Proverbs and allusions in dialectical materialism epistemology

First, the blind touch the elephant: metaphor only knows the superficial and one-sided phenomenon of things, but does not know the essence of things. Phenomenon is different from essence. Phenomenon is the surface feature and external connection of things, which is one-sided and changeable and can be directly perceived by human sensory organs; Essence is the relatively stable internal connection of things and the fundamental nature of things, which can only be grasped by human rational thinking.

Second, it will never change from its origin: it means that the phenomenon is closely related to the essence and inseparable. No matter how the phenomenon changes, it is an essential manifestation.

Third, the shift from east to west: the phenomenon of things is different from truth. The diversion in the east is an illusion, while the diversion in the west is real. Its essence is to confuse the enemy and save yourself. Another example is Playing hard to get, Besieging Wei to Save Zhao, Dancing Sword in Xiangzhuang and Building a plank road to sneak into Chen Cang. "People who know how to watch the doorway will not watch the excitement". The difference between "will" and "won't" lies in whether they have grasped the essence and laws of things.

4. Buy gifts and return pearls: It is said that in ancient times, a person saw a beautiful box containing pearls, so he bought the box at a high price and returned the precious pearls to the seller. Metaphor only looks at the phenomenon, not the essence. Another example is "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain".

Fifth, knowing people's faces but not their hearts: the perceptual knowledge of metaphor needs to be upgraded to rational knowledge. Because perceptual knowledge is only a superficial and one-sided understanding of things, only when it rises to rational knowledge can it be an understanding of the inner nature of things.

Six, the blind riding a blind horse: a metaphor for blind practice without correct theoretical guidance. Because the correct theory reflects the essence and laws of objective things and has a guiding role in practice. Another example is "Without revolutionary theory, there would be no revolutionary movement".

Seven, practice makes perfect: that is to say, only by accumulating a large number of perceptual materials can we rise to rational understanding. To have a large number of reliable perceptual materials, we must go deep into reality and practice repeatedly, and avoid "skimming flowers" and "skimming water".

Eight, frown, come to mind: figurative perceptual materials can only rise to rational understanding after being processed by human brain thinking. Because the perceptual materials people get are often mixed with essence, truth and falsehood, which are separated from each other and difficult to distinguish from the outside, it is necessary to go through the analysis and synthesis process of "removing essence, removing falsehood and retaining truth, from here to there, from outside to inside" to form a rational understanding. Another example is "thinking more about wisdom", "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and so on.

Nine, Handan toddler: metaphor is not enterprising, blindly imitating others, and the result is self-defeating and ridiculous. This story tells us that to understand things, we must not only have "awareness", but also be good at thinking and thinking actively, otherwise it is impossible to form a correct understanding. Another example is "learning from the East is effective", and "swallowing dates" belongs to this category.

Ten, draw inferences from one another, know ten by hearing one thing: it means that if people want to acquire new knowledge, they must master the thinking method of reasoning. Because only by learning reasoning (including deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning) can we grasp the regularity of things and expand and deepen people's knowledge.

1 1. Never too old to learn: it is a metaphor that the objective world is constantly moving and changing, and people's practice and understanding also change and develop with it. The view of standing still and doing nothing does not conform to the objective reality.

Twelve, nothing ventured, nothing gained: metaphor practice is the source of knowledge. Human knowledge is acquired through production struggle, class struggle and scientific experiment. Without practice, knowledge becomes passive water and rootless wood. For another example, "Truth is priceless and can only be found in practice", "Seeing is believing, seeing is believing" and "No discord, no concord".

Thirteen, hate less when using books: in other words, practice is the driving force of cognitive development. Only in practice can people find their lack of knowledge, thus motivating themselves to pursue knowledge, broaden their horizons and deepen their understanding. As Engels said: "Once there is a technical demand in society, this demand will push science to more than ten universities." Another example is that "eating for a while makes you gain wisdom", "failure is the mother of success" and "learning is not enough" all belong to this truth.

