and appreciating texts, such as the arrangement of text structure, language characteristics, literary and artistic treatment and so on.
② Explore the evaluation problem. This type of question is aimed at a certain doubt or difficulty in text reading, and expresses one's own views on the basis of reading and understanding the text, combined with one's own experience or cognition.
(3) Explore and expand. This type of question is an exploration of the meaning and value of the text extending from the inside to the outside.
2. There is no uniform and fixed mode to answer questions. However, inquiry questions belong to expressive questions, and the basic structure and mode of writing are: expressing opinions+analyzing and demonstrating+summarizing questions. "Analysis and demonstration" is the main link, which generally requires a reasonable analysis of the specific content of the text and lists your own analysis point by point.
Senior high school composition answering skills 1 trick-perceive the content of the article as a whole and learn to talk to the text and the author.
What is worth emphasizing in reading is the dialogue process between students and the text, which is full of discovery, questioning, thinking and exploration, but the premise is to be able to perceive the content of the article as a whole. Only when you have the ability to read as a whole can you complete multiple thoughts in the process of dialogue with the text and answer the reading questions well according to the requirements of the meaning and the stem of the question. Specifically, we should first read the full text quickly, capture the key sentences and expressions in each paragraph of the article, and initially grasp the main contents of the article-the center, theme, writing ideas and emotional basis of the full text. For example, explanatory writing should grasp the characteristics of things, what explanatory methods are used in the paper, and what are the functions of these methods? What scientific spirit and truth are permeated in the paper; The argumentative essay should clarify what the article discusses, tell us what truth, what argumentation methods and typical argumentation materials are used in the reasoning process; What people and things are mainly written in the narrative, what emotions are expressed by the author, what expression methods are used in the text, and whether the clues are obvious. These contents should be considered in the whole perception and must be accurate. If there is a slight deviation, the answer is completely wrong. The overall perception is based on the full text, emphasizing "feeling" and implementing "knowledge". "Feeling" and "knowledge" are also the process of information screening and integration. Next, according to the content of overall perception, we should think deeply about the main body and part of the article, focusing on the understanding of key paragraphs and keywords, and try to think about their functions in the article. Finally, according to the requirements of the stem, return to the overall thinking from the part, have a deeper understanding of the full text, circle the content that the stem requires to answer, and complete the dialogue with the text.
The second trick-think from multiple angles and carefully screen information.
Candidates should be good at thinking from multiple angles on the basis of overall reading and according to the specific requirements of different styles. Different ways of thinking have different angles. We should be good at screening the obvious information required by each topic, and learn to screen the hidden information contained between the lines in the content and theme of the article. Take the modern Chinese reading "Forgotten Straw" in the senior high school entrance examination in 2007 as an example: What does the word "shudder" mean in the third paragraph? To answer this question, we can read that "straw" is eager to be found in the field, and he is trembling with excitement. We should read the implied information, and the "straw" is unwilling to be forgotten. Seeing the cows eating grass, the blades of grass trembled with excitement, hoping to be found. When analyzing key sentences, we should pay more attention to the rigor of thinking. Or take the title of the 2007 middle school exam "Forgotten Straw" 19 as an example: after the heavy snow, the straw will hold up a curve on the ridge covered with a thick layer of snow. What does this mean? Question 20: Paragraph 6 says, "Tall straw piles will disappear." What are the life-saving straws worth looking forward to in combination with the full text? At first glance, the way of asking these two questions seems to be a horizontal question, but after understanding the full text, you will find that both questions are about the examinee's understanding of the implied information in the text. 19 focuses on the fact that the straw itself does not yield to the harsh environment and is unwilling to be forgotten, while the 20 questions should start from the positive theme of the full text and think that the straw is not only unwilling to be forgotten, but also expects to be discovered and used to reflect its own value. This is the focus of the article and the difficult problem in reading. Multi-angle thinking and meticulous thinking are the key to seeing the score. When answering reading questions, you'd better not just understand the literal meaning and ignore the core content of the article.
The third trick-fluent and complete organizational language, accurate and rigorous answer expression.
If candidates can not only grasp the overall reading of the article, but also analyze and taste the key paragraphs and words of the article, understand the theme and emotion of the full text, and have a strong ability to answer reading questions well, then it is very important to show the answers accurately. In the past, some candidates had correct ideas, but they lost points because of poor language organization and incomplete speech, which was not worth the loss. In order to avoid this phenomenon, it is forbidden to answer descriptive questions only in words or phrases, let alone blindly use the original words in the text. According to the requirements of the stem, on the basis of refining and screening information, the language is well organized, closely related to the stem and answering questions, avoiding vague words, not to mention answering irrelevant questions, and writing a lot of words, the result is in vain. For example, the explanation of the senior high school entrance examination in 2007 was question 16: Why is it so lush to stroll in the mirror gallery of Versailles, as if you were in a lush, tree-lined garden? Some candidates only write because the mirror gallery has the function of reflection, and the result is that they lose points. Judging from the answer results, the candidates understand the content of the article, but it is not accurate in terms of language expression. There are two kinds of language expression ability: one requires accuracy and conciseness, and the other requires vividness, elegance and beauty. The former has insufficient ability, which leads to biased or inaccurate answers; The latter's lack of ability leads to dry and tasteless language and lack of appeal. In reviewing, we must consciously improve the expressive ability of these two languages. Another reason for poor expression is the lack of life accumulation. In modern literature reading, candidates are often asked to answer questions about personality perception in combination with real life. That is what we usually call an open question. Language expression is very important if you want to get full marks in answering such questions. Or evaluate, or appreciate, or taste, or briefly, or suggest, or advocate, etc. There should be a complete and detailed language expression mode. Strive to organize the answers to questions accurately, smoothly and completely.