Catalogue of Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi Province

Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan Province

He' nan Dengfeng Songyang Academy

He' nan Shangqiu Yingtian Academy

Including: Bailudong Academy in Lushan, Jiangxi, Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan, Songyang Academy in Dengfeng, Henan and Yingtian Academy in Shangqiu, Henan.

Jiangxi Lushan Bailudong Academy

Bailudong Academy is one of the four major academies in Song Dynasty. Located at the foot of Houping Mountain at the southern foot of Wulaofeng Mountain in Lushan Mountain, there are Zuo Yi in the west and Zhuo'er Mountain in the south, three mountains around the platform, and a middle-stream (Guandaoxi). Without the noise of the market, there will be the victory of Chunshi. The hospital has a mountainous area of 3,000 mu and a building area of 3,800 square meters. Surrounded by mountains and rivers, it is quiet and quiet, and it is a national key cultural relics protection unit. Academy "started in Tang Dynasty, flourished in Song Dynasty, and continued in Ming and Qing Dynasties", which has been over 1000 years. It was originally the secluded place of Li Bo, a Luoyang native, and his brother in the first year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dynasty (785). Li Bo keeps a white deer, who goes in and out to follow, and is called Mr. White Deer. Later, Li Bo was the secretariat of Jiangzhou. He built a platform to grow flowers in his former secluded place, numbered Bailudong. In fact, there is no cave, just because there are green hills around him, which looks like a cave. Bailudong was named after it. At the end of the Tang dynasty, the soldiers were in chaos, and the elegant people came here to study. During the Kaiyuan period of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Shandao, Zhu Bi and others set up fields here and gathered disciples to give lectures, which was called "Lushan Mountain Gardening". At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the academy expanded, and it was called the four major academies together with Suiyang, Shigu and Yuelu. Zhu, a famous Neo-Confucianism and educator in the Southern Song Dynasty, was ordered to learn about Nankang Army, to make a field trip to Bailudong Academy, to obtain the consent of Xiaozong, to raise funds to build houses, to collect books, to hire famous teachers, to gather students and to give lectures in person, and to formulate five canons, namely, the famous Bailudong Academy revealed. The Rules of Bailudong Academy not only embodies Zhu's educational thought of "respecting things, knowing and doing, being sincere, being upright, cultivating oneself, keeping the family in order, governing the country and calming the world" based on a set of Confucian classics, but also becomes the 700-year school-running mode of China feudal society after the Southern Song Dynasty and one of the earliest educational rules and regulations in the history of education. At this point, Bailudong Academy reached its heyday, known as "the first academy in China", and "the literati's style of writing was in full bloom and elegant at one time". Bailudong Academy, like Yuelu Academy, became an important base for studying Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Bailudong Academy was destroyed by war. The earliest maintenance in Ming dynasty was in the first year of orthodoxy (1436), and there were also repairs in Chenghua, Hongzhi, Jiajing and Wanli. Bailudong Academy in Qing Dynasty was still renovated many times and continued to run. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, the political and economic changes in China witnessed an upsurge of educational reform. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), the Qing emperor ordered the reform and changed the academy into a school. In the 29th year of Guangxu, Bailudong Academy was closed, and Dong Tian was managed by Nankangfu (now Xing Zi) Middle School. In the second year of Xuantong (19 10), Bailudong Academy was changed to Jiangxi Higher Forestry School. During the 700 years from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, Bailudong Academy has been the center of Neo-Confucianism in China during the Song and Ming Dynasties. Lu Xiangshan, Wang Yangming and others have all given lectures here. The halls and pavilions of the academy are magnificent and scattered, and teachers and students gather together like a city of learning. During the Kuomintang period, Chiang Kai-shek prepared to ask Nanchang Zhongzheng University to take over Bailudong Academy, but it didn't come true. After the founding of New China, the government took a series of measures to protect and maintain Bailudong Academy. 1959 is listed as a cultural relic protection unit in Jiangxi province; Lushan Bailudong Cultural Relics Management Office was established in1979; 1988 was announced as a national key cultural relics protection unit and a national second-class nature reserve. In the same year, Bailudong Academy was established as an academic research institution. 1990, the management Committee of Lushan Bailudong Academy was established. At present, Bailudong Academy has formed a comprehensive management system integrating cultural relics management, teaching, academic research, tourism reception and garden construction. 1928, Hu Shi came to Bailudong Academy and praised it. Hu Shi praised Bailudong for two reasons. First, "Bailudong Academy is the earliest academy in China and one of the' Four Worshipers'"; Second, Zhu's "White Deer Cave Regulations" is "simple and clear, and has become the educational purpose of later generations for 700 years." There is a famous conclusion in his Travel Notes on Lushan Mountain: "There are three historical sites in Lushan Mountain, which represent three major trends: (1) Lindong, Hui Yuan, which represents the general trend of" Buddhism "and" China "in China. (2) White Deer Cave represents the general trend of Song studies in China in recent 700 years. (3) Guling represents the general trend of western culture invading China. The natural scenery of Bailudong Academy is extremely beautiful, with four mountains surrounding the platform, towering ancient trees, ancient bridges crossing streams and unique caves. Now it has become a good mirror of cultural tourism. There are beautiful pines and cypresses in the courtyard, flowers and plants compete for fragrance and the environment is quiet and beautiful. The museum's collection reflects the historical and cultural glory of Lushan Mountain, including ancient bronzes and ancient ceramics unearthed locally and collected from other places, calligraphy rubbings by famous calligraphers Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Mi Fei and Huang Tingjian in Tang and Song Dynasties, painting and calligraphy scrolls by famous painters Tang Yin, Zheng Banqiao and Zhu Da in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the most precious ones are Five Hundred Arhats, Hua Yan Jing in Blood and crystal beads, all of which are national first-class cultural treasures. Under the guidance of Confucian Neo-Confucianism, Bailudong Academy, relying on Lushan Mountain, a treasure trove of geomantic omen, and relying on the careful cultivation of scholars and enthusiastic educators in previous dynasties, has gained a profound culture different from that of temple-style state, government and county schools, which makes people yearn for, explore and pursue. This is why it has been full of vitality, soul and charm for more than 1000 years. Bailuyuan Academy is connected in series from west to east along the west of the official road in the existing buildings, and is composed of the academy gatehouse, Ziyang Academy, Bailuyuan Academy, Yan Hotel and other architectural communities. The buildings all face south, with stone or brick-wood structure, and the roof is a herringbone hard peak, which is quite elegant and indifferent.

