* The main characteristics of argumentative writing

1, the main expression of argumentative writing is discussion, that is, using concepts, judgments and reasoning to show the author's point of view and clarify the truth; Or refute other people's wrong views and point out their fallacies. So, it is convincing.

2. The basic structure of argumentative writing consists of three parts: argument, argument and demonstration, which is the so-called "three elements" of argumentative writing.

3. The main language of argumentative writing is argumentative writing. At the same time, narrative, explanation and lyricism are also available, all of which serve the discussion. The language of argumentative writing pays attention to abstraction, generality and preciseness, and its expression requires accuracy, pertinence and distinctiveness.

In the reading of argumentative essays, the selection of essays focuses on articles with humanistic colors, such as educating students in personality, thought, quality and psychology. Subjective questions dominate and open questions are also being tried.

1. Grasp the argument of argumentative paper. (Key points, hot spots)

1. argument is the basic point put forward by the author in the article, and it is also the central issue expounded in the article, and the central argument is the core of the author's point of view. In order to accurately analyze and summarize the argument, we must first determine two questions:

I. Arguments and topics. The thesis is the object and scope of the author's discussion; Argument is the author's view on the topic, which should be a clear judgment and a complete sentence in form. Arguments can't be interrogative, can't have only one phrase, and can't use metaphors.

B. central argument and sub-argument. Some articles have both central arguments and sub-arguments. Remember: argumentative writing has only one central argument, and sub-arguments are set up to prove or supplement the central argument. Sub-argument is the supporting material of the central argument. The form of this test center is to find out or summarize the central argument of the article.

(1), the way to put forward the argument:

(1) The most common ones are placed at the beginning of the article, and some are explicitly put forward; Some are quoted; Some are inductive examples or famous sayings. Pay attention to the suggestive effect of the hints in the text on the argument.

(2) At the end, we often put forward the argument first, expand it step by step, and finally summarize the central argument. Pay attention to summarizing inductive language.

(3) In this kind of articles, there is often a process of putting forward opinions. After some discussion, we will put forward the central argument, generally refute the article and the article after reading, so as to adopt this method. Pay attention to the interlanguage before and after the connection. Other central arguments are implied in the argument and need to be summarized by readers. This kind of article is difficult to read, and it needs to study the relationship between the content and the topic well before it can be summarized (the senior high school entrance examination, such a difficult problem is rarely chosen).

Many times, the topic is often the central argument of this article.

(2), find the right argument:

Argument should be a clear judgment (with the author's obvious tendency), a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. In addition to finding an argument in position, you can also use the following methods: 1, and analyzing the content of the article helps to find out the argument. 2. Analyzing arguments helps to find them. Because an argument proves an argument, analyze this argument and see what it proves. This question is an argument. 3. analyzing the topic helps to find the argument. Pay attention to the difference: some titles are not arguments, but topics. 4. Analyze summary keywords. 5. Analyze the sub-arguments and find the central argument.

(3), summary method

Form of examination questions: summarize the arguments of the article

Key points: summarize the central argument of argumentative paper, use clear judgment or statement in language expression, and have obvious tendency. When summing up the argument, (1) should grasp the central word; (2) Use declarative sentences; (3) Having a clear tendency and a clear stand; (3) The language should be concise, fluent in meaning, based on scores, and not flashy. If there is a statement that clearly shows the point at the beginning of an article, and there is the same or similar statement at the end of the article, the opening is the argument. In some paragraphs, there are no sentences that clearly indicate opinions, so it is necessary to combine and refine several sub-arguments, while in other articles, the author's opinions penetrate into the arguments and need to be understood and summarized.

Test question example

There are several ways to understand this argument.

1. Title correlation analysis.

It is a method to directly grasp or analyze the argument according to the relationship and function between the topic and the central argument. There are four relationships between argumentative topic and central argument:

(1) reveals arguments, such as: the text "the spirit of knowing things should be given" and "there is more than one correct answer";

(2) Give reasons for discussion, such as: in memory of Bethune.

(3) suggestive arguments, such as the text "Have China people lost confidence?"

(4) Suggest the scope of discussion, such as "talking about backbone" and "thinking about action".

2. positional relationship analysis method. First, from the conventional position of the argument to the beginning, end and middle of the article and paragraph, find the central sentence and finalize the argument; Then analyze the relationship between these arguments and their relationship with the whole article and topic, and distinguish the central argument from the sub-argument. The argument is stated as follows:

(1) The point of view that dominates the whole article or coincides with the topic is the central argument. For example, the first sentence at the beginning of Talking about Bone, "We China people have backbone", can be sure that this sentence is the central argument in terms of its position and connection with the topic.

