The difference between evergreen plants and deciduous plants
Evergreen plants: Evergreen plants are mainly evergreen trees and shrubs. Most conifers and cypresses belong to evergreen trees (some belong to deciduous trees, such as deciduous trees)
Evergreen means evergreen all year round, but it doesn't mean it won't shed its leaves. Unlike deciduous trees, most or all of them will lose their leaves in autumn and winter. Evergreen trees will lose their leaves all year round, but at the same time they will grow new leaves. Some leaves of Pinus and Cupressaceae will stay on the trunk when they get old and turn yellow, and will not fall off (such as Chinese fir). Not only pine and cypress will be evergreen, but also many broad-leaved trees (such as coconut, black heart stone, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Dilun peach, mulberry, banyan, Melaleuca, lotus mist, etc.).
Evergreen trees: Evergreen trees refer to perennial woody plants with green leaves all year round. Evergreen leaves don't die forever, but they live longer than deciduous trees. For example, Hollyleaf can live 1 ~ 3 years, pine leaves can live for 3 ~ 5 years, and Podocarpus leaves can live for 2 ~ 8 years. Evergreen trees grow new leaves every spring, and some old leaves fall off, but the stems keep green leaves all the year round, so they are called evergreen trees. In addition, there are two kinds of evergreen trees: broadleaf trees are mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical areas, and are generally not cold-resistant, such as palm, camphor, citrus, coral trees, etc. Evergreen conifers are mostly gymnosperms, such as conifers and cypresses. Main types and geographical distribution of vegetation in China
What are the main vegetation types in China?
Forests China's forests are mainly distributed in the southeast, and a few are scattered in the mountainous areas in the northwest, with regular strip distribution from north to south.
Coniferous forests and mixed coniferous and broadleaved forests China coniferous forests are widely distributed in mountainous areas of China, which can be divided into cold temperate coniferous forests, warm temperate coniferous forests and warm temperate coniferous forests.
Coniferous forest in cold temperate zone is zonal vegetation in cold temperate zone. In China, it is only found in the northern Daxing 'anling Mountains (400 ~ 1400 meters above sea level) and the northwestern Altai Mountains in Xinjiang (1300 ~ 2 100 meters above sea level), which is the southward extension of the Siberian Tai Jialin. In addition, the subalpine or alpine zone of each mountain is an important part of the vertical zone of mountain vegetation. There are about 50 species of constructive trees in cold temperate coniferous forests in China, mainly including fir, spruce, larch and Sabina vulgaris. The species composition and structure of the community are relatively simple. The well-developed fir forest and spruce forest stand neatly, with a height of 20 ~ 30 ~ 50m and a canopy density of 0.6 ~ 0.9. The undergrowth shrubs and vegetation layers are underdeveloped, but the ground cover moss layer is extremely developed, with a thickness of 5 ~ 15 cm and a coverage of 70 ~ 90%. In the particularly humid sub-alpine areas of southwest China, a large number of pineapples often attach to the forest, forming a special? Fog forest? Scenery.
In temperate, subtropical low hills and subtropical Zhongshan? In subalpine areas, there are warm or warm coniferous forests. Mainly all kinds of pine forests, from northeast to southwest, the main tree species are Korean pine, Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus densiflora, Pinus armandii, Taiwan Province pine, Pinus massoniana and Pinus yunnanensis. The tropical low hills in southern Yunnan, Guangxi and Guangdong were replaced by tropical coniferous forests of Pinus Simao or Pinus hainanensis. There are many other hemlock, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Chinese fir, cypress and arborvitae. This kind of forest is secondary forest or artificial forest after zonal vegetation destruction, with different forest forms, generally high 10 ~ 25m and canopy density of 0.3 ~ 0.4 or 0.5 ~ 0.7.
Compared with coniferous forests, the species composition is richer, with multi-layer structure, and warm coniferous forests often have many tropics. Subtropical elements, as well as various herbs, ferns and vines are widely cultivated. There are typical coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests in the temperate mountainous areas in the east of Northeast China. The representative tree species are mainly Korean pine, fir and many deciduous broad-leaved tree species, such as Tilia amurensis, Betula platyphylla and Fraxinus mandshurica. There are still some tertiary residual plants in the modern forests in this area, which have the characteristics of subtropical forests.
