In daily life, students should care about major events at home and abroad and pay attention to small things that happen around them. There is a couplet that says well, "the sound of wind and rain reading;" Family affairs and state affairs care about everything in the world. " We should extract materials from real life, not just listen to what others say, but more importantly, we should think independently, experience carefully, process and refine them, and have our own clear evaluation and correct views. Only in this way can we write true and valuable articles. Besides, reading is an important way to improve our writing ability. "
Narration focuses on emotional people; Explanatory writing focuses on clarifying people with things; And argumentative writing focuses on convincing people with reasoning.
"Reasoning" is the key to argumentative writing. You must stick to your own point of view on the problem discussed. Argument is the soul of argumentative writing and must be correct and distinct. Factual arguments should be true and credible, and rational arguments should be convincing.
Argument is by no means a simple argument plus argument. Argumentative writing emphasizes the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, which is argumentative writing. Facts speak plainer than words. If you quote hard and typical facts, your point of view will be strongly proved. Therefore, it is the most common to demonstrate with examples. Arguments based on correct and credible scientific principles and celebrity speeches are rational arguments, which often make arguments authoritative and thus more convincing. In addition, you must learn these two basic argumentation methods. Metaphorical argument is to use what people know as metaphor to prove arguments and so on.
As long as you have more contact with nature, know more about society, feel more about life, appreciate life, do more writing exercises and persevere, you will be able to write good articles. 1. Argumentative essay is an article that expresses the author's views and opinions through argumentation. 2. The three elements of argumentative writing include argument, argument and argument. 3. Write a simple argumentative essay, and make it as well-founded as possible.
Matters needing attention in the examination: Political papers, editorials, short comments, small comments, mixed feelings, prefaces and postscripts, declarations, statements, opening speeches, written speeches and reports that we often see in newspapers and books are all argumentative. Argumentative writing plays a great role in "two civilizations" and daily life. We must learn and master this style.
1, three elements of argumentative writing
Every argumentative paper is inseparable from arguments, arguments and arguments. Therefore, clear arguments, conclusive arguments and rigorous arguments are the three basic elements of an argumentative essay.
Argumentative essay (1) is the author's views or opinions on the issues to be discussed, and it is the soul of an argumentative essay, which plays a leading role in the whole text and connects the preceding with the following. Establishing arguments is the premise of writing argumentative essays. Argumentative argument has the following five requirements:
Correct. The purpose of writing argumentative essays is to preach the truth, distinguish right from wrong, distinguish right from wrong, beauty and ugliness. Therefore, the correct ideological point of view is the first.
(2) distinctive. The author must clearly express his views in the article, express his views unequivocally, and make it clear to the readers at a glance.
Tightness. The expression of arguments must be cautious, rigorous and impeccable, and people who disagree should not be given any chance.
4 concentration. An argumentative essay can only put forward a central argument, and the whole article always focuses on one argument, so as to explain the truth thoroughly and solve the problem. It is required to concentrate, that is, to avoid the shift of arguments, and the arguments in the latter part are different from those in the former part or confused in concept.
⑤ profound. The arguments put forward in this paper should be the author's fresh and original views on things, which can profoundly reveal the essence of things, rather than general platitudes, so as to convince readers more effectively and give people profound enlightenment.
When writing an argumentative essay, we should pay attention to the explanation of the central argument and the sub-argument. The central argument is the basic point of the argumentative paper, the theme and core of the full text, and plays a leading role in the article. Subordinate argument is an argument that explains and serves the central argument.
There are various forms to put forward arguments, generally as follows: first, put forward arguments at the beginning; Second, finally put forward the argument; Third, put forward arguments in the article; Fourth, the argument runs through the whole paper. The usual writing methods are ① and ②, and exercises and argumentative essays should also be given priority to these two ways, and then the latter two writing methods should be studied.
(2) Arguments are the facts and reasons used to prove arguments. So arguments include factual materials and reasons, that is, theoretical materials. Fact materials include both positive and negative facts, and data materials are one of them. What principles should be followed when choosing factual materials and theoretical materials?