(2) In the repeated statement of views, the first comprehensive and affirmative judgment statement is the central argument. Another example is the sentence "Thinking and doing are inseparable, there must be a connection" in the fifth paragraph of Thinking and Doing, and "thinking while doing" in the seventh paragraph. Doing it depends on guidance; Thinking is proved by doing, and thinking and doing are closely related. Comparing these two sentences, it is not difficult to judge that the former sentence is the central argument and the latter sentence is only induction, which reveals the dialectical relationship between thinking and doing.

(3) Some topics are central arguments, while the central sentences of paragraphs and levels are sub-arguments. For example, in "The Achievements and Basic Experiences of the China * * * Production Party in Eighty Years", after discussing the "glorious achievements" of the China * * * Production Party, the first sentence of each paragraph refers to the whole paragraph, and the first sentence of these paragraphs is the argument of each paragraph.

(4) Because transitional sentences have the function of connecting the preceding with the following, some transitional sentences in argumentative essays often have the function of summarizing the above viewpoints and putting forward the following viewpoints. For example, the transitional sentence in Doubt and Learning: "Doubt is not only a necessary condition for changing fallacies from negative aspects, but also a basic condition for establishing new theories and enlightening new inventions from positive aspects", which is a link between the preceding and the following.

3. Try to find out the language symbols. A certain content always has a certain form mark.

The language of the argument is a clear judgment sentence, a complete statement of the author's point of view and a complete sentence; Moreover, arguments are always suggestive and inductive, and inductive words such as "visible" and "in short" often appear in the middle or end of a paragraph. This method is only a supplement to the positional relationship analysis method.

4. Analyze, summarize and refine.

The above three methods are effective and easy to master in the reading of typical argumentative essays. However, when reading atypical argumentative essays, we must refine the arguments from the process of argumentation. There are three ways to use this analysis method.

(1) Grasp the key words. Although some argumentative papers do not point out the argument, the repeated use of the same word to emphasize the meaning is generally the center of the argument.

For example, the article "Whistle" has this feature. After describing his own lessons, almost every paragraph has a similar sentence: "You paid too high a price for your whistle." Until the last paragraph. The central argument of this article can be refined around this sentence.

(2) Analyze the argument. Some articles only have arguments and analysis of arguments, and arguments are included in the process of argumentation. At this time, it is necessary to dig out the viewpoints contained in the argument.

For example, in the articles "Death" and "Successful Ending", taking the improper use of idioms in the headline of "Death of National Wushu Competition" in People's Daily as an example, and taking the etymological explanation of "Death" as an argument, this paper points out the psychological root of this kind of problem and puts forward good suggestions. The author's point of view is obvious, that is, "the words used in writing articles should be accurate, clear and simple."

(3) Feel the overall meaning. No matter what kind of atypical argumentative paper, it is not difficult to grasp the discussion center as long as you appreciate it repeatedly and feel the overall meaning.

2. Distinguish examples, reasons, comparisons, metaphors and their functions in argumentative writing. (key)

Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments, and it is the logical connection between arguments. Argumentation is to solve "what needs to be proved", argumentation is to solve "what to prove" and argumentation is to solve "how to prove". When reading argumentative essays, we must understand the argumentation process and analyze the argumentation methods. Common argumentation methods are:

(1) Illustration: Give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument.

(2) Reasoning: quoting the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, from ancient times to the present.

Prove the argument with famous aphorisms and accepted theorem formulas of foreign celebrities.

(3) Comparative argument: Compare positive and negative arguments or arguments. By contrast,

Prove an argument.

(4) Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument.

Some paragraphs focus on the demonstration method of facts; Some paragraphs focus on quoting famous sayings to demonstrate; Some paragraphs focus on explaining the truth to demonstrate; There are also some paragraphs that comprehensively use several argumentation methods. The general examination will make the respondents distinguish the articles by using demonstration methods such as example, reason, metaphor and contrast. Among them, examples are better to distinguish. The general rule of reasoning is to use famous sayings as arguments. Metaphorical argumentation refers to the rhetorical devices of metaphor used in argumentation statements (this method must be explained by metaphor). Comparative argument generally needs to find out both positive and negative arguments.

