It is of great significance to history, philology and archaeology.
Oracle bones that record the lineage and history of Shang Dynasty.
Sima Qian has an article "Yin Benji" in Historical Records, which records the lineage and history of Shang Dynasty in detail.
In the past, many historians were skeptical about these records, because there were no written records and no physical materials to prove them.
At the beginning of this century, Luo Zhenyu found the names of the first man and the first king in Shang Dynasty in his Oracle bones, which confirmed that the small village where these Oracle bones came from was the location of Yin Ruins, and the history books said that it was "Huanshui South, on Yin Ruins".
After that, Wang Guowei, a scholar, made a detailed textual research on the ancient princes of Shang Dynasty seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and compared them with the records in Historical Records, which confirmed the credibility of Yin Benji in Historical Records.
Yin Ruins was the first 10 king of Shang Dynasty. In BC 13 18, Pan Geng moved his capital from Yan (near Qufu, Shandong) to Yin (around Xiaotun Village). After the 8th generation 12 king, it was established here for 273 years.
These research results have advanced the reliable history of China by one thousand years.
From the discovery and identification of a piece of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty to the affirmation of a dynasty more than 3000 years ago and 600 years ago. What an amazing discovery! In this way, some scholars in the 1920s believed that China's credible history began in the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the trend of "suspecting the past" was completely denied.
A large number of Oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins reflect the prosperity of divination in Shang Dynasty.
From state affairs to private life, such as sacrifice, climate, harvest, conquest, hunting, sick people, childbirth, going out, etc. The royal family and nobles all asked God for advice until they decided to stop.
As a result, divination became a major event in the political life of the country, and the court set up special institutions and divination officials.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions with inscriptions is preserved as a national archive and piled in caves.
Therefore, Oracle Bone Inscriptions became the first-hand material to study the history of Shang Dynasty, reflecting all aspects of social life from BC 1300 to BC 1000.
Since/kloc-0 was first discovered in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in 899, according to the statistics of Hu Houxuan, a scholar, * * has unearthed more than 54,600 pieces of Oracle bones, including 97,600 pieces in Chinese mainland, 30,200 pieces in Taiwan Province, 89 pieces in Hongkong and more than 27,900 pieces in China * * collection. Besides,
So far, about 4500 words have been engraved on these Oracle bones, and about 2000 words have been read so far.
China's writing sprouted earlier. In the Neolithic pottery of Yangshao culture, various carving symbols were found, which became the embryonic form of China characters. After two or three thousand years of gestation and development, Chinese characters reached the stage of basic maturity in Shang Dynasty.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions has a certain system, strict laws, exquisite descriptions and rich contents, which plays an important role in the study of ancient Chinese characters in China.
In the past, the study of ancient Chinese characters was mainly based on inscriptions on Shang and Zhou bronzes, such as Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions is 1500 years earlier than Shuo Wen Jie Zi, and it comes from the unearthed cultural relics directly excavated, so it has high credibility, which is of great value for studying the origin and development of Chinese characters, correcting the mistakes in Shuo Wen Jie Zi and solving the outstanding problems in bronze inscriptions.
Judging from the characters on Oracle bones, they already have the three elements of China's calligraphy, namely, writing, writing and composition.
His brushwork lines are neat and thin, straight and thick, and his strokes are multi-folded, which has an influence on the pen and knife of seal cutting in later generations.
Judging from the knot, the characters have changed. Although they are different in size, they are relatively balanced and symmetrical, showing a stable pattern.
Judging from the composition, although influenced by the size and shape of bone chips, it still shows the carving skills and artistic characteristics of words.
The popularity of "oracle calligraphy" among some calligraphers and calligraphy lovers proves its charm.
Since the location of Oracle bones was found out, from the autumn of 1928 to the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in the summer of 1937, the archaeological team of the Institute of History and Language of Academia Sinica, under the auspices of famous archaeologists Dong Zuobin, Li Ji and Liang Siyong, carried out archaeological excavations in Xiaotun Village for 15 years, which not only found more than 24,900 pieces in total, but also found the late Shang Dynasty.
Yin Ruins became a world-famous site of ancient culture, which once again shocked Chinese and foreign academic circles.
Excavation and Research after the Founding of New China
Archaeologists have conducted many investigations and excavations, and roughly found out the scope and layout of Yin Ruins.