Fourteen, apply what you have learned: it means that practice is the purpose of understanding. The fundamental purpose of human understanding is not to explain the world, but to change it. Therefore, it is not advisable to "sit on the road and talk on paper".

15. Facts speak louder than words: it means that practice is the only criterion to test whether understanding is correct or not. Only practice can link cognition with objective things, and use the objective results of practice to test whether cognition conforms to objective reality. Another example is "what you say doesn't count, but what you do" and "seeing horsepower from a distance and people's hearts for a long time".

Sixteen, everyone is a saint: it means that the people are the main body of practice and the creator of human history. It not only creates material wealth, but also creates spiritual wealth. The saying that "heroes make the world" is groundless. Another example is "two heads are better than one Zhuge Liang", which means the same thing.

17. Only flowing water comes from the source: it is a metaphor that people's practical activities are the source of human spiritual wealth and various artistic activities. Without the fresh materials provided by the people in practice, any creation will become a stagnant pool.

18. If you learn from the paper, you will feel shallow and you will never know it. It means that while learning indirect experience with an open mind and studying hard, we must actively participate in social practice. Because indirect experience is valuable, it can only be digested, utilized, tested and developed in practice. Another example is "reading thousands of books and taking the Wan Li road", which also emphasizes the relationship between direct experience and indirect experience.

Nineteen, it is difficult to walk alone: metaphor personal practice must be combined with mass practice. If a person wants to do something and achieve something, he must take the road of combining with the people, otherwise he will accomplish nothing.

20. No pains, no gains: It means that a person can achieve brilliant achievements only if he is not afraid of hardships and tiredness in practice and dares to struggle with difficulties. As Marx said, "there is no royal road to science, and only those who are not afraid to climb the rugged road can hope to reach its glorious peak." Another example is Pu Songling's self-encouragement: "Where there is a will, there is a way. If you cross the rubicon, 102 Qin Guan will eventually return to Chu; " Hard-working people, daily value, hard service, 3 thousand Yue family can swallow Wu "belongs to this truth."

Twenty-one, yin and yang are empty, nothing else, no gap. The image of the sky and the shape of the earth have their scope. (Wang Fuzhi) The universe is a material entity composed of primary energy, and there is no other spiritual world outside the material world. Laws are inherent in objective things and affirm the material unity of the world. Another example is "Qi depends on Qi", which is a material entity that changes day by day. Reason (spirit) cannot exist without Qi.

22. The official thought of the heart (Mencius), the heart is the king of form, and the Lord of God (Xunzi), and the memory of human beings is in the brain: the similarity among them lies in the fact that human thinking activities must have a certain material organ foundation.

Twenty-three, intentionally planting flowers, unintentionally planting willows into shadows: it shows that all objective things exist independently without relying on human consciousness, and things and their laws of motion are objective.

Twenty-four, knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, knowing is also: knowing is speaking, not knowing is not knowing. This attitude is wise. This famous saying tells us that we should regard ourselves as an objective thing, proceed from our own reality and know ourselves correctly.

Twenty-five, ask firewood in the mountains, ask fishing in the water: the woodcutter is familiar with the situation in the mountains, and the fisherman knows the habits of water, so "ask firewood in the mountains and ask fishing in the water." This proverb shows that people should think and do things from reality.

Twenty-six, "control the destiny and use it", Xunzi believes that instead of praising and superstitious about heaven, it is better to use the laws of nature and give full play to their abilities to improve people's living standards. He said, "If we are frugal, the sky will never be poor" and "If we are frugal, the sky will never be rich". It is necessary to pay close attention to agricultural production and save various expenses, and the sky is not poor and not poor; Agricultural production is abandoned, life is luxurious, and the weather can't make people rich. In short, people are "the most expensive in the world". People have subjective initiative.

27. "Assess the situation" and "The beauty of management lies in one heart": It is said that people's subjective initiative can be guided by laws, analyze conditions, play the role of favorable conditions, limit or eliminate the influence of unfavorable conditions, and achieve the best results of activities.