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abstract:
Metaphor is a common form of language expression, which plays a decorative role in language expression. Using the theory of applied linguistics, this paper interprets the characteristics of metaphor in the practical application process, and through analyzing the characteristics of the model, we have a deep understanding of metaphor and form the relevant points of using metaphor correctly in the practical application process.
Key words:
Metaphor, language phenomenon; Applied linguistics:
Introduction:
Metaphor, also known as simple metaphor, is very common in literary works and is usually used to describe things in detail in order to express abstract things more intuitively. Therefore, the rational application of metaphor can help people understand things more intuitively and deeply, and promote people's cognition. This also makes metaphor widely used in the field of linguistics, especially with the maturity of the latter theoretical system, the application scope of metaphor is further expanded, and it occupies a place in psychology, linguistics or sociology, showing high value, which leads to thinking about the characteristics of metaphor and modality, and is used to understand the role of metaphor more deeply, so as to expand its application scope and sublimate its value, which is also the research significance of this paper.
I introduction of metaphor
As early as the 4th century BC, some scholars used metaphor as a rhetorical device in literary works. As Aristotle thought, metaphor is an alternative concept, which also supports the acquisition of new knowledge through metaphor. Aristotle studied metaphor in many aspects, and realized the analysis of metaphor by constructing a specific environment, so as to realize the role of metaphor in the process of social culture and promote the combination of metaphor and social culture. This laid a good theoretical foundation for early metaphor research. Later studies are usually based on this, measuring the specific role of metaphor in the field of applied language from multiple single angles, or expounding the role of metaphor in a single logical thinking from the perspective of linguistics or psychology, which also makes metaphor gradually form a relatively independent position [1]. Influenced by the maturity of linguistic theory, many scholars began to study metaphor from the perspective of cognition and linguistics, which laid the foundation for related research based on applied linguistics.
The study of metaphor from the perspective of applied linguistics is more practical, and a specific language framework will be established to measure factors such as syntactic words, communicative purpose and history, so as to realize the correct cognition of metaphor, which is different from the previous theoretical study of metaphor and pays more attention to the role of metaphor in practical application. In the research focus, the language form is the main one, not the original structure. Cameron, a famous linguist, suggested that the study of metaphor should be carried out with the help of a multi-faceted research system. He studied metaphor from three angles in related research [2]. The first angle is to analyze the theoretical system of metaphor from the theoretical level. The second angle is based on the processing level, which mainly analyzes the processing state of metaphor in the practical application process. The third angle is to analyze the concrete application and important role of metaphor in this field from the neurological level.
Second, the mode characteristics of metaphor
1. Stage mode
As one of the main expression modes of metaphor, stage mode has obvious formal logic characteristics, and language expression is realized mainly through indirect metaphor. Specifically, it includes the stage of cognitive understanding of words and the stage of in-depth understanding of the internal meaning of words. The former is based on the environment, which requires an accurate understanding of the surface meaning before the subsequent deep metaphor analysis can be carried out. The latter pays more attention to the excavation of expressive meaning. In some cases, the time required for the two stages is the same, that is, the inner meaning can be excavated by understanding the superficial meaning, and only the more obscure metaphor will spend a lot of time in the second stage.
2. Ontology and carrier
Metaphor consists of ontology and vehicle, both of which are direct forms to express the meaning expressed by metaphor. Ontology is something that needs to be expressed, while vehicle is something that expresses itself. The main function of metaphor is to express ontology by means of vehicles. In practical application, the forms of ontology and carrier are not limited to fixed forms.
3. Parallel distributed processing of information
The field of psychology is mainly based on information processing mode, and the related research on metaphor involves the application of metaphor. Comparing the computer to the human brain, we can get and process information by disassembling and separating metaphor, and finally form the cognition of metaphor. In some cases, metaphor research will be carried out through parallel distribution, which is the same as the essence of information processing mode. The human brain is also regarded as a computer, which realizes the concrete analysis of metaphor through data reasoning and calculation.
Thirdly, the applied linguistic framework of metaphor.