Yin Ruins is located in the northwest suburb of Anyang City, Henan Province, with Xiaotun Village as the center. It is about 6 kilometers long from east to west and 5 kilometers long from north to south, with a total area of about 30 square kilometers.
Xiaotun Village on the south bank of Huan River is the palace area where Wang Yin lives. Dozens of palaces have been excavated, the largest of which covers an area of 5000 square meters.
North of Huan River is the mausoleum area of Yin King. More than a dozen large tombs, more than a thousand small tombs and a large number of sacrificial pits have been excavated.
Near the palace, two Oracle Bone Inscriptions archives and handicraft workshop sites such as copper casting, jade making, bone making and pottery burning were discovered.
The excavation of Yin Ruins has a long duration, large scale and abundant harvest, which is really rare in the archaeological history of China.
In order to commemorate the great archaeological discovery of Yin Ruins, in the autumn of 1987, Anyang City built the Yin Ruins Museum on the northeast side of the palace ruins area, which restored and reproduced the features of the Yin Ruins Palace and some buildings 3,000 years ago.
1in the spring of 976, the first female General Cemetery in the history of China was excavated near the palace area, which is 0/00 meters northwest of Xiaotun Village.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions records that Fuxi was the queen of Wu Ding, king of Shang Dynasty.
One summer, there was a war on the northern border, and the two sides were at daggers drawn. Fu Hao volunteered to send troops. Wu Ding hesitated, decided to send Fu Hao to arise after divination, and the result was a great victory.
From then on, Wu Ding made her commander in chief. Since then, she has conquered more than 20 neighboring countries (independent small countries) by expeditions to the East and the West.
There is a passage in which Oracle Bone Inscriptions said that Fu Hao commanded 1 in the battle for the Qiang nationality. A huge team of 30 thousand people, the largest number of foreign soldiers known in Shang Dynasty.
Regal Tomb is the only well-preserved royal tomb of Yin Dynasty unearthed from Yin Ruins, and many unearthed objects are engraved with inscriptions. It is the only royal tomb of Shang Dynasty that can be confirmed by Oracle Bone Inscriptions and historical documents, so as to determine the identity and age of the tomb owner.
In the 70-year archaeology of Yin Ruins, three important textual researches and discoveries of Oracle Bone Inscriptions are particularly important: the first time was1June 936 12, when a Oracle Bone Inscriptions pit was excavated in Bei Gong area of Xiaotun Village, and 17096 pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions with words were preserved, which recorded many activities of King Ding of Shang Dynasty. It seems that this is the Oracle Bone Inscriptions file of Wuding royal family.
During the excavation, a body was found curled up on its side in the pit, and most of the body was pressed on the Oracle bone. Experts think it may be the custodian of the file.
The second time, in the south of Xiaotun Village 1973, 7 150 pieces of Oracle bones were excavated, of which 504 1 piece was carved.
At the same time, the unearthed pottery products also have these Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which provides valuable information for the staging of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Yin Ruins.
The third time, in the autumn of 199 1, a Oracle Bone Inscriptions pit with an area of only 2 square meters was excavated in the east of Huayuanzhuang, but its overlapping thickness reached 0.8 meters, and 579 pieces of Oracle bones 1583 were unearthed, including Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which was rich in records. The fortune tellers were all members of the royal family and senior nobles in Wuding period.
It shows that the divination activities in this period were not limited to the king, the supreme ruler, but all the royal nobles could use divination to predict good or bad luck.
The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and the excavation of Yin Ruins caused by it are of epoch-making significance to China archaeology.
Prior to this, scholars only studied inscriptions and inscriptions in the study, and never went to the fields to investigate and dig.
China's field archaeology began with the excavation of Yangshao Village site in Mianchi County, Henan Province in 192 1, and then with the early excavation of Peking Zhoukoudian ape-man site in 1927.
However, at that time, the excavation of these two places was not undertaken by the academic departments of China alone, but was presided over by foreign scholars hired by * * * at that time, or was carried out by Chinese and foreign academic institutions in cooperation.
The real field archaeology independently conducted by academic institutions in China began with the first excavation of Yin Ruins by the Archaeological Group of the Institute of History and Linguistics of Academia Sinica in 1928.
