Current location - Education and Training Encyclopedia - Graduation thesis - Ask for a paper on public policy.
Ask for a paper on public policy.
The implementation of public policies plays a very important role in the whole administrative activities. However, due to the influence of many factors, in the administrative process of our government, the implementation of public policies has made mistakes to varying degrees, resulting in disorder and confusion in economic, political and social life. After analyzing the phenomena and causes of mistakes in the implementation of public policies, this study puts forward corresponding countermeasures to provide reference for ensuring the smooth implementation of public policies. Keywords: public policy; Execution deviation; 1 The implementation of public policy is an act that the state administrative organs and their members use various means to turn the contents of public policy into reality, so as to achieve the goals of public policy. The implementation of public policy is the central link of public management activities and the main way to achieve policy objectives, solve policy problems and realize the authoritative distribution of social public resources. In this regard, American public administration scholar Allison pointed out: "In the process of achieving government goals, the functions defined in the plan only account for 10%, while the remaining 90% depend on effective implementation" [1]. Thus, the implementation of public policy plays a vital role in public policy activities and their life process. However, in the process of public policy implementation, due to the influence of various factors, it often leads to mistakes in the implementation of public policies and the failure to achieve public goals as scheduled. In the policy practice at home and abroad, the problem of policy implementation mistakes is widespread. Due to the system transition and social transformation, this problem is particularly serious in China. The mistakes in policy implementation will not only directly affect the solution of policy problems, lead to the failure of predetermined policy objectives, but also damage the image of the government and weaken its authority and credibility. At present, China's reform and development has entered a critical stage and under the new situation of building a harmonious socialist society, it is undoubtedly a very important and urgent practical problem to study and solve the mistakes in the implementation of public policies in China, which has important theoretical value and practical significance for improving the efficiency of public policy implementation in China. 2 The mistakes in the implementation of China's public policy are mainly manifested in the main content of political system output, and public policy is essentially an authoritative social value distribution scheme. However, public policy is still only an ideological distribution scheme before it is put into practice, and its effectiveness can only be brought into play through the actual implementation process. No matter how good the public policy is, it can only ensure the realization of the goal through effective implementation. However, due to various factors, the results of policy implementation often fail to meet the expected goals. Specifically, the mistakes in the implementation of public policies are mainly manifested in the following aspects. (1) Policy perfunctory means that the public * * * policy executors only make superficial remarks in the process of implementing policies, and shelve policies instead of taking operational concrete measures to implement policies, making serious policies become a dead letter under all kinds of ostentation, far from solving specific problems and achieving specific goals [2]. (2) Policy selection and implementation The policies that run in reality are often composed of small policies that are interdependent and have the same policy objectives. Some policy implementers often "take it out of context and use it for our own use", only implementing the parts that are in line with their own interests and not implementing the parts that are not in line with their own interests. The selective implementation of "yellow lights go, red lights go around" and "tricks" makes the complete policy incomplete in the implementation process, the overall function of the policy is difficult to play, and the realization of policy objectives is bound to be greatly reduced. (3) policy attachment

In the process of public policy implementation, the content that the original policy did not have was added, which made the control object, scope, goal and intensity of the policy exceed the original requirements, thus making the original policy not in place and leading to the expansion of the policy. The main feature of policy addition is that the executors set up their own "local policies" on the basis of the original policies, and set up another one under the banner of combining local reality, which leads to the deformation of policy implementation. Take China's family planning policy as an example. China's family planning policy was originally aimed at controlling population and improving population quality. However, in some places, family planning fines are an important source of fiscal revenue for township governments. In some places, the public auction of the second child index deviates from the fundamental purpose of the family planning policy. (4) Policy distortion * * * Policy implementers deliberately misinterpret the essence or part of the policy spirit in the dissemination and implementation, use the particularity of regions or departments as an excuse, and use some abstractness of policies to make different interpretations, resulting in policy distortion and even being replaced by "new" policies that are completely different from the original policies. (5) Policy boycott * * * Policy implementers do not agree with and accept the existing policies, resulting in resistance, so that public policies cannot be put in place and the expected results cannot be achieved. For example, in recent years, some local governments in China have overemphasized their own situation, found various reasons for the "extra-legal favor" of the central government, repeatedly turned a deaf ear to the central macro-control policies, and even committed crimes against the wind. "You say you want to do it, I want to do it", and their resistance mentality is extremely stubborn. (6) Barbaric implementation of public policies Under the current socialist market economy, more attention should be paid to the use of legal means, economic means and ideological education means. However, at present, there is widespread abuse of administrative means in the implementation of public policies in China, and some public policy executors often command and force the objects of implementation, which makes them psychologically and behaviorally unacceptable. The distortion of administrative means into barbaric execution leads to the tension between cadres and masses, which greatly affects the implementation effect. There are also some policy implementers who explain to the implementers that the policy is not strong enough, the propaganda is not in place, and the application of ideological education means is neglected. Once the implementer doesn't understand the policy and feels embarrassed and contradicted, the implementer will brutally implement the public policy by means of sanctions and economic penalties. Some policy implementers even take extreme measures, deviate from working procedures, and even adopt illegal and disciplinary methods to implement public policies [3]. 3 China's public policy implementation errors mainly have subjective or objective reasons:

(1) The reasons and quality of the policy itself are the primary factors affecting the implementation effect of the policy. Whether a policy can be effectively implemented often depends on whether the policy itself is scientific and reasonable. A prerequisite for policy implementation errors is that there are defects and loopholes in the policy itself. Generally speaking, whether the policy has defects is mainly considered from the following three aspects: First, whether the policy is reasonable. If the content of a policy does not reflect the objective reality, and the behavior stipulated in the policy does not conform to the development law of objective things, then the policy itself lacks rationality, which will lead to a strong conflict between the policy behavior norms and the objective reality in the implementation process, making the policy implementation lose its practical basis. When implementing this unreasonable policy, the policy enforcement agencies will naturally choose the way of "having policies at the top and countermeasures at the bottom" to perfunctory. The second is whether the policy itself is clear. The clarity of policies requires strict implementation boundaries, scientific operating procedures and accurate evaluation standards. Unclearness will weaken the operability of policies and make policy implementers and policy target groups at a loss. At the same time, uncertainty will lead to unclear policy boundaries, which will cause loopholes for executives to arbitrarily adapt policies, and also provide an excuse for relevant leaders to resolve "risks". The third is whether the policies are "consistent". At present, there are many policies and there is no consensus. In the face of many conflicting policies, policy implementers have to adopt the "optimization method"-the immediate superior takes priority and other leaders fall behind; Economic supervision and leverage departments take precedence over other departments and even party and government organs; The leaders assigned by individuals are preferred, and the collective names come last. This practice violates the principle of "everyone has equal opportunities and fair competition before the policy", which will inevitably lead to damage to the country and people, and it is difficult to implement the correct policy. The fourth is whether the policy is changeable. Today, a policy was formulated, and soon the situation changed. A new policy was hastily introduced, which treated the headache and the foot. Policies are changeable, changeable, irregular, lack of stability and continuity, unable to establish the authority and credibility of policies, and it is difficult for people to follow them. (2) The reason of the policy implementer Any policy will ultimately be implemented by the implementer. In reality, policy implementation mistakes are largely caused by policy implementers, which are manifested in: 1) the quality of policy implementers is not high. Due to historical reasons, compared with the civil servants in developed countries, the quality of civil servants in China is generally not high, which leads to a low level of administrative decision-making; Poor professional ethics leads to the decline of administrative ethics; The weak concept of administrative responsibility leads to the struggle for honor and avoidance of responsibility; The low theoretical level leads to the serious thought of official standard. A few leading cadres have not been systematically trained in modern policies and scientific knowledge, so it is difficult to form the necessary systematic concept, strategic vision, psychological quality to meet challenges and democratic consciousness to consciously accept supervision. These weaknesses will inevitably have a negative impact on policy implementation.

2) The person subjected to execution has a weak legal concept.

From the administrative point of view, the degree of standardization and legalization of government agencies in China is not high, and the changes are random, with a strong color of rule by man. At present, the concepts of "operating according to regulations", "operating subject to rules", "formalistic impersonal rules" and "different from person to person" in policy implementation have not been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and bureaucratic arbitrariness can be seen everywhere. Written administrative regulations can't restrain the officialdom logic of real society, and personality authority is greater than institutional authority and legal authority. Obviously, not administering according to law is an important reason for the inefficiency of public policy implementation. Respondents in the report added 2009- 10-30 20:08 3) Contradictions and conflicts among stakeholders. David Easton, a Canadian-American scholar, believes that "policy is the authoritative distribution of the whole social value" [5]. The core of policy is to solve the problem of social interest distribution, and all policies are ultimately manifested in the handling of social interest relations. The benefit distribution of public policy is a dynamic process. This process generally goes through four links: interest selection, interest synthesis, interest distribution and interest realization. The purpose of public policy is to adjust and standardize the interest structure of society and promote the rapid and healthy development of the whole society. Therefore, it is applicable to the whole society, represents and safeguards an overall interest, and conforms to the interests of all people. However, in real life, due to the influence of various factors, some policies have not been fully reflected, and even damaged the interests of the majority of policy target groups, so that it is difficult for target groups to identify with and accept these policies, and then have negative emotions and resistance to the implementation of policies. At the same time, political decision makers, like market decision makers, are also rational people who pursue their own interests. In the political environment, just like in the market environment, individuals will also maximize their personal interests. In economic terms, people pursue the maximization of utility. Many phenomena in China's real life also show that people implement policy actions under the impetus of interests. Contradictions and conflicts among public interests, local interests and private interests determine the realistic possibility of policy implementation deviation. Contradictions and conflicts among stakeholders are inevitable and exist for a long time. In the process of policy implementation, there are inevitably contradictions and conflicts of interest between the higher-level government as a policy maker and the lower-level government as a policy executor, as well as between the majority of interest subjects as the target group of policy implementation. In a sound society, within the scope of legal authority and legitimate interests, bureaucrats, driven by self-interest motives, tend to embody, maintain, realize and expand their own interests in public policies as much as possible, but this self-interest will be controlled within a certain limit and will not seriously conflict with public interests. On the contrary, if in an imperfect system, especially in the absence of an effective supervision mechanism, the self-interest of bureaucrats is often difficult to be effectively restrained and expanded, they will "rent-seeking" the authoritative distribution of social values through public power under their control and public policies, and turn public policies into tools for naked pursuit of their own interests. Secretary hodgepodge network