Tisch
Comrade * * * *' s theory of practice mainly discusses the relationship between knowledge and action-the relationship between knowledge and action. This practical theory is a combination of the universal principles of Marxism-Leninism and China's revolutionary practice, and creatively puts forward practical concepts and theories with China characteristics. It is a scientific Marxist view of practice that guides China to make great achievements in the stages of national independence, people's liberation and socialist construction, a complete dialectical materialist epistemology and a scientific view of integrating knowledge with practice. Comrade * * * *' s thought of seeking truth from facts is the guiding ideology of our party in power, which is of great historical significance. Today, it still has important guiding significance for us to build a harmonious socialist society, build a well-off society in an all-round way and adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development. As contemporary college students, especially those who want to join the Party, they should learn from this article, learn the methods and ideas of dialectical materialism, arm their minds and contribute to the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation!
Marxists believe that human production activity is the most basic practical activity, and it is what determines all other activities. This tells us that all human knowledge is obtained from production activities, and then this knowledge can be used to solve human life problems. This is the basic source of human cognitive development. The reason why Marxist theory is more advanced than other theories is mainly because it combines theory with practice and is constantly enriched and developed in practice. The unity of theory and practice is one of the most basic principles of Marxism. Comrade * * * studied this basic principle of Marx, combined China's actual situation with his theory, and embarked on a revolutionary road with China characteristics.
* * * In this article, it is argued that "only people's social practice is the truth standard for people to know the outside world."
If people want to realize their ideals, they must conform to the laws of the objective outside world. If they don't do this, they will fail in practice. People want to know whether their knowledge or theory is correct, not according to their subjective feelings, but according to the objective results of social practice. Just like when we do an application problem, if we want to know whether we are doing it correctly, we must substitute our own results into practical problems to test it. This is the basic viewpoint of dialectical materialism-theory is based on practice, and then it turns to serve practice. So the standard of truth can only be social practice.
Comrade * * * also discussed the process of cognition in "On Practice". "The first step is to get in touch with the outside world, which belongs to the awareness stage. The second part is to sort out and transform the materials of comprehensive feeling, which belongs to the stage of concept, judgment and reasoning. " This tells us that we can't immediately understand what we feel, and only what we understand can be felt more deeply. Feeling only solves the problem of phenomena, while theory solves the problem of essence. But the solution of these problems can not be separated from practice. Perception and rationality are different in nature, but they are not separated from each other. They are unified on the basis of practice. Perception is the primary stage of cognition, and rationality is the in-depth stage of cognition. "Cognition needs to be deepened, and the perceptual stage of cognition needs to develop to the rational stage-this is the dialectics of epistemology". This teaches us that no matter what we do, we should think deeply from perceptual knowledge and then jump into rational knowledge.
"Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, which needs to develop into rational knowledge. This is the epistemology of dialectical materialism. " Knowledge begins with practice, and theoretical knowledge gained through practice must be tested again in practice. Lenin said: "Without revolutionary theory, there would be no revolutionary movement." The dynamic role of knowledge is not only manifested in the dynamic leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, but also in the leap from rational knowledge to revolutionary practice. This tells us that to solve the problem thoroughly, we must return rational knowledge to social practice and apply theory to practice to see if we can achieve the expected goal. Marxism-Leninism became truth because it was produced in practice, and more importantly, it was confirmed by the later practice of revolutionary class struggle and national struggle, and then it was enriched in practice.
Practice is the only criterion for testing truth. The reason why practice can be used as the test standard of truth is determined by the nature of truth and the characteristics of practice. First of all, the essence of truth lies in the consistency of subjectivity and objectivity. Secondly, from the characteristics of practice, practice has the characteristics of direct reality. Truth must be logical, but what is logical is not necessarily truth. Whether it is true or not can only be finally proved through the test of practice.
Finding truth through practice, and then confirming and developing truth through practice, this is the development process of truth. From practice to understanding, and then from understanding to practice, so practice, understanding, practice and re-understanding, cycle by cycle, deepen and improve step by step. This is the general process of cognitive development.
This is the whole epistemology of dialectical materialism, this is the unity of knowledge and practice of dialectical materialism, this is my experience of reading * * * "On Practice", and it is also the essence of the theory of practice I have realized.
extreme
* * * On Practice was written in July 1937. At that time, China had serious "Left" and "Right" erroneous ideas. The essence of these mistakes is the deviation between subjective and objective, and the inconsistency between understanding and practice. Once these mistakes are enlarged, they will lead to serious losses in the China Revolution, and the problem is very serious. * * * Deeply aware of this, from the viewpoint of Marxist epistemology, we expose these mistakes, aiming at reaching a consensus of inner-party thoughts, thus guiding the China revolution and ensuring the victory of the China revolution.
First, the difference between the standard of truth and the standard of testing whether knowledge has truth.