It laid the foundation for the emergence and development of field archaeology in China.
Most of the older generation of archaeologists in China grew up on the archaeological sites of Yin Ruins, and the new generation of archaeologists after the founding of New China were basically trained by them.
Therefore, it is well-deserved to call Yin Ruins the birthplace of field archaeology in China.
oracle bone script
Calendar and Geography Research in Shang Dynasty
The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins also provides the most reliable first-hand information for the study of Shang calendar, and there have been many achievements in this field for decades.
Li Yinpu was published in Yin Shi, Sichuan in 1945. It is a masterpiece of Dong Zuobin's research on the calendar method of the Yin Dynasty and the sacrificial spectrum of the Zhou Dynasty by using Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other materials in 12.
In the first volume of this book, it is suggested that businessmen use dry branches to mark the days, which has continued to this day without interruption; Shang month is a lunar month, and there are big and small months (falling on the 29th and big on the 30th). After 14 or 16, the two big months are connected. He thought that the year of the lunar calendar was adopted at that time, so there was a setting method for leap months, which was 65,438+09,7. According to his views on the difference between the old school and the new school, it is pointed out that the old school (such as Wu Ding) set up a leap at the end of the year (65,438+03) and the new school (such as Zujia) set up a leap in the middle of the year.
In the third volume, he also discussed the eclipse of the sun and the moon seen in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, trying to prove that there were four divisions in ancient times and the ugly system in the first month.
Chen's summary of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins further affirmed some statements made by Dong Shi, and revised them at the same time, thinking that leap at the end of the year or leap in the middle of the year is a parallel (with Zujia) in a period.
However, Chen criticized Dong Shi's statement that the calendar of Yin Dynasty was divided into four parts and ugly in the first month was "completely wrong".
The History of Astronomical Literature in China, published in 198 1 year and written by astronomical historians, affirmed Dong and Chen's views on the combination of Yin and Yang and the size of the moon, affirmed Dong Shi's view that the main branch and branch calendars have never stopped since Yin Dynasty, affirmed the leap at the end of the year, but denied the possibility of leap in the middle of Yin Dynasty [142]
The Yin Dynasty was dominated by the lunar calendar, and scholars who ruled Oracle Bone Inscriptions, such as Dong Zuobin, used to think it was the northern day.
Both the previous paper "History of Chinese Astronomy" and the paper published by Zhang Peiyu in 1984 [143] think that the appearance of the new moon should be the first time.
Japanese scholar Guo Neiqing put forward the same view in 1957 [144].
However, Textual Research on the First Month of Li Yin published by Shi Feng 1990 [145] still holds that the first month of the Yin people is the first day of the new moon, because the relatively sparse new moon can still be obtained through observation.
It can be seen that the debate on this issue will continue in the future.
The geographical knowledge of Shang Dynasty is very important for studying the social history and culture of Shang Dynasty. However, before the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, there were only a few records in the literature, so the place names in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins attracted the attention of scholars.
In 19 14 (or 19 15), Wang Guowei, the pioneer of the geographical study of Oracle inscriptions in Yin Ruins, wrote a very short article, Textual Research on Geographical Names Seen in Oracle Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, and selected 8 geographical names which were found in the literature and were close to Anyang.
At this time, there is no connection between place names.
Guo Moruo is a scholar who really created an effective scientific method for the study of geography in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
In the Complete Works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions published by 1933 (Japanese Literature Enquiry Hall), he took Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a hunter in Shang Dynasty, as the research object, calculated the distance between places through the daily difference of several Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the same edition, and then contacted other place names through different editions with the same name, thus establishing a geographical regional framework in combination with literature records.
Since then, although many scholars have continued to explore the geographical research field of Shang Dynasty, the methods adopted are all based on Guo's joint branch method.
By the end of 1980s, Dong Zuobin, Chen, Li Xueqin, Shimamoto Nan, Matsumaru Daoxiong, Zhong and others had made outstanding achievements in governing land in Shang Dynasty [146].
Dong Shi's achievement is to systematically collect the sites of Huang Group's surrender to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and connect them according to the main branches, so as to interpret his views and draw a road map.
On the other hand, Chen comprehensively discussed various geographical structures in the late Shang Dynasty, such as the area where Dayi merchants were located, Qinyang hunting ground, etc., sketched out the network of place names in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and revised Dong Shi's theory of intercepting people.