There are only two kinds of arguments: facts and theories, and facts include examples and data; The theory also includes famous aphorisms, proverbs and aphorisms and the author's reasoning analysis. After mastering the content scope of these arguments, it is important to analyze the relationship between these arguments and arguments, as well as the role of arguments in proving arguments.

▲ When clarifying theoretical arguments, it should be noted that leaders and celebrities have said that if the expression of language is narrative, not argument, then it is not theoretical argument, but factual argument.

This test center is a regular test center, and the way to set the questions is to demonstrate the function of the method or illustrate how the author proves his point of view with examples. The answer idea can be found in the following analysis.

Determine the arguments and analyze the relationship between them.

The function of argument is either to prove the correctness of the viewpoint, or to refute the wrong viewpoint and distinguish between factual argument and rational argument. Find out what this argument is used to prove It should be noted that some articles are divided into several small arguments to explain the central argument, and those small arguments are also the arguments of the central argument. Sometimes, the part quoted in the article is not necessarily an argument, but depends on its relationship with the argument and whether it proves the argument.

This test center can be comprehensively investigated with other test centers by pointing out the function of an argument or how an argument is proved. The thinking of answering questions is: (1) rational argument increases the authority of argument; (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument; (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid proof of …, or simple proof of …. (To be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle); (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers. 3. Appreciate and understand the accurate, vivid, general and vivid language of argumentative writing.

The rigor of argumentative language is reflected in three aspects: accuracy, thoroughness, strong logic and vivid image, which should be carefully understood:

① Grasp the key words and analyze them to understand their meanings, emotional colors, functions, etc. And understand the rigor and accuracy of the discussion language;

(2) Analyze rhetorical methods and the use of idioms and allusions to realize vivid images;

③ Analyze the relationship between sentences and reveal their strict logic. Pay attention to understanding keywords with strong generalization ability and high accuracy.

The language of argumentative essays is often general, and the rich content is expressed in abstract words. This kind of words is rich in connotation, and the police instigate people. Only by linking the background of the work with the content of the full text can we have a deeper understanding. Basic knowledge, such as the understanding of words and sentences, should be serious at ordinary times, accumulate words at any time, try to figure out and understand interesting sentences.

In argumentative writing, expressing accurate and rigorous keywords is also a hot topic in the current exam.

What is the use of adding words? Thinking: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Can the word order be reversed? Thinking of answering questions: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship. This kind of questions mainly test the logic of language, and you can refer to the analysis of the order of instructions in Explanatory Analysis.

To analyze the linguistic characteristics of argumentative writing, we should analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words from a logical point of view; ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of its narrative from the angle of reasoning; ③ The vividness, vividness and emotional color of his words should be analyzed from the perspective of rhetoric.

The accuracy of language is as follows: ① The concept is used accurately. ② Adverbials, attributives and other modifiers are appropriate. ③ Strictly use related words.

The clear expression of language is: clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude and clear love and hate.

The conciseness of language generalization lies in the fact that the facts are not detailed and general, because the purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning, and it is not appropriate to describe the details in detail, otherwise it will take the lead. The language is concise.

Linguistic rigor is manifested in: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.

In order to make the argument more convincing and appealing, argumentative writing sometimes adopts rhetorical methods or uses spoken and some classical Chinese words, and sometimes changes sentence patterns to make the language of argumentative writing more vivid.

4. Understand the role of critical elements in argumentative writing.

Although the language of argumentative writing is mainly discussion, it also uses other expressions and some non-discussion elements. Especially prose. For example, some examples need to be described, some facts need to be described, some writing reasons and characteristics need to be explained, and feelings such as love, hate and hatred need to be expressed through lyric. Paying attention to reading these components can help you understand the essence of the argument more accurately and concretely.

Examination form: the function of these non-discussion components or their relationship with discussion components. Thinking of answering questions: The critical elements in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical elements, please refer to the underlined discussion in the previous paragraph). This test center is a general test center.

5. How to clarify the author's thinking, grasp the structure of argumentative paper and grasp the full text?

Any article is a whole composed of several paragraphs or sentences. How do paragraphs or sentences connect and combine into a whole? This is a common problem to be considered when reading, and understanding these problems is to analyze the ideas of the article. In this regard, Mr. Ye Shengtao has an incisive exposition: "To read the whole article, we must understand the author's thinking. Thought has a path, sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph. The author of a good article is not going anywhere on this road. Reading an article depends on how it started and how it was written. Follow it and understand why it goes this way. For example, argumentative essays ask questions at the beginning, and then focus on one aspect of food from several aspects. Only a little is said in other aspects. Why do you want this arrangement? It must be meaningful. You should understand this when you read it. Further details, how to connect the second sentence with the first sentence, how to connect the third sentence with the second sentence, what is the relationship between the second paragraph and the first paragraph, what is the relationship between the third paragraph and the second paragraph, etc., must be made clear. " When we read an argumentative essay, we should follow Mr. Ye's instructions.