Deciduous broad-leaved forest deciduous broad-leaved forest is widely distributed in temperate zone, warm temperate zone plain mountain and subtropical to tropical Zhongshan? Subalpine zone and limestone mountain. Typical deciduous broad-leaved forest is a zonal vegetation in humid and semi-humid areas of warm temperate zone in North China, which can extend westward to the upper reaches of Bailong River in southern Gansu. The main tree species are deciduous oak, with Quercus liaotungensis and Quercus mongolica in the north and Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Quercus variabilis and Quercus mongolica in the south. Most of them are pure forests or mixed species such as maple and linden. The forests are neat and the seasons change obviously. Generally, it is10 ~15m high, and the canopy density is 0.5 ~ 0.7 (0.8). Shrubs and herbs under the forest are well developed, but generally there is no moss layer. Common shrubs are Lespedeza, Spiraea, Honeysuckle, Viburnum, Corylus heterophylla, Cotinus coggygria and so on. Herbs are mainly various subtropical herbs such as Carex, Potentilla, Artemisia, such as Swertia, bothriochloa ischaemum, yellow-backed grass, etc.
In addition, Populus euphratica forest or Elaeagnus angustifolia forest is widely distributed in the northwest desert bank, which is a unique forest type in the desert bank of Central Asia. Below the forest, there are mainly various salt-tolerant shrubs and herbs, such as many kinds of tamarisk, bell thorn, many kinds of licorice and camel thorn. Other kinds of birch and willow mainly form secondary forests or riparian forests, which are distributed all over the country.
Evergreen broad-leaved forest Evergreen broad-leaved forest is a subtropical zonal vegetation with various vegetation types, represented by typical evergreen broad-leaved forest, distributed in low mountains, hills or mountains below 1000 meters (west) in the humid area of central subtropical zone. The constructive plants are mainly many evergreen tree species of FAGACEAE, Lauraceae, Camelliaceae and Magnoliaceae, such as Castanopsis fargesii, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Lithocarpus, Machilus thunbergii, Schima superba, Manglietia, Michelia and so on. , which is dominant in different regions.
In the northern part of the middle subtropical zone, these evergreen genera and species form an evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest with some deciduous oak species, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Liquidambar formosana, Golden Apple, Acer truncatum and Betula platyphylla. In the south of the middle subtropical zone, it is mainly related to Castanopsis kawakamii, Machilus, Syringa (Myrtaceae), Huang Tong (Euphorbiaceae), Du Ying (Elaeagnus angustifolia), Hedysarum (Juglandaceae), Eupatorium odoratum, Eupatorium odoratum and Eupatorium odoratum. Tropical genera and species such as Meliaceae and Saxifragaceae constitute monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, which has various characteristics of tropical forest and becomes a transitional type of south subtropical forest. Mediterranean hardwood evergreen broad-leaved forest is often developed in dry-hot valleys and subalpine sunny slopes at the western end of subtropics. Community-building plants are mainly hardwood oaks such as Quercus ferruginea, Quercus conic and Quercus grey, which are generally 2-6 meters high and become short forests or shrubs. Looking up the mountain, this kind of forest is made up of alpine oak trees. The development of bamboo forest is also a remarkable feature of subtropical forest vegetation in China.
All kinds of subtropical forests generally grow rapidly with high density, with a height of 15 ~ 20 ~ 30m and a canopy density of 0.6 ~ 0.9. The tree layer often has 2 ~ 3 sublayers, which are rich in species composition and often have some ancient or residual elements.
Monsoon forest and rain forests are distributed in tropical areas from Taiwan Province, Guangdong and Guangxi to Yunnan and southeastern Tibet, and are part of similar vegetation in tropical Asia. But it is different from the typical monsoon forest and rainforest in tropical Asia. Tropical monsoon forest in China is generally distributed in tropical hilly platforms, leeward or dry-hot valley basins and limestone mountains below 500 ~ 1200m (west).