Li's monograph made a detailed regional division of Qinyang Hunting Ground, corrected Guo Moruo's mistake in interpreting the word "Yi Zhui" as a place name, and pointed out that "Yi" should be pronounced as "Yin", "Tong" or "He".
Matsumaru Daoxiong's works theoretically explore the method of estimating the hunting ground distance, which is also his advantage over other scholars.
In Zhong's article, the names of Oracle Bone Inscriptions are divided into God Blessed Geography, Agricultural Geography and Tribal Geography.
He made a detailed analysis of the achievements, methods and viewpoints of previous studies. Although the study of hunting place names still adopts the method of linking branches, the conditions for using words are strictly stipulated [147].
The latest achievement in the study of the geography of Oracle inscriptions in Yin Ruins is an Introduction to the Geography of Shang Dynasty published by Zheng Yu 1994 [148]. Its characteristics are as follows: first, make a detailed textual research on place names in order to accurately understand the characters; Secondly, Oracle Bone Inscriptions is more complete, not only using Oracle bone inscriptions, but also new materials such as Xiao Tunnan's Oracle bones, which are not found in his books; Third, the book makes full use of the latest field archaeological data.
Although there are many achievements in the geographical research of Shang Dynasty, due to the limitations of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there are still great differences on the place names appearing in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Among them, the most obvious one is the main hunting area reflected in Wang Shang Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Now there are three views: Qinyang in Henan, Taishan in Shandong and Puyang in Henan (east of Xinxiang and west of Shandong).
Edit this paragraph about the damage in Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
1. Because the pharmacy owner refused the keel with traces on it, the farmers in Xiaotun Village scraped off the traces with a knife and sold the dug keel to the pharmacy at the price of 6 pence per catty.
So many historical materials of Shang Dynasty were ground into powder and eaten as medicine, which is the so-called "people swallowing the history of Shang Dynasty".
2. After the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, epigraphers, antique dealers and foreigners began to buy in large quantities.
These unscientific excavations often only take Oracle bones, ignoring the burial of Oracle bones, which greatly reduces the value of Oracle bones.
According to statistics, from 1889 to 1928, more than 10,000 pieces of Oracle bones10000 were excavated in private.
Edit this earlier Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
1In the summer of 985, the Haojing Archaeological Team of Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology excavated a large palace building site in Haojing, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in the area of garden village, Doumen Town, Chang 'an County, more than 20 kilometers southwest of xi City, and accidentally discovered a primitive social tribe living site during the "Longshan Culture" period, and found a number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions on this site.
Accordingly, archaeologists and ancient philologists believe that it is the earliest Oracle Bone Inscriptions ever seen in China, and the history of this batch of Oracle Bone Inscriptions can be traced back to at least 4,500 ~ 5,000 years ago, 1, 200 ~ 1, 700 years earlier than that of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.
Edit related resources in this paragraph.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions explains Chinese characters website.
Oracle dictionary, Xu Zhongshu, ISBN: 780682232 1, Oracle dictionary newly compiled by Sichuan Dictionary Publishing House, Liu Xinglong, ISBN: 780 173355x, international cultural publishing company Oracle Bone Inscriptions Pictorial, Liu, ISBN: 75330 18. 14) edited by Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, ISBN: 7-101-00523-3/h.43, oracle calligraphy website published by Zhonghua Book Company.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions Collection
The National Library of China has the largest collection of Oracle bones in China and even in the world, with a collection of 3565 1 piece.
Most of them are donated by famous artists and bought from private individuals and shops.
Among them, Mr. Liu Tizhi has the largest collection, with 150 boxes and more than 28,000 pieces.
Oracle bones collected by the National Library are also recorded in Luo Zhenyu's Book of Yin Ruins, Hu Houxuan's Collection of Newly Acquired Oracle bones in Beijing and Tianjin after World War II, Guo Moruo's Collection of Nazi Yin Qi and Guo Ruoyu's Collection of Yin Qi.
The National Library of China is also rich in Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings. In addition to Oracle bone inscriptions, there are 18 volumes and four letters, with more than 28,000 volumes.
In the Collection of Oracle Bone Inscriptions edited by Guo Moruo, there are more than ten kinds of Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings in the collection.