Understanding the structural characteristics of argumentative essays can help us better grasp the structure of argumentative essays and grasp the articles as a whole. The basic structure of an argumentative essay is to ask questions (introduction)-analyze questions (thesis)-solve problems (conclusion). Can be divided into two categories:

1. "Horizontal". In argumentation, the relationship between several levels and paragraphs of the article is developed side by side, which is the "horizontal" structure. There are three basic types of "horizontal" structure: ① "general theory-sub-theory-general theory" type, which first puts forward arguments, then expounds them from several aspects, and finally summarizes them, such as "Ideal Ladder"; (2) "general theory-divided theory" type, first put forward the argument, and then discuss it from several aspects, such as "On the Surprise of Friends"; (3) In the form of "divided theory-general theory", the problems to be discussed are analyzed in several aspects, and then the conclusions are summarized comprehensively.

2. "vertical". In the discussion, all levels of the article are in-depth and progressive, and the order of each level has strict requirements and cannot be changed at will. This is the "vertical" structure. There are two kinds of "vertical" structure: ① "layer by layer" structure, in which arguments are put forward first, then deepened and elaborated layer by layer, such as from 30,000 to 10,000; (2) the "transition" type, such as "read the biography of Meng Changjun".

Six, how to divide the level of argumentative writing?

There are two basic methods: one is divided according to the general structure of "putting forward problems-analyzing problems-solving problems". For example, Three to Ten Thousand has eight paragraphs, which can be divided into three layers. The first and second paragraphs are the first floor. Starting with the question of whether there is a shortcut to learning, after preliminary analysis and reasoning, the thesis is put forward: learning should be accumulated bit by bit, step by step, and it is not advisable to rush. The third to seventh paragraphs are the second layer, quoting ancient stories and discussing them closely with the content of the stories, which leads to the argument that "learning should be modest and prudent, and the role of teachers should be emphasized". The eighth paragraph is the third layer, which puts forward hope: face up to the problems existing in learning, take the story from three to ten thousand as an example, and draw inferences from others to learn better.

The other is to divide the levels according to different angles of the article. For example, The Ideal Ladder has eight paragraphs and can be divided into three layers. The first to third paragraphs put forward the central argument that "struggle is the ladder to realize the ideal". The fourth to seventh paragraphs are the main part, divided into three sub-levels, which are discussed from three aspects: ① "the ideal ladder belongs to those who work hard", ② "the ideal ladder belongs to those who cherish time" and ③ "ideal".

Ladders belong to those who face difficulties. The last paragraph closely follows the center and summarizes the full text: "Struggle is a lever to change reality and a solid ladder for hundreds of millions of people to climb the peak of the four modernizations. "

Analysis of Typical Problems in Spoken English

Test question example

Read the following article carefully and answer the following questions.

(1) Doubt is not only a necessary step to distinguish truth from falsehood on the negative side, but also a basic condition to construct new theories and enlighten new inventions on the positive side. It is ideological laziness to admit what others say without thinking or discount. (3) Such a brain is always passive and can never learn. (4) Only the brain that often doubts and asks questions has problems, and only when there are problems does it seek answers. ⑤ In the process of constantly questioning and solving, all knowledge will rise. ⑥ Many great thinkers and philosophers in universities are cultivated from doubts. 7. Dai Zhen, a great scholar in Qing Dynasty, read Zhu's "University Chapters and Sentences" when he was a child and asked when "University" was written and when Zhu was born. The teacher told him that "Da Xue" was a book of Zhou Dynasty, and Zhu was a great scholar of Song Dynasty. He asked how the Song people more than 1000 years ago knew what the author meant. All scholars, not only for folklore, but also for the theories of scholars of past dynasties, often argue with the theories in the book, often judge the theories in the book, and often revise the theories in the book: only in this way can newer and better theories be produced. New inventions in science, new theories in philosophy and new styles in art are all produced in this way. ⑾ If later scholars stick to the old sayings of predecessors, there will be no new problems, no new inventions, all academics will stagnate and human culture will not progress.