The definition of truth in Marxist philosophy is as follows: "Truth" is an epistemological concept, a philosophical category that marks the consistency between subjective and objective, and a correct reflection of objective things and their laws. (1) According to the definition, truth is a correct reflection of the objective world and conforms to it. The standard of truth is to measure whether some knowledge has truth, and from its definition, this standard is the objective external world. This must not be confused with the standard of testing knowledge. Because "testing", as its name implies, is to connect the subjective world with the objective world. Of course, this objective world will never be solved. As Marx said, "the external objective world that exists independently from human activities will not compare subjective knowledge with objective reality, so it is impossible to determine whether a certain knowledge has truth."
From the above inference, we get the understanding that truth is consistent with the outside world, and the degree of consistency is directly proportional to truth. So, how to judge whether some knowledge is consistent with the objective world, and to what extent? Here will lead to another question ―― What methods do we use to test the truth of knowledge? Of course, this is not done by the objective world, as discussed in the last paragraph. Since it is not tested by the objective world, what is the standard of testing? Marxist philosophy puts forward that practice is the standard to test whether knowledge has truth, which is determined by the characteristics of practice and the nature of truth. The universality and direct reality of practice make it a standard to test the truth of knowledge. Universality is easy to understand, and people are always practicing production activities throughout our lives. Marx's direct reality has two meanings: first, practice itself is direct reality; Second, practice can make a theory without direct reality become direct reality, and test whether it conforms to the objective world and to what extent. Direct reality is a bit abstract. Let's give a well-understood example: when you get home, you really want to eat the braised pork cooked by your mother, but before you see the real braised pork, you just have an impression of it, imagine what color it is, what taste it is, and so on. When this dish is put directly in front of you, you will really feel it. This is that practice can turn a theory without direct reality into direct reality.
Second, the role of logical proof and human perceptual experience in the process of testing truth.
The position and function of logical proof in the process of testing the truth can not be ignored. Especially in the fields of mathematics and science, logical proof plays a vital role. Take mathematics as an example. "On the plane, the sum of the three internal angles of a triangle is equal to 180 degrees." This theorem is proved by logical reasoning. Although everyone says that this axiom has been proved by many practical activities, we still can't deny that logical proof plays a more direct role in testing truth than practice in mathematics. This verification is very simple and saves a lot of time so that we can do other things. Of course, the same is true of the book knowledge we students receive. In essence, the knowledge in books is the essence summarized by human beings through countless practical activities, and our descendants can learn directly.
Secondly, let's talk about the role of human perceptual experience in testing the standard of truth. We all know that there are two kinds of human cognition: perceptual cognition and rational cognition. How to test the correctness of perceptual knowledge? Everyone will definitely answer: of course, it is a perceptual experience activity. Everyone says that the 17-hole bridge in the Summer Palace is beautiful, so you can know the authenticity by yourself. However, perceptual experience activities are only used to judge whether a very simple understanding is correct, and it cannot and cannot replace the role of practice. Feeling experience is likely to be wrong under certain conditions. For example, the chopsticks we see are curved when inserted in the water, but they are still straight. The moon we see at night is constantly moving, but in fact, our earth is spinning; Secondly, compared with rational knowledge, perceptual knowledge has many limitations. * * * mentioned in "On Practice" that perceptual knowledge is the external connection between phenomena, sides and things; And rational understanding is to grasp the essence of things, the whole of things, and the internal relations of things. Concept and feeling are not only quantitative differences, but also qualitative differences. So in the final analysis, practice is the fundamental criterion for testing truth.
Third, practice the process of testing truth.
The process of testing whether knowledge has the standard of truth is not as simple as we thought. Marxists believe that practice is to test whether knowledge has truth by testing whether it is consistent with the objective world in the process of repeated practice.
First of all, we should determine the object of practice, that is, what knowledge is tested by practice. At the beginning of China's * * revolution, we followed the example of the Soviet Union and thought that this road could win the revolution. Secondly, implement it according to a practical plan. After a period of practice, the revolution was carried out according to the concept that the city surrounded the countryside; Third, analyze the results. China found in practice that this road is not feasible under the special national conditions of China. The analysis results are very important. In this process, we will analyze whether the current results have achieved the original expected results. However, we can't decisively say that it is fallacy to fail to achieve the expected effect, and truth is to achieve the initial effect. This is because in practice, we will encounter various situations: the development of the objective process and the limitations of its performance process, and the aspects and essence of the objective process have not been fully exposed. (4) Due to unexpected problems in practice, our practice has not received the expected results. Fourthly, we should make a new plan on the basis of analysis. Take the route that the city surrounds the countryside as an example. After the failure, China learned a lesson from it, revised his thoughts to conform to China's specific national conditions, and turned to the route of "encircling the city from the countryside", and achieved the initial victory of the revolution. * * * The so-called "learning from mistakes" is the truth. Finally, it is necessary to put the readjusted plan into practice again and carry out the above process, so that people will have a deeper understanding of the outside world. This process is what Marx called "practice-cognition-practice-cognition".