The structure and species composition of this kind of community are very complicated, and there are no obvious constructive species. Dominant plants mainly include various banyan trees, green tangerine peel of Dipterocarpaceae, China Slope, Giant Cherry Tree, Melia azedarach (Meliaceae), Tielimu (Garciniaceae), Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Uteraceae), Araliaceae and Castanopsis fargesii (Araliaceae). The community is semi-evergreen or deciduous in dry season.
Rainforests are distributed in tropical windward hilly lowlands or valleys, with wet rainforests. The representative plants are mainly borneol, slope and Borneo trees of Dipterocarpaceae, nutmeg of Taiwan Province Province, Philippine nutmeg of Myristicaceae, and some species of Sterculiaceae and Moraceae. The tropical west is dominated by dried fruits, such as ebony (Juniperaceae), longan (Sapindaceae), turmeric (Moraceae), Cephalotaxus fortunei, etc. The upper trees contain a certain proportion of short-term concentrated defoliation or defoliation, which becomes a transitional type between tropical rain forest and monsoon rain forest. In addition, it should be pointed out that the representative of Dipterocarpaceae is Chinese mainland, and Myristicaceae is only found in Taiwan Province Province. Shrub refers to the plant community dominated by mesophytes. Except for alpine shrubs and some shrubs distributed in alpine-subalpine, saline-alkali land and sandy land, the rest are secondary and cannot represent zonal vegetation, but they are widely distributed in the current vegetation in China, with obvious regional and bio-ecological differences. The shrubs in China can be divided into three types: alpine shrubs, deciduous shrubs and evergreen shrubs.
Alpine shrubs are mainly distributed in Tianshan Mountain, Altai Mountain, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent mountains in western China, as well as the mountains in Qinling Mountain (Taibai Mountain) and Taiwan Province Province. Generally, the distribution height reaches 3000 ~ 5000 meters above sea level, and it is often combined with alpine meadow or alpine grassland (southern slope of Tianshan Mountain), and distributed between cold coniferous forest and snow line in mountainous areas, which is an integral part of the vertical belt of alpine vegetation. Social plants are all kinds of cold-resistant evergreen conifers, evergreen broad-leaved trees and deciduous shrubs, forming all kinds of alpine shrubs. The main tree species are Sabina vulgaris, Rhododendron, Arnebia euchroma, Caragana sagitta, Mume, Prunus humilis and so on. Communities are generally low and dense, ranging in height from tens of centimeters to 1 m, with a coverage rate of 70-90%. Rhododendron flowers bloom in May and June. Sabina vulgaris shrubs often crawl, with a coverage of only 30-60%, and the appearance and structure of the community are monotonous. Deciduous shrubs Deciduous shrubs are widely distributed in hills, mountains, valleys, sand dunes, salinized lowlands and coastal habitats from temperate zone to subtropical zone. Especially in warm temperate forest areas, it occupies a large area. The constructive plants mainly include Rosaceae, Spiraea, Sakura, Cotoneaster, Caragana, Leguminosae, Lespedeza, Caragana, Berberidaceae, Corylus, Corylus, Cotinus, Ziziphus jujuba and so on. In the subtropical arid valley, there are mainly tropical Phyllanthus emblica (Euphorbiaceae), weeping willows (Sapindaceae) and saddle leaves (Sumeriaceae). In salinized lowlands, coasts and sand dunes, it is mainly composed of many kinds of tamarisk and Nitraria tangutorum.
Deciduous shrubs are generally 1 ~ 2 ~ 3 meters high, with a coverage of 30 ~ 80%, which mainly varies with the water and salt conditions of the habitat. Most of them are secondary vegetation after forest destruction. If logging is stopped, they can be restored to forests or develop into relatively stable communities.