1. What do these four sentences have to do with the first sentence? These four sentences can be divided into two parts.

For what small level?

2. What is the relationship between three sentences and the first sentence? In these three sentences, it can be divided into

What small level? .

3. What are the two sentences discussed?

2. Read the following and answer the questions.

(1) Learn to learn. If you want to learn, you must ask first. If you want to ask, you must doubt first. Doubt is finding problems, asking questions is asking questions, and when the problems are solved, you gain knowledge.

(2) Many people (A) at all times and all over the world are people who have doubts about reading and are good at asking questions. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, there was a scholar named Dai Zhen. When he was a child, he asked the teacher questions one after another. Because he always asks questions last, is diligent in thinking and dares to ask questions, he has made great achievements in his studies. On the road of people seeking knowledge, doubt is like a seed of knowledge. Without it, knowledge will never blossom and bear the fruit of wisdom. (b) And: Without the doubt of geocentric theory, there would be no Copernican Heliocentrism. Balzac, a great French writer, said: "The key to all science is undoubtedly a question mark, and the wisdom of life probably lies in asking why everything happened."

However, it should be pointed out that any effective doubt must be based on a large number of actual materials. For example, Darwin's challenge to the theory of species invariance is by no means a temporary discovery, but the result of his five-year journey around the world, collecting a large number of animal and plant specimens and concentrating on observation. Without a wealth of information, Darwin would never raise valuable doubts.

Doubt is expensive because you dare to think, imagine, innovate and discover the truth. Let's hold the key to the question mark and open the door to the treasure house of knowledge!

(1) The most suitable item to fill in the article (a) is ().

A. Thinker B scientist C scholar D writer

(2) The most appropriate way to fill in the blanks is ()

A. Because the theory of species invariance was doubted by Darwin, the theory of evolution was founded.

B Darwin was skeptical about the theory of species invariance, so he founded it.

"evolution theory"

C. Without the doubt of "species invariance", there would be no Darwin's "theory of evolution"

About the establishment. "

D. Without the doubt of "species invariance", how can there be Darwin's "evolution theory"

Establishment of

(3) The central point of this article is ()

A. Dare to doubt B. Doubt is the seed of learning.

C. Materials are the basis of doubt D. Learning is expensive and suspicious.

(4) For the division of the structure level of the essay, the correct one is ().

A.①/②③/④⑤ B.①/②③④/⑤

C.①②/③/④⑤·D.①②/③④/⑤

Seven. Accurately summarize the topic, paragraph meaning, layer meaning and the truth of the discussion. (Key points, hot spots)

Eight. Appreciate and understand the meaning of words and sentences in the text. (Key points, difficulties and hot spots)

9. Find out the central sentences, key sentences and words, sentences and paragraphs that play a transitional or reference role in argumentative writing. (key)

X. analyze the argumentation process and grasp the structure of the article.

The basic structural framework of argumentative writing is: introduction (asking questions), theory (analyzing problems) and conclusion (solving problems), that is, "syllogism". However, according to the needs of content and problems, different articles often evolve into various structural ways, such as juxtaposition, progression, total score, comparison and synthesis. Therefore, when reading an argumentative essay, we should pay attention to analyzing its argumentation process, grasping its thinking and combing its structure. There are two key points in analyzing the structure: one is to analyze the level of paragraphs and sentences; The second is to use the method of analysis and demonstration. When analyzing the level of paragraphs and sentences, first look at where the article has completed the task of asking questions; Where to start analyzing the problem; Where to end, draw a conclusion. Another thing to note is that the opening sentence of a paragraph is often the key, so we should firmly grasp it for analysis and understanding. In short, after the above analysis of the article, in general, the structure and ideas of the article are very clear, and finally a structural system diagram can be summarized. Argumentative essays can be divided into argumentation and refutation. Refutation can refute viewpoints, arguments and argumentation process. Under normal circumstances, after-school argumentative papers are not taken in the senior high school entrance examination.

The basic form of this test center is: how does the author prove the argument? The probability of taking the exam at this test center is relatively low. The idea of answering this question is that in order to prove xxx's point of view, the author first uses xxx's argument and then analyzes xxx's argument, thus proving xxx's point of view. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.

XI。 Developmental test questions

Developmental examination questions in argumentative essays often require respondents to answer their own views on a certain issue. Such questions should generally be answered in combination with real life, with clear views, sufficient basis and concise language, which can be summarized and quoted. The way to answer questions is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. This kind of test center is a popular one at present, and its form is flexible and changeable.