In the field of applied linguistics, it is necessary to pay attention to the function and essence of metaphor in practical application. Therefore, before carrying out relevant research, we must fully sort out the previous research results, form a mature system on the basis of previous research results, and realize the exploration of metaphor characteristics and applications. In the established system, we should pay attention to grammar, part of speech and word meaning, and at the same time, we should comprehensively consider the influence of kinship, communication environment and context in the practical application process. Finally, the application between ontology and carrier should be analyzed [3]. Domestic scholars fully realize the importance of cognition when carrying out metaphor-related research, and constantly explore the essence and characteristics of metaphor through innovative exploration forms, which lays a good foundation for metaphor-related research in the field of applied linguistics.
In the process of analyzing metaphor, many scholars will pay attention to its application effect in the language field, which coincides with the characteristics of practical application in applied linguistics research, that is, on the basis of research theory, combining reality to form the final conclusion of metaphor. Judging from the theoretical achievements of metaphor research at this stage, many scholars have made further research on the basis of cognitive theory and changed their research direction, no longer focusing only on theoretical research, but paying more attention to the practical application of metaphor in language. Scholars should pay attention to the following points in the research process: firstly, we should study the surface meaning at different levels, and at the same time, go deep into the deeper level, so as to fully reveal the characteristics of metaphor. The second is to ensure that every level can be comprehensively analyzed. Thirdly, it effectively distinguishes different types of metaphorical frames. Finally, to ensure the omnibearing analysis, metaphor should be explained from both macro and micro perspectives. Usually, when readers come into contact with the field of metaphor, they will think of the vehicle at the first time, and then think about its meaning. When this process exists in the brain, we can understand the meaning of expectation. Specifically, ontology and vehicle belong to cognitive models stored in human brain, which may be triggered by senses or thinking, and are important parts of human metaphor recognition [4]. When encountering metaphor, the basic information will appear, and at this time, the brain will filter and judge, thus obtaining the specific meaning of metaphor. The whole process presents dynamic characteristics, especially when the individual's cognitive level and knowledge level are constantly improved, which will lead to changes in this process. This is the framework system of metaphor.
After fully analyzing the framework system of metaphor, we should pay attention to the following points when studying metaphor. First of all, we must ensure that the study of metaphor is based on rich theories, and at the same time, we need to pay attention to other aspects at the same time. Secondly, it should be emphasized that the study of metaphor should be based on the minimum and maximum basic requirements of the framework. Thirdly, the theoretical framework of metaphor should be selected reasonably, and the selection criteria are mainly the types of metaphor. It is best to ensure the framework of analysis and realize the multi-level interpretation of metaphor.
Fourthly, the essence of metaphor in language use.
As a manifestation of language phenomenon, metaphor is usually influenced by language form in the specific application process. However, in the process of daily use, most people do not pay attention to the existence of language forms, which also makes the study of metaphor show a lack of understanding of the relationship between language and metaphor to a certain extent, which emphasizes the importance of paying attention to the substantive role played by language at different levels in the study of metaphor. For example, the understanding and application of metaphor are studied from the aspects of words and sentences. Specifically, in the field of language research, the focus is on the surface of language in the process of practical application, and the concept of language survival is rarely discussed. When a large number of linguists distinguish the concept of metaphor, they will analyze it on the basis of rationality and concept, thus forming a correct understanding of the use of metaphor. However, a complete text must include rhetoric, contrast, suggestion and other parts. For example, the linguistic metaphor "Our friendship is based on mutual trust" can be simply explained and summarized as the basic form of "Love is a journey". Obviously, the setting of this condition will hinder the progress of research, which is manifested in blurring the application standards of metaphor.
Therefore, in the field of applied linguistics, the study of metaphor not only pays attention to the language form, but also pays attention to the variable factors in the process of language use. In the process of practical research, by paying attention to the prototype, we can intuitively understand the essence of transportation, including its surface language form, which is based on deep-seated ideas. According to the theories of scholars Leikauf and John, vehicle originates from metaphor, and metaphor reflects the mapping between conceptual system and ontology, just as the characteristics of vehicle reflect the characteristics of ontology. A large number of language researchers focus on the mother tongue, so as to explore the relationship between ontology and vehicle in conventional metaphor, and then get the key points of metaphor in the application process, including original structure, excitation and restriction [5]. At the same time, it is pointed out that in a specific context, the domain combination between ontology and vehicle can activate human brain thinking and present specific concepts, which can be integrated with sensory memory to stimulate the association of smell and hearing.