Edit this collection to identify fakes.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions carved Oracle Bone Inscriptions on the shoulder blade.
The fake is not clever, so we should pay attention to the following points: First, look at the old and new Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Oracle bones have been buried in the ground for more than 3,000 years and are called "sub-fossils" by some scholars, which naturally has a sense of simplicity.
Forgers often use large versions of fresh bovine bones to carve words (because tortoise shells are difficult to carve and easy to break), so be careful when carving large versions of bovine bones.
For example, James Mellon Menzies, a Presbyterian pastor in England, started collecting Oracle Bone Inscriptions in 19 14. Results The first time I bought the big bone version, all of them were imitation fresh bovine bones, which rotted and stinked after a short period of collection.
Second, if you can visually observe the real thing, you can look at the old and new incisions.
Even if the unearthed Oracle bones are newly carved, counterfeiters often smear them with clay because of the new incision.
Soon after the Oracle bones are soaked in water, you can brush off the soil with a brush, and the incision is clear at a glance.
Authentic products are deeply engraved and generally indelible because of their earthy color.
Third, see if the content conforms to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's method of writing examples.
Because forgers don't know the contents of Oracle bone inscriptions, most of them copy down the words on the real film at random, make a patchwork of them, and even write them backwards, and they don't know if they are wrong.
Therefore, we should pay attention to whether the lettering is connected into sentences during the identification.
A complete Oracle Bone Inscriptions consists of four parts: preface (also known as recitation, the date of divination, and the name of the diviner, usually a historian of Shang Dynasty), inquiry (also known as destiny, which is something to ask), accounting (the Shang Dynasty saw the conclusion of right and wrong after divination) and verification (the fulfillment of the result after divination), but many Oracle Bone Inscriptions are composed of four parts.
Fourth, look at the lettering format.
There are two styles of inscriptions on tortoise shells: those carved on the left and right, and read from the outside to the inside. Specifically, the words engraved on the left side of tortoise shell are read from left to right, and those engraved on the right side are read from right to left.
The other is the characters on both sides of the middle seam of tortoise shell, carved from the inside out, that is, the words on the left side of the middle seam are read from left to left, and the words on the right side are read from right to right.
Inscriptions on cattle bones are generally engraved on the edge of the bones and read from the outside to the inside.
Several Oracle Bone Inscriptions carved together, generally arranged from bottom to top.
Fifth, look at the font.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty crossed 12 Shang kings from Pan Geng to Di Xin for more than 270 years. The date of Oracle Bone Inscriptions can be clearly judged as the eight Shang kings from Wuding to Diyi.
During this period, the writing style has changed.
According to these changes and other archaeological achievements, some scholars divide Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins into five periods. The first period is a martial arts periodical, and the font is relatively large. The font of the fifth period is relatively small, and some writing strokes are also different. You can check it from Oracle Bone Inscriptions's reference books (such as Gao Ming's Collection of Ancient Characters, Zhonghua Book Company, 1980 edition).
Sixth, look at the names of Zhen people (fortune tellers).
The real person, who was divining for the king at that time, was a historian.
Zhen people lived in a certain period, and the surname Zhen is one of the basis of dating.
Early and late Zhen people could not be in charge of divination, so they should not appear on the same Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Many monographs have studied this, and the list is clear at a glance (for example, Chen's "An Overview of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins").
Generally speaking, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's identification of fakes is simpler than other cultural relics, but we should be more careful when copying all the originals or a piece of Oracle bones with unearthed inscriptions without words.
Previous studies on this work have achieved gratifying results.
Generally speaking, many of the Oracle Bone Inscriptions recorded by westerners are forgeries, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions collected by Kufang, Oracle Bone Inscriptions collected by Bergen and Oracle Bone Inscriptions collected by Zhang Jin. So be careful when quoting.
For example, in the 668th Oracle Bone Inscriptions collected by Zhang Jin, there are three original works of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the upper left part, such as "Ugly King Bu Zhenxun has no misfortune for Wang Zhan and Yue Ji", while the words in the lower half are large and clear, but they are meaningless in the text, so they are fakes.
Some forgers were originally lettering, so they were taken in by antique dealers and specialized in forging inscriptions.
For example, Lan Baoguang mentioned in Dong Zuobin's "Fifty Years of Oracle Bone Inscription" can imitate a complete real movie, and the fineness can be confused.