Evergreen shrubs Evergreen shrubs are widely and sporadically distributed in tropical and subtropical hilly areas (below 500-600 meters above sea level or 1000 meters) and some valleys and coasts. Mainly from the tropics? It consists of many evergreen broad-leaved shrubs and some budding evergreen broad-leaved trees in the subtropical zone. In the subtropical zone, the social plants are mainly Zelkova schneideriana (Hamamelidaceae) and Vaccinium bracteatum (Ericaceae), and in the tropical zone, they are mainly Myrtaceae, Pinus koraiensis (Myrtaceae) and Cupressus altissima (Euphorbiaceae). In limestone mountainous areas, there are many kinds of plants, such as Viburnum europaeum (Caprifoliaceae), bamboo leaves pepper (Rutaceae), Bauhinia rubescens (Hematoxyliaceae), Adiantum ferruginosum (Myrsinaceae), Aquilaria sinensis (Urticaceae) and Leymus chinensis.
Generally, the height of this shrub is about 1 m, and the height can reach 2 ~ 3 meters, with a coverage rate of 40 ~ 80%. The bedding is not obvious, there are often scattered trees, more or less vines and ferns. Common grasses in the herb layer are tall grasses such as imperata, citronella, wild ancient grass, twisted Huang Mao and awn. Sometimes these herbs are dominant and become shrubs and grasses.
Grassland The grasslands in China are widely distributed in the western part of Northeast China, Inner Mongolia, the northern part of the Loess Plateau, and even the desert mountains in the northwest and the central part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. They are zonal vegetation in temperate and semi-arid areas, and they are also an integral part of the whole Eurasian grassland. They are the most important pastures in China. The plant composition and structure of grassland vegetation are relatively simple. The constructive plants are mainly Gramineae plants, such as Stipa, Tall Fescue, Cryptomeria fortunei, Leymus chinensis and some compositae plants, such as Artemisia and Chrysanthemum. From east to west, or from top to bottom, desert mountainous areas develop into different types, such as meadow grassland, typical grassland (true grassland) and desert grassland, which are represented by different species.
Typical grasslands are mainly dry tufted grasses such as Stipa grandis, Stipa krylovii, Stipa grandis and Festuca arundinacea.
Meadow grassland is mainly composed of Stipa baikal, Stipa Kirghizia, two species of Leymus chinensis, bothriochloa ischaemum and other semi-arid grasses and a variety of miscellaneous grasses. These two types of grassland communities have neat appearance and obvious seasonal changes. The grass layer is generally 30 ~ 50 cm high and the coverage is 40 ~ 70%. Herb sublayers are obviously differentiated, most of them can be divided into 3 ~ 4 sublayers, and many kinds of small shrubs and weeds are mixed. However, meadow grassland is denser, with richer species composition and more mesophytes.
The transitional types between desert grassland and desert vegetation are mainly composed of grasses such as Stipa Gobi, Stipa breviflora, Stipa arenaria and Stipa orientalis, and small semi-shrubs such as chrysanthemum and Artemisia annua. The community is sparse, low and monotonous, with a height of 10 ~ 20cm and a coverage of 20 ~ 40%.
Alpine grassland is developed in the subalpine-alpine zone of 2700 meters or more in the western plateau and desert mountainous area. Community plants are mainly cold-tolerant and drought-tolerant grasses, such as Stipa purpurea, Stipa grandiflora, Festuca arundinacea, Carex and several Artemisia plants endemic to plateau. The community is short and monotonous, dotted with some alpine mats and weeds.
Desert vegetation is widely distributed in the western part of China's grassland belt and is an important part of the entire Asian desert. On the southern slopes of Tianshan Mountain and Kunlun Mountain? On the northern slope of Altun Mountain, the desert vegetation rises to the height of 2600 ~ 2800 meters or 2900 ~ 3200 (3800) meters respectively, and the upper part is directly connected with alpine grassland. The substrate is barren desert soil, saline soil, bare sand dunes and bedrock.
The species of desert vegetation plants are poor, rare and simple in structure. The constructive plants are all kinds of super-arid semi-trees, shrubs, semi-shrubs and small semi-shrubs, mainly including Chenopodiaceae, Compositae, Tribulus, Leguminosae, Ephedra, Calligonum and so on. In the deserts of Xinjiang and western Tibet, there are quite a few ephemeral plants and plants similar to those in Central Asia, and even the tall Ferula beach formed by one-off Ferula, while in eastern Inner Mongolia, there are many ephemeral plants such as sand mustard.