The above is my understanding that the practice of Marxist philosophy is the only and fundamental standard to test whether knowledge has truth. Engels called the concept of practice put forward by Marx in the Outline of Feuerbach as "the first document containing the budding genius of the new world outlook", which shows the important role of practice in Marxist philosophy and the whole history of philosophy. Through this article, I further make it clear that the standard of truth is the objective world, and the standard of testing truth is practice. Logical proof and perceptual experience activities also play an important role in testing the activities of understanding truth, but practice is its most fundamental standard. The process of testing the truth of knowledge is a very complicated process. In this process, people constantly deepen their understanding and improve their ability to transform the outside world.
Tisso
1July, 937, was the do or die of China revolution, but two very bad ideas appeared in the party, namely dogmatism and empiricism, which hindered the development of the revolution. In order to expose this unhealthy phenomenon and promote the development of China revolution, * * * wrote this famous article. Throughout the whole article, this article is almost a perfect philosophical paper, shining with speculative philosophical light everywhere; At the same time, because * * * is a writer with China literati blood, this article is naturally full of literary flavor.
Practice is the only way to seek true knowledge.
"Practice is the source, motivation, purpose and test standard of knowledge."
Marxists believe that only people's social practice is the truth standard for people to know the outside world. The actual situation is like this. Only in the process of social practice, material production, class struggle and scientific experiment can people's understanding be confirmed. If people want to win the job and get the expected results, they must make their thoughts conform to the laws of the objective outside world. If they don't do this, they will fail in practice. After the failure, people learn from the failure and revise their own thoughts to adapt to the external laws, so that people can turn the failure into victory. The so-called "the mother of success for losers" and "learning from mistakes" are the truth.
The essence of "practice is the only criterion for testing truth", and "cognition-practice-re-cognition" is the practical route of "On Practice".
Pay attention to methods in practice
Practice is a process of how to verify whether truth conforms to objective things and their laws. When it comes to practice methods, I want to start with the characteristics of practice.
First, practice has timeliness and locality: the content of practice will change greatly with the change of time and place, and what has been proved by previous practice and other places may not necessarily apply to that time, future and place. Those who "carve a boat for a sword" also made similar mistakes.
Second, practice is regional and contingent: the conclusion of a regional practice may not be applicable to the whole regional practice, and the result of a contingent practice may not necessarily reflect the basic and universal laws. Those who "wait for the rabbit" will make similar mistakes.
Third, practice is hierarchical: the conclusion of practice at this level may not be applicable to other levels and all levels.
Fourth, practice is subjective: no human practice can absolutely get rid of the subjective factors of the practice subject; There is no absolutely objective human practice. The different degree of initiative of the subject will inevitably affect the specific effect of practice.
The combination of the above features forms the "concealment" or limitation of human practice. Because of this, it is not enough to completely deny or affirm a certain understanding only by relying on the specific practice of one place, one time, one place, one person and one region; It is not enough to completely deny or affirm a certain understanding only by relying on concrete conclusions drawn from concrete practice without giving rational abstraction, generalization and summary.
Specific practice can only be used to prove specific conclusions, basic practice can only be used to prove basic conclusions, and universal practice can be used to prove universal conclusions; Only with the help of people's rational thinking ability can all human practices rise from regional to basic, from basic to universal, and then form human universal practice and absolute practice abstractly, so as to fully prove the truth of objective things.
In addition, we should prevent empiricism and dogmatism. This article greatly promoted the revolution in China at that time. It criticized two bad tendencies in the revolution at that time, one was empiricism and the other was dogmatism. What is the harm of empiricism? For example. A team of scientific researchers will explore the top of a snowy mountain. An expert pointed out that it is very cold on the top of the mountain, and the pores are easy to freeze, so it is necessary to bring more steel needles to prevent accidents. But the person in charge of the equipment is an old team member. According to his experience, he thought a steel needle was enough, so he didn't listen to the expert's advice. As a result, these people froze to death at the top of the mountain, because the steel needle was accidentally broken and the air hole was blocked, so they could not keep warm. This article comes from the secretary writing network, which shows that experience is necessary, but empiricism is absolutely unacceptable. I think, the result of empiricism is that before making a decision, "the plan comes to mind with a frown", and after practice, "this article came from the secretarial writing network and burst into tears".
Pay attention to summing up the exercises.
The process of summary is a process of understanding leap. We should be good at summing up our own practical experience and make efforts to re-understand this link. Whether learning or summing up, we must find the right combination of theory and practice, sublimate in combination, innovate in combination and develop in combination. To this end, it is necessary to combine investigation and research, not only to clarify the situation, but also to sort out the mess; Combining experience with lessons, successful experience is important, but failed lessons are more valuable, and learning lessons often makes people smarter; Combining quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis, we should not only have rich materials, but also find out the essence; To combine centralization with persistence, we should not only be good at centralizing correct opinions to form scientific decisions, but also make unremitting efforts to implement them. In this way, we will continue to sublimate, let the piecemeal become systematic, simply rise to rationality, then return to practice, and test and develop in practice. So as to form a virtuous circle of practice, understanding, summary, re-practice, re-understanding and re-summary.
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