[principle]
Although higher fatty acid salts (mainly alkali metal potassium and sodium) are the main components of soap, many different soaps will be produced due to different needs, different manufacturing steps, different raw materials and different water quality.
Washing with soap can remove dirt and make the skin dry easily. Therefore, on the basis of not affecting decontamination, neutral grease, olive oil and lanolin can be used to prepare fat soap.
[supplies]
1. Instrument flask, hard test tube, iron frame and accessories, stirring glass rod, beaker, thermometer, catheter, latex tube and alcohol lamp, etc.
2. Reagent soap solution, castor oil, rosin, sugar, ethanol, glycerol, coconut oil, 10 mol L- 1 sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, palm oil, vegetable oil, diethanolamine dodecyl sulfate, coconut oil diethanolamine, linseed, ethylene glycol stearate, diethanol press, ammonium alkyl ether sulfate, synthetic wax, etc. Triethanolamine, bitter almond oil, soap antioxidant, polyethylene glycol, quaternary ammonium compound, deionized water, magnesium aluminum silicate, propylene glycol, sodium hydroxide solution (density 1. 168g/cm3), refined soybean oil, sunflower oil, perfume, titanium dioxide, etc.
[operation]
(1) liquid soap and soft soap
1. liquid soap.
When the water temperature reaches 70~72℃ in a beaker filled with water, slowly add coconut oil acyl propyl betaine and keep stirring. When the temperature drops to 58℃, add preservatives and spices, and continue stirring for half an hour. Adjust the pH value to 6.0 2 with citric acid, and then adjust the viscosity with sodium chloride. When the temperature is below 46℃, it can be taken out.
The formula of hand sanitizer is as follows: wax 1.5%, sodium dodecyl sulfate 29.0%, cocoyl diethanolamine 2%, cocoyl propyl betaine 6% and water 6 1.5%.
This soap can degrease the skin, and the synthetic wax can improve the softness with pearl-like foam, forming a protective film on the skin without greasy feeling.
2. Soft soap.
Put 50 ml of linseed oil or soybean oil into a flask and heat it in a water bath. When the temperature is kept at 80℃, slowly add 60ml 10mol L- 1 sodium hydroxide solution into the flask and shake or stir it to make it a transparent soap solution. Then pour 5mL of ethanol and dissolve it continuously. If it is transparent, it can be evaporated for a period of time. When you see that the liquid has a light yellow, yellow-green, yellow-brown transparent sticky soft block, you can pour it out.
Soft soap can be used to wash hands before operation, and can be made into liniment with 5% solution when used as enema, and can also be used to treat joint neuralgia.
(2) Pearlescent hand sanitizer and natural hand sanitizer
1. Natural hand sanitizer.
(1) coconut oil acid 10.8%, oleic acid 4.3%, ethanolamine 2.2%, triethanolamine 4.9%, glycerol 2.2%, bitter almond oil 0.2%, polyethylene glycol 60 lanolin 2%, quaternary ammonium compound 0.3%, then mixed with appropriate preservatives, pigments and antioxidants, and put it on the table.
(2) Take 1% magnesium aluminum silicate, slowly add it into a beaker filled with half water, mix it evenly, heat it and keep it at 70℃. Take another beaker, dissolve 2% potassium hydroxide in 37.5% water solution, slowly inject, heat to 70℃, add 2.5% propylene glycol and 6% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and stir evenly. Finally, the mixture of the two beakers is mixed together. The mixture was poured into oleic acid at 90℃ and cooled.
2. Pearlescent hand sanitizer.
Put 77.4% water and a small amount of preservative into a beaker, heat to 60℃, then gradually add lauroyl diethanol sulfate and coconut oil diethanol amine 10%, lauroyl diethanol and oleic acid diethanol amine 1.5%, dissolve 2.5% ethylene glycol stearate, then cool to 40℃ and mix with ammonium alkyl ether sulfate 8.6. That is, white pearlescent liquid, with good decontamination and foaming effect.
(3) Soap
Put butter and coconut oil in a flask according to the ratio of 80∶20, mix and inject sodium hydroxide solution, shake well and heat with alcohol lamp. Palm oil, olive oil and hardened oil are sometimes added for saponification. Finally, add spices, including sandalwood, jasmine, exotic, rose, osmanthus, orchid and so on.
After saponification, soap can be separated by salting out.
