Abstract: At present, the mainstream trend of world economic development is globalization and regional integration. Northeast Asia, as the corner with the most development potential in East Asia, has obviously lagged behind the pace of world development, although regional economic cooperation has developed to some extent. Northeast China and Russian Far East are located in the center of Northeast Asia. With the in-depth development of Sino-Russian relations and the acceleration of regional economic cooperation, Russia and China's neighboring areas have formed a geographically interdependent cooperation situation, and strengthening Sino-Russian regional economic cooperation has become the focus of both sides.
Keywords: Northeast China; Russia; economic and trade cooperation
The mainstream trend of world economic development today is globalization and regional integration. As the most potential corner of East Asia, Northeast Asia's regional economic cooperation has developed to a certain extent. Northeast China and Russian Far East are located in the center of Northeast Asia, and their cooperation has a long history. However, due to historical and practical reasons, the degree, depth and progress of Sino-Russian cooperation are far behind the cooperation process in some parts of the world. In the past two decades, Sino-Russian relations have experienced "friendly and good-neighborly relations between the two sides" and "constructive partnership" until the establishment of "strategic cooperative partnership", which is a new state-to-state relationship based on equality and transcending ideology. However, at present, the depth and breadth of economic and trade cooperation between the two countries are very asymmetric with their economic potential, great power status and bilateral political relations.
20 1 1 year, Russia is the tenth largest trading country of China, and China is the largest trading country of Russia. In the world, actively participating in regional economic cooperation and establishing a free trade zone is an important way for a country to integrate into global economic integration, improve its international competitiveness, and explore the international market to the maximum extent to develop its own economy. China and Russia are no exception. Russian Far East is a vast arc zone from Central Asia to Caucasus. Northeast China is rich in resources and has a superior geographical position, which plays a unique geo-economic strategic value in the regional economic cooperation between the two countries with complementary advantages.
Judging from the development of Sino-Russian trade in the past 20 years, although Sino-Russian trade is not smooth sailing and there are some subjective and objective problems and constraints, the overall development trend is good and the prospects are bright. The strategic development of China and Russia has an extremely important geostrategic position, and even plays an important role in the whole regional cooperation in Northeast Asia. Therefore, the two countries should give full play to their respective advantages, strengthen complementary economic cooperation, learn from the existing development model of international free trade areas, take the lead in implementing the economic integration of small areas with good local development as a pilot, and realize the strategic concept of Sino-Russian free trade areas through point-to-point free trade areas with the active participation of surrounding areas. Under the new situation, China should re-examine the irreplaceable position of Russia in China's development strategy from a brand-new perspective, give full play to China's geographical advantages, focus on the long term, establish future-oriented bilateral relations, and realize mutually beneficial cooperation and common development. Of course, the establishment of Sino-Russian trade zone is a long and complicated process of economic cooperation, which requires the two countries to strengthen communication, enhance understanding, face challenges step by step, and promote cooperation from the overall interests.
I. Development of Sino-Russian Far East Trade
The trade commodity structure between China and Russia is closely related to the industrial structure and production development level of the two countries. The trade structure between China and China is characterized by labor-intensive products in and resource-intensive products in Russia. The two sides are highly complementary, and the mode of trade tends to be standardized gradually. The traditional border barter trade between the two countries played an important role in promoting the development of Sino-Russian trade in the early 1990s. However, with the adjustment of trade relations between the two countries, barter trade has basically withdrawn from the stage of border trade, and modern and standardized cash trade accounts for an increasing proportion in the trade between the two countries, which reflects the process of internationalization of border trade and standardization of management methods of border trade enterprises.
The proportion of private enterprises in Sino-Russian border trade has increased. In the early days of Sino-Russian border trade, state-owned enterprises were the main force of Sino-Russian trade. In recent years, private enterprises have developed rapidly and their share in exports to Russia has gradually increased. At the same time, China's trade deficit is decreasing year by year. In 1990s, China has been in a deficit position in Sino-Russian trade. With the economic development of China and Russia, the changes of their respective market demands and the adjustment of trade policies, China's deficit in Sino-Russian trade has gradually decreased. In recent years, China's border tourism trade with Russia has developed rapidly, and tourism trade has become a new bright spot and an important part of Sino-Russian border trade. Tourist shopping goods are small quantities of goods that outbound tourists entrust customs declaration enterprises to declare their departure by freight during the "border tour" in border areas. Due to the flexibility of trade mode and the change of trade scale with market demand, this trade mode has developed rapidly in China's border areas.
Second, the development of Sino-Russian Far East trade.
With the continuous expansion of bilateral trade between China and Russia, the border trade between the two countries has also developed rapidly, especially in the Far East. At the same time, some new problems inevitably appear and need to be solved by both sides. At present, the main problem in the development of Sino-Russian Far East trade is the lack of stamina in the border areas. For a long time, less than 25% of the products exported to Russia in China's border areas are local products, and most of the export products come from other provinces and cities. Border areas failed to make full use of geographical advantages, attract domestic and foreign investment, develop production capacity for foreign markets, and only sold products from the south to Russia in turn. It is the border areas that have failed to establish their own production bases, especially their own famous products. Except for a few fist products, most of the products are weak in export competitiveness, lacking a solid production foundation for trade with Russia and seriously lacking in stamina.
Trade bottleneck restricts the development of border trade, especially in local currency settlement, commercial dispute arbitration and insurance system, which seriously affects the normal development of Sino-Russian border trade in the Far East. The "three lows" of trade structure have affected the development of trade potential. The low level of trade subjects, low added value of trade goods and low level of economic and trade cooperation have become structural obstacles to the great progress of Sino-Russian border trade, and its seriousness cannot be underestimated. In recent years, Russian police have repeatedly taken "surprise actions" against China's goods, and "grey customs clearance" is the chief culprit, but so far both sides have failed to find a suitable solution. Some Russian practices have also played a certain role in restraining the development of Sino-Russian border trade. For example, in 2006, Russia adopted strict "limited time" measures for tourists and shoppers to carry goods duty-free, which led to a sharp decline in the tourism trade volume between the two sides. For another example, Russia has not yet completed the examination and approval procedures for the construction of the Jiehe Bridge, which the two sides have already reached an agreement. In addition, the speed of Russian port construction is difficult to meet the needs of the rapid development of bilateral economic and trade cooperation.
Third, the significance of promoting the development of Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation
Geopolitical relationship refers to the political relationship between countries or between countries and special regions due to geographical proximity. This relationship should conform to the law of marginal effect, that is, two countries with similar geographical positions will get twice the benefits compared with countries far away. If they are hostile to each other, the disaster will be doubled. The direct geographical contact between China and Russia is mainly concentrated in the Russian Far East and the northeast adjacent to China.