For positive factual materials, the first is the principle of authenticity. If the parameter is true, the parameter can be *; If the argument is untrue, it is suspicious. Secondly, the principle of typicality requires the use of materials that can profoundly reveal the essence of things, that is, widely representative materials as arguments. An argument often has many arguments that can be proved from different aspects and angles. But among the many arguments that can prove it, there are always some most appropriate and convincing arguments, that is, typical arguments. In addition, we must follow the principle of novelty. When reading an article, people are easily attracted by novel materials and easily disgusted by old materials. Therefore, the choice of factual arguments must also follow the novel principle, emphasize the old, seek the near and the far, and work hard on the word "new".
Negative factual materials should be used as a foil. In order to tell the truth thoroughly, argumentative essays need to analyze and demonstrate arguments from different angles, which requires us to choose arguments from different angles, not only to choose positive materials, but also to explain things from the front; We should also choose negative materials, analyze things from a negative perspective, compare positive and negative, and highlight the central argument. Negative materials complement incomprehensible results.
Data materials should follow scientific principles. On the surface, the data are just a few simple numbers, but in fact, they are rich in connotation, often the crystallization of a lot of labor, the performance of brilliant achievements, the reflection of unremitting efforts, or the record of waste and destruction. The introduction of scientific data into argumentative essays can enhance the effectiveness of argumentation and is irrefutable and convincing.
Theoretical materials are based on the famous sayings of classical theorists, scientific axioms, laws and well-known truths that have been proved to be correct by practice to prove the correctness of the argument. To cite theoretical materials as arguments, we must follow the following principles: first, the principle of possibility. As the basis of argument, the theoretical materials cited must be conclusive. Whether you quote the original words of celebrities or the general idea, you must first find out who the author is and don't sell yourself short. If you quote the general idea, you must be able to summarize the original content correctly and accurately. Secondly, the principle of pertinence. The purpose of quoting theoretical materials is to prove a certain point of view, and it must not be far-fetched, aimless and arrogant. The third is the extension principle. This means that after citing accurate materials for argument, it will not be completed without analysis, resulting in no evidence. Can't give full play to the role of arguments. The correct way is to make scientific inferences after quoting theoretical materials, from which new meanings can be deduced, which will give birth to new ideas and further promote the argumentation of the article. In addition, there is the principle of simplicity. The purpose of citing theoretical materials as arguments is to prove the correctness of the viewpoint, further elaborate and deduce the viewpoint, and even demonstrate it yourself. If you cite too many theoretical materials, you must lead to arguments.
(3) Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, so that arguments and arguments are organically linked to form a unified whole. The method of argumentation is generally to raise a topic first and draw a conclusion after argumentation and analysis. The process and methods of argumentation are layer-by-layer analysis, analysis and induction, and argumentation by asking questions.
Writing an argumentative essay requires clear hierarchy, rigorous reasoning, thorough logic and convincing arguments and refutations.
2. Argument and rebuttal
Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers.
(1) Argumentative essay is an argument method to explain the author's views and opinions on some events or problems from the front. To write an argumentative essay, you must:
(1) The argument should be correct and vivid. Correctness means that the argument itself should conform to Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory, conform to objective reality and stand the test of practice. Distinctive means that the author must clearly state the contents of his affirmation, negation, approval and opposition, and must not be vague or ambiguous.
(2) The arguments should be true and sufficient. In other words, enough facts or recognized truths must be cited to prove the correctness of the argument.
Facts as arguments include representative and conclusive examples or historical facts, as well as statistical data. Taking facts as arguments is very convincing.
It is also very convincing to use scientific principles as arguments. For example, using the principles, laws and formulas of natural science as arguments can also play a powerful role in proving arguments.
(3) The argument must conform to the correct form of reasoning. Writing argumentative essays should be well-founded and logical. Argument commands argument, and argument proves argument. The argument must be sufficient to prove the argument, and the argument must be an inevitable conclusion inferred from the argument.
(2) Refutation is to express opinions on certain events and problems, and to expose and refute wrong and reactionary views or propositions.
There are three forms to refute wrong and reactionary arguments:
(1) directly refute each other's arguments. First quote the absurd arguments of the other side, then directly refute them with correct truth and conclusive facts, revealing the contradiction between lies and facts, absurdity and truth. Some articles first prove that the argument contrary to the argument against the enemy is correct, thus proving that the argument against the enemy is wrong.
(2) refute each other's arguments by refuting each other's arguments. Argument is the basis of argument and proves it. Wrong reactionary arguments are often based on wrong arguments. If the argument is refuted, it will be untenable.