To check the quality of soap, you can soak the soap in constant temperature water at 20℃ for 5 hours, and then cut and measure the depth of the burnt layer. The appearance of easy paste rot is caused by loose structure and low water content of soap body. Cut the soap with steel wire and observe whether the soap body structure is smooth and tight, as long as there is no white core.
Small experiment: preparation of soap
Understand the important energy in the body-oil.
Oil is one of the main foods of human beings and an indispensable nutrient for human body. Let's learn about the composition of oil.
Composition of oil: The main component of oil is the ester formed by higher fatty acids and glycerol, which is called triglyceride. The hydrocarbon groups may be the same or different saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon groups. If the hydrocarbon groups are the same, these oils are called monoglycerides, and if the hydrocarbon groups are different, they are called mixed glycerides. Most natural oils and fats are mixed glycerides.
The saturation of fatty acids forming oil has an important influence on the melting point of oil. Glycerol esters produced by saturated palmitic acid or stearic acid have a high melting point and are solid at room temperature. Animal oil, such as sheep oil, butter, etc. ; Glyceryl ester produced by unsaturated oleic acid has a low melting point and is liquid at room temperature. For example, the main component of vegetable oil is glyceryl oleate.
Small experiment: preparation of soap
Experimental purpose: 1. Understand the preparation process of soap. 2. Understand the important properties of oil saponification reaction.
Experimental supplies: beaker, measuring cylinder, evaporating dish, dropper, glass rod, gauze, iron frame (with iron ring), alcohol lamp, matches, vegetable oil (or animal oil), ethanol, 30% sodium hydroxide solution, saturated sodium chloride solution and distilled water.
Experimental process:
1. Preparation of raw materials: Take 8 ml of vegetable oil, 8 ml of ethanol and 4 ml of 30% sodium hydroxide solution from three measuring cylinders and pour them into the same dry evaporating dish.
2. Heating raw materials: put the evaporating dish containing raw materials on the iron ring of the iron frame, and light the alcohol lamp to heat it. In order to make the raw materials evenly heated and fully saponified, the glass rod was used to continuously stir and heat until the mixture became thick.
3. salting-out: stir the thick substance formed by saponification of oil and alkali with a glass rod, and add 25 ml saturated sodium chloride solution at the same time. You can see that the solution is divided into upper and lower layers, and soap is precipitated. Finally, the soap becomes mushy and floats on the liquid, and the lower layer is a yellow or brown water-liquid layer. (The role of the solution containing sodium chloride is to precipitate soap (salting out), because the addition of sodium chloride reduces the solubility of higher fatty acid sodium. The purpose of glass rod stirring is to evenly mix the sodium chloride solution with the liquid in the evaporating dish. )
4. Filtering: filtering the mixed solution after salting out with gauze, squeezing the solid mixture on the gauze, adding perfume (rosin), pressing into strips, and drying.
Question thinking:
1, what is the purpose of adding ethanol in the preparation of raw materials? What is the function of adding sodium hydroxide? The purpose of adding ethanol is to make the reactants become uniform liquid, thus improving the reaction rate. The function of sodium hydroxide is catalysis.
2. What happened to vegetable oil under the action of sodium hydroxide? What is the reaction type? Write the chemical reaction equation. (saponification occurred. The reaction type is hydrolysis reaction. The equation is abbreviated. )
3. What is the composition of vegetable oil? What is the composition of soap? The component of vegetable oil is glyceryl oleate. The main component of soap is sodium fatty acid. )
4. What is the function of adding saturated sodium chloride solution in Experiment 3? What is the reason? What is the function of glass rod stirring? What happened to the mixture in experiment 3? The function of saturated sodium chloride solution is to precipitate soap (salting out). Because the addition of sodium chloride reduces the solubility of higher fatty acid sodium. The purpose of glass rod stirring is to evenly mix the sodium chloride solution with the liquid in the evaporating dish. What you see is that the solution is divided into two layers. )
5. What is the principle of soap decontamination? (The carboxyl group of higher fatty acid sodium is soluble in water, while the hydrocarbon group is insoluble in water. When the grease in the dirt comes into contact with soap, the alkyl group in the higher fatty acid sodium molecule is inserted into the oil drop, while the water-soluble carboxyl group extends out of the oil drop and is inserted into the water, and the oil drop is surrounded by soap molecules. After friction and vibration, large oil droplets are dispersed into small oil droplets, which are finally separated from the washed fiber fabric and dispersed into water to form emulsion, thus achieving the purpose of washing. )