Candidates can quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities in order to prove their views or understanding, but the language should be concise.

* pay attention to the problem:

The test questions are changeable, and the propositions are often unexpected and reasonable. A type of question can have multiple propositional angles. It is not difficult for candidates to get high scores and full marks as long as they master the examination methods and basic answering ideas of questions and respond flexibly.

In addition, the accuracy of expression when answering questions is also the key to scoring.

In the past two years, the open reading questions of argumentative papers in senior high school entrance examination are on the rise, and the types of questions are diverse, which can be summarized into the following four types:

1) requires candidates to make an extended judgment on the content of the material in combination with their own reality. For example, in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province in 2003, rational reading was used as the examination material, and the fourth title was: "Please choose one of the reading experiences put forward in this paper and talk about your own views in combination with your own reality." In the 2003 Guangdong volume "Saving Life", the fourth topic is: "The article says that there are many things that can be saved in life". What do you think is needed for salvation? Please write an opinion and briefly explain the reasons. "

2) Relevant content comes from reading materials, and candidates are required to create their own works. For example, in the 2003 Shanghai volume "Olympic Motto", the sixth topic is: "If China is lucky, the world will add splendor" and "Better city, better life". These are the propaganda slogans of Shenbo. Please use concise and vivid language to create a slogan for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. "

Third, the reading materials lead to related poems, requiring candidates to make self-comments according to the viewpoints in the materials. For example, in 2003, Guiyang volume took "Talking about Music" as the reading material, and the fifth title was: "To evaluate the quality of a song, we should not only see whether its melody is harmonious and natural, but also whether its lyrics are healthy and beautiful. Please comment on the following lyrics according to the requirements in brackets, each sentence is within 15 words. (1) (Brief comment on ideological content) "Life is only a few autumn, and you won't return until you get drunk" (from Boldness and Beauty) (2) "How can you see a rainbow without experiencing wind and rain" (from True Hero). In 2003, the seventh question of Yantai Volume "The Wand" was: "What do you think are the similarities and differences between the exposition of this article and Mencius' proposition of" being born of hardship "? Please talk about your opinion. "

4) Ask candidates to think independently about the materials provided, and encourage candidates to think creatively and express new ideas.

This kind of open-ended examination questions is favored by proposers more and more, which embodies the spirit of the new curriculum standard. For example, the related examination questions in 2003: (1) The author thinks that "I am very important". Do you think there is anything more important than "me"? Please state your views briefly. (Fuzhou Volume, the reading material is Bi Shumin's "I am Important" (2) Do you agree with the statement that "our great rivers and mountains are really devastated and died of injuries"? Please provide a justification for the answer. (Guilin Volume, the reading material is "Mountains and Rivers Break the Country") (3) Some people think: "Humans conquered liger and got the guarantee of survival; Conquered the disease, in exchange for health and longevity; Conquered gravity and flew to the moon ... "So can human beings conquer nature? Please talk about your opinion. (Chaoyang District, Beijing, the reading material is Conquering with Heart-to-heart) These open questions are permeated with the following spirit of the new curriculum standard: "Cultivate students' ability of active exploration, innovation, inquiry reading and creative reading", "advocate multi-angle and creative reading, use reading expectation, reading reflection and criticism to expand thinking space and improve reading quality" and "pay attention to evaluating students' emotional experience and creative understanding"

How to analyze the writing characteristics of argumentative essays

(1) Analyze three elements. 1 parameters. See what arguments the author puts forward and whether his attitude is correct and clear; Second, look at how the argument is put forward, where the argument is and why it is put forward. Two arguments. First of all, it depends on whether the argument is consistent with the argument and whether the argument is strong; Secondly, it depends on the type of argument, whether the factual argument is typical, and whether the reference of theoretical argument is appropriate and accurate; Third, it depends on the angle of the author's choice of arguments. 3 argument. See what argumentation method, function and how to use it.

(2) Analyze the argumentative structure. First analyze the overall structure, such as how to ask questions and how to analyze and solve problems. Then analyze the specific structural forms (that is, logical relations), such as parallelism, hierarchy, total score and so on.

(3) Analysis of language style

Some are obscure and tortuous, and the text is close to the main idea; Some are also harmonious, sharp and spicy; Some of them are subtle and intriguing. Although their language styles are different, they all have artistic charm and are consistent.