(3) refute the other party's argument by refuting the fallacy of the other party's argument process (refuting its argument). Refuting the key issues in his argument also refutes the fallacy.
In short, when writing an argumentative essay, we should also pay attention to the following points: ① aim at the handle. To write an argumentative essay, we must first set out the fallacies or reactionary views of the other side and set goals. How to set goals? There are usually two methods. One is generalization, that is, retelling the refuted enemy theory in popular language. When summing up, you can quote some original words appropriately, but it should be focused and have a clear tendency. The other is quotation. That is, extract the key parts or related parts of negative materials, and then refute them against the target. (2) to grasp the key points. Lu Xun said: "Only by in-depth exposure and criticism can we face the key point of' discussing the enemy'. ③ Pay attention to discretion. We must distinguish between the enemy's counter-revolutionary fallacies and the wrong ideas among the people. We must expose, criticize and deal a fatal blow to the enemy without mercy. We must adhere to the principle of "unity-criticism-unity" and never compare them.
Although there are two ways of argumentation and refutation, they are not completely separated. Breaking and standing is the unity of dialectics. In argumentative writing, wrong arguments are sometimes refuted. In argumentative writing, it is generally necessary to refute wrong arguments and clarify correct views at the same time. Therefore, in argumentation, argument and rebuttal are often used together.
[15— 1] Students probably often hear and see the word "open book is beneficial". I don't know if you ever thought about it. Why is it beneficial to open books? What are the advantages of opening books? Is it beneficial to open books? Please talk about your understanding of the view that "open books are beneficial"
Requirements: ① Write an argumentative essay with a self-designed topic. ② The argument should be clear, the argumentation method should be appropriate and the structure should be complete.
Guidance: This is an argumentative essay, and the topic is designed by myself. To write this composition well, we should start from the following aspects:
1. First, establish an argument. The full text will demonstrate around this argument. We can neither completely deny the statement that "opening books is beneficial" nor write a rebuttal paper; It's not appropriate to write a paper and affirm it comprehensively. Because this view has both its correct side and its incomplete side, we should adopt the method of "splitting into two" to analyze this view, affirm its beneficial side, deny its harmful side and sum up the correct argument from it. Only in this way can we make a factual evaluation of this statement and finally achieve the purpose of convincing people by reasoning.
2. Using the method of "one divided into two" to analyze, we should prevent such a problem: self-contradiction. One minute it's beneficial to open the book, and the other minute it's harmful, which makes people confused. In order to avoid this phenomenon, we must point out the connection between the two in the article in order to really tell the truth clearly.
3. From the argument method, if the book you read is not good, it may not be good to open it. Here, we can take examples, supplemented by citations and metaphors, take the fact that pornographic books flooded and poisoned teenagers in previous years as arguments, and take famous sayings as theoretical arguments to fully demonstrate the harm of pornographic books and the benefits of reading good books. On this basis, we should unify the two correctly, which shows that we middle school students should not only read more books, but also.
[15-2] 1939, Guo Moruo went back to his hometown to visit relatives, and so-and-so students, who are usually loose and lazy, visited him and invited Lao Guo to give him Mo Bao (that is, invited Lao Guo to write an inscription). Lao Guo had long known that this person was usually careless and perfunctory, so he asked, "What should I write?" The classmate casually replied, "Whatever."
"Don't be casual" is simple and meaningful. It tells us that everything should be casual.
Please write a short essay on the topic of "Don't be casual". Requirements: ① You can combine the above materials and talk about your own views and understanding with reality; 2 don't write poetry; No less than 600 words.
Guidance: This is a composition about materials. Although the composition topic is stipulated, it still leaves a lot of room for students to think. From the stylistic point of view, writing an argumentative essay is the best choice. Students can talk about their views from the aspects of right and wrong, attitude towards life and academic spirit, and elaborate their views and opinions. To write an argumentative essay, they must do the following three things:
1. Determine the argument. According to the materials provided by the proposer, many viewpoints can be extracted from different angles, but it is impossible to cover everything in a short 600-word article. So we must choose an argument and fully demonstrate it.
2. Choose a good argument. Argument can fully prove the argument, and the choice of argument should follow two principles: ① it is true and conclusive, and there can be no false elements; Only by being typical and convincing can we play a greater role.
3. Organizational argument structure. The most commonly used structure is "ask questions (import)-analyze questions".