Semi-arbor desert is mainly composed of obscene and white obscene. The former is the most widely distributed community in Asian desert, widely distributed in various substrates in Junggar, Tarim, Qaidam Basin and even Alashan high plains. Baisuosuo Desert is a typical sandy desert vegetation in western Central Asia. It is only found in deserts such as Gurbantunggut in northern Xinjiang, China, and it does not exceed 90 east longitude to the east. . These two types of desert plants are diverse and form various communities. Generally, the height is 2 ~ 4m, and the coverage rate is 15 ~ 30%. Desert forest? .
Shrub desert is a representative zonal vegetation in eastern Central Asia, which is widely distributed in sandy Gobi, denuded residual hills and sand dunes in southern Xinjiang, Qaidam Basin and western Hexi Corridor. Community-building plants include ephedra, Cynanchum auriculatum, spiny thorn, naked fruit tree, cotton thorn and many kinds of Calligonum mongolicum. Semi-shrub and small semi-shrub desert are mainly composed of a variety of halophytes, such as red sand, false equisetum, salsola, beer flowers, Gobi Chenopodium, small canopy and a variety of Artemisia (Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia Kashi, Artemisia capillaris, etc.). ). There are halophytes, halophytes, all kinds of salt claws, Suaeda salsa and other succulent halophytes on saline soil. These two types of desert communities are extremely sparse, with a general coverage of 10 ~ 30% and a height of 10 ~ 30 cm, and the shrub desert can reach 40 ~ 50 cm high. The plant composition is also simpler than desert, especially in southern Xinjiang, which often forms a single dominant species community.
Alpine desert is developed in the inner mountain of Kunlun Mountain and the northwest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at an altitude of 4000 ~ 5500 meters, and is composed of various cushion-shaped shrubs. The constructive plants are Ceratoides arborescens, Chrysanthemum tibeticum and Artemisia arenaria, which are endemic to the plateau. The flora is only 5 ~ 15 cm high, with a diameter of 10 ~ 40 cm and a coverage of 10 ~ 30%. It is dotted with alpine cushion plants such as Oxytropis alpina, Adenophora adenophora, Hedysarum septemlobata and Pinus tibetica, and the growing season is very beautiful and spectacular. Except for the growing and flowering season, it is generally desolate.
Meadow and herbaceous swamp can be divided into meadow vegetation and swamp vegetation. Meadow vegetation is mainly a plant community composed of perennial herbs. Widely distributed in the temperate mountainous areas in the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the lowlands or coasts where the groundwater level is close to the surface. Generally, plants grow densely and have rich species composition, mainly including Gramineae, Achnatherum, Leymus chinensis, Sedum, Artemisia, Sanguisorba of Rosaceae, Potentilla, Artemisia of Compositae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Saxifragaceae and Primula. Under different conditions, typical meadows, alpine meadows, salinized meadows and swamp meadows are formed. The total coverage of well-developed communities is more than 70% or even 100%, and the grass height is 40 ~ 50 cm to 1 m, with obvious seasonal changes.
Marsh vegetation is a community of moist plants. Herbaceous marshes are the most common in China, appearing in the low-lying areas of lakes, floodplains and river deltas. Especially in areas with warm and humid climate or cold and humid climate, it is widely distributed. Sanjiang Plain in Northeast China and Zoige in North Sichuan (see Zoige Marsh) are two famous marsh distribution areas in China, mainly various Carex swamps. The representative plants in Sanjiang Plain are Carex lasiocarpa, Carex wulanensis, Carex tatou and Carex driftwood. In Zoige, it is mainly Carex Muli, and in Tibet, it is mainly various Artemisia. Carex bog grass layer is generally 30 ~ 50 cm high, with coverage of 60 ~ 70 (80)%, dense roots, and often forms ridged grass hills, commonly known as? Tatou In other swamps, reeds, hops, cattails and bamboo shoots are often dominant or constructive plants except Carex. This community has a high density and is an important source of herbaceous fiber plants.
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