Fortunately, this person doesn't know how to write examples, otherwise he will "make" on the Oracle bones, which will add a lot of trouble to today's work of distinguishing fakes.
In addition to Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, a large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Western Zhou Dynasty have been discovered since 1954, many of which are written. It has been half a century since the discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins, and there is no wind of counterfeiting, so of course there is no need to distinguish between counterfeiting.
Edit this paragraph, Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions Company is the world's largest database software company (Oracle), becoming the second largest software company after Microsoft. Headquartered in redwood Beach, California, USA, its current CEO is Lawrence J. Ellison, the founder of the company.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions Silicon Valley was jointly invested by 1977. In the first year, it earned less than one million dollars, and 10 rose rapidly, with a market value of 64 billion dollars in 2004.
Around 2000, Microsoft's database products were only concentrated in the small and medium-sized enterprise market, but after Microsoft launched the MS SQL 7 database, it made a breakthrough in technology and seized the high-end software market.
IBM also attacked the market with DB2 database, which made Oracle Bone Inscriptions face great challenges.
When Oracle Bone Inscriptions worked out the counter-attack strategy, he took the so-called "Happy Paradise Meal" as a counter-attack.
In the past, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's database was just a platform, and most of the applications on the platform were developed by other companies. However, since the end of 2000, the company has launched a set of software called "E-commerce Suite", which contains personnel management system and sales system, both of which are programs rooted in the database.
However, this did not save the decline of Oracle Bone Inscriptions. According to IDC, during 2000-02, Microsoft's business increased by 46%, IBM increased by 465,438+0%, while Oracle Bone Inscriptions decreased by 65,438+00%.
In the database market, the competition does not stop there.
When Oracle Bone Inscriptions entered the application software, it faced not only the database competitors, but also the competition from the big brother SAP in the application field.
At that time, in the high-end commercial software market, SAP's market share in 2003 was as high as 36%, ranking first, while Oracle Bone Inscriptions only accounted for 13% in the same period.
In addition, IBM and Accenture, a solution consultant, provided software directly to customers in the form of software packages at that time, and did not even introduce and promote Oracle Bone Inscriptions's own products.
Compared with Oracle Bone Inscriptions's strategy, IBM is more inclined to take harmony as the major principle. At the publicity meeting in the industry, I repeatedly stressed that I would not follow the path of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and successfully appeased a number of application software manufacturers.
In mid-April 2009, Oracle Bone Inscriptions bought Sun Company for $7.4 billion.
However, due to the delay in the investigation of the case by the EU antitrust agency, the deadline for the EU to decide whether to approve the acquisition is 20 10 19.
On the evening of 2065438+0065438+1October 2 1, Beijing time, the EU unconditionally approved Oracle Bone Inscriptions to buy Sun with US$ 7 billion.
On October 27th, 20 10, Oracle Bone Inscriptions announced the completion of its acquisition of Sun, and held all-day related activities at its headquarters in Hongmu City, California, USA.
For Oracle Bone Inscriptions, this is another victory in the acquisition field, but for the open source database represented by MySQL, there will be greater development, or it will be weakened and become more chaotic.
Oracle is the first company to develop and deploy 100% internet-based enterprise software across the entire product line (database, business application software and application software development and decision support tools).
Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the world's leading information management software supplier and the second largest independent software company in the world.
Oracle Bone Inscriptions completed the acquisition of BEA Systems Limited, a leading provider of enterprise application infrastructure solutions.
Since the two companies share the same concept of modern SOA infrastructure, the acquisition of BEA is expected to accelerate innovation and further enhance the value provided by Oracle to its customers and partners.
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Morning news on September 7th, Beijing time, according to foreign media reports, on Monday, local time, Oracle Bone Inscriptions officially appointed Mark Hurd, former CEO of HP, as the new co-president and member of the board of directors.
Hurd was forced to resign as CEO of HP a month ago because of a sexual harassment scandal.
To this end, Oracle Bone Inscriptions CEO Larry Ellison wrote an email to * * *, calling Hurd a good friend and calling the resignation of HP's board of directors "the worst personnel decision since Apple's board fired Steve Jobs many years ago." Ellison said that Oracle Bone Inscriptions tried to correct the mistakes made by HP.