Metaphor ontology and vehicle have rich forms of expression, which are not limited to specific nouns or verbs, but can present sentences, texts and other rich forms. Ontology and vehicle are not directly given in some special sentences. At this time, readers need to use their own knowledge system and language sense to analyze and understand the vehicle in the sentence. Therefore, the application of metaphor has a certain purpose. Therefore, in the process of processing domain information, we should proceed from the actual context. Metaphor, as a rhetorical device, is very common in the field of language application. It not only shows specific application value, but also relates to the development and evolution of human language. It has become a model of social and cultural image, which belongs to the manifestation of cultural forms derived from social development and is related to the development information of human culture.
Characteristics of Metaphor in verb (abbreviation of verb) in Applied Linguistics
1. Metaphor is abstract
In the field of applied language, the use of metaphor shows abstract characteristics. Specifically, an unspecific metaphor is presented in a more abstract style, while in a complex environment, both the ontology and the metaphor are abstract.
2. The metaphor is consistent
Metaphor can only be formed if there is a certain correlation between vehicle and ontology. Specifically, there is a logical connection between the two, which also makes metaphor consistent.
Sixth, the enlightenment of metaphor to teaching.
In the field of modern language, metaphor is widely used in rhetoric. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the usage and value of metaphor in language teaching. For example, in the process of English teaching, based on the biggest difference between Chinese and western cultures, some difficult problems can be transformed by metaphor, placed in the Chinese language environment, or an effective teaching atmosphere can be constructed. It can be said that metaphor is widely used in the field of language.
Usually, there are obvious differences between the ontology and the vehicle contained in metaphor, which can be linked through metaphor, reflecting the specific value of metaphor in practical application, prompting readers to explore the relationship between them and avoiding some problems. For example, in the process of language teaching, by using metaphor as a rhetorical method to realize the connection between different languages and cultures, under the proper guidance of teachers, students' passive learning state can be transformed into active acquisition of knowledge, which is conducive to stimulating students' initiative in learning, and at the same time, it can assist the development of various teaching activities and effectively improve the quality of language teaching classrooms.
Based on the above analysis, a preliminary understanding of the characteristics and essence of metaphor in the field of applied linguistics is formed, and metaphor can be regarded as an important breakthrough in cultural theory and knowledge research. With the help of the study of metaphor, we can realize the scientific transformation of complex cultural phenomena and deepen our understanding of culture or nation. In the process of cultural learning, students are required to use all kinds of methods they have mastered to complete their learning tasks. The research results based on metaphor can support the systematic learning process, expand the linguistic framework system and gain more applied linguistic knowledge. With the help of metaphor, we can organize language phenomena in an organized way, and organize scattered language phenomena scientifically with appropriate methods, so as to realize effective memory and scientific application of knowledge.
Seven. conclusion
Through the study of the components of metaphor, we can clearly understand the purpose of using metaphor, understand the components and components of ontology and vehicle in metaphor, and at the same time deeply discuss the characteristics and essence of metaphor in the field of applied linguistics, and realize that metaphor is one of the achievements of social and cultural development, which has the characteristics of abstraction and consistency and affects people's memory and application of knowledge. We should conduct in-depth research to make it play an active role in the development of China's language and culture. I believe that in the future, with the gradual deepening of the study of metaphor theory and the thinking of its practical application value, metaphor will be more widely used in the language field, play a more important role and have a greater impact on language teaching and language application.
refer to
Metaphor analysis in Yu Yan's applied linguistics [J]. Journal of Mudanjiang Education College, 20 15(8).
[2] Wang Jie. Analysis of the characteristics of metaphor in applied linguistics [J] journal of hubei correspondence university, 20 14(9).
[3] Liang Jingyu,: A diachronic comparative study of architectural metaphors in the State of the Union address of American bipartisan health care reform (1946-20 15) [J]. Foreign Language Learning, 20 18( 1).
[4] Hu Chunyu, Xu Yuting. A Comparative Study of "Economic Metaphor" Based on Chinese and English Media Corpus [J]. Foreign Language Teaching, 20 17(5).
[5] Sun Ya, Qian Yubin, Ma Ting, the status quo and development trend of metaphor research abroad [J]. Modern Foreign Languages, 20 17(5).
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