Yuelu Academy in Changsha, Hunan Province

Yuelu Academy, located at the foot of Yuelu Mountain, the last peak of Nanyue Mountain in Changsha, Hunan Province, is the best preserved ancient academy in China. Yuelu Academy was founded in the early years of Northern Song Dynasty. In the sixth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (973), Zhu Dong took Shangshu as the secretariat of Tanzhou. In view of the numerous temples under Huang Bao Cave in Yuelu Mountain in Changsha and the quiet environment, he accepted Liu Ao's suggestion and founded Yuelu Academy on the basis of the original monastery. The newly established college is divided into five lecture halls and fifty-two dormitories, in which the lecture hall is the place where teachers give lectures and the lent hall is the place where students usually study and stay. The pattern of Yuelu Academy has a lecture hall in the middle and a series of houses in the east and west, which has been passed down to this day. There are 5 lecture halls and 52 study rooms. In the second year of Song Taizong Xianping (999), Li Yun was appointed as the secretariat of Tanzhou. On the one hand, he continued to expand the scale of the academy, adding libraries and "auditorium" (also known as "Confucius Hall"), and "sculpting ten philosophers and painting seventy-two sages"; On the one hand, actively strive for the court's support for Yuelu's learning, so as to promote the greater development of the academy. In the fourth year of Xianping (100 1), the imperial court presented books to Yuelu Academy for the first time, including Confucian classics such as Shuowen Jiezi, Yijing, Shiji, Jade and Tang Yun. At that time, the official number of college students was more than 60, which laid the basic pattern of the college. Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu has been in office for five years (10 12). After Zhou Shi, a scholar, took charge of Yuelu Academy as the head of the mountain, the academy developed rapidly, and the enrollment increased to 100. Zhou Shi himself was summoned and encouraged by Song Zhenzong. , given the name "Yuelu Academy", so "the academy is famous all over the world, the drums are endless, and the hall is not simple". By the Southern Song Dynasty, Yuelu Academy reached its peak. Zhang Mushi, a famous Neo-Confucianism scholar, presided over Yuelu Academy, whose guiding ideology was to oppose learning to benefit the people through the imperial examination and to cultivate talents who preached and taught. In teaching, the principles of "step by step", "learning and thinking", "integration of knowledge and practice" and "careful thinking and careful selection" are put forward. In academic research, it emphasizes "preaching", "seeking benevolence" and "following fate". A number of outstanding students such as Wu Lie, Zhao Fang, You Jiuyan and Chen Qi have been trained, and most scholars of Huxiang School have also studied in Yuelu Academy. For a time, a large number of scholars came to the academy to study science, and some even "hate not graduating from Hunan." At that time, Yuelu Academy became a famous base for spreading science in China. In the seventh year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1 180), after the death of Zhang Mushi, Zhu and Zhen also showed great enthusiasm for opening Yuelu Academy and spreading Neo-Confucianism. Zhu also presented the Bailudong Academy Regulations to Yuelu Academy. Zhu Zeng came here twice to give lectures. At that time, there were thousands of students, which made Yuelu Academy have the reputation of "Xiaoxiang Bamboo Thinking" and was called the place where Confucius gave lectures in his hometown. From the Yuan and Ming Dynasties to the early Qing Dynasty, Yuelu Academy was burned down twice because of the war. Although it was rebuilt and repaired later, it did not return to its original appearance. Early Qing dynasty. The college was banned. After Kangxi, due to the recognition of Neo-Confucianism, the academy policy was relaxed. In the 26th year of Kangxi (1687), the tablet of Xueda Tiandao, an imperial book, was sent to Yuelu Mountain along with the Thirteen Classics, the Twenty-first History and the lecture notes on Confucian Classics. In the ninth year of Qianlong (1744), the tablet of Daonan Zhengmai was sent to Yuelu Mountain, and Yuelu Academy was revived. After the revival, the Foot Academy gradually evolved from a private academy to a government-run academy, except for the repeated expansion of the hostel. With the rise of textual research in Ganjia, Yuelu Academy is often presided over by a famous sinologist who is engaged in the study of Confucian classics, and the research content has also changed from Neo-Confucianism to textual research of Confucian classics, especially during his stay in Wang Wenqing main academy. Since then, director Ren Shan of Luodian has "only studied classics to inspire and seduce backwardness". During the Daoguang period, Governor Wu Rongguang added a "Xiangshui School Classroom" in Yuelu Academy, focusing on Sinology. The last head of Yuelu Academy was Wang Xianqian, a famous Confucian scholar in Hunan in the late Qing Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Yuelu Academy gathered a generation of learned and respected masters, and trained famous Hunan scholars such as Wang Fuzhi, Tao Shu, Wei Yuan, Zuo, Hu Linyi, Zeng Guofan, Li, Tang, Shen Zhou and Yang Changji. In the 29th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1903), Yuelu Academy, which lasted for nearly a thousand years, was officially changed to higher education in Hunan. Later, it was changed to Hunan Normal University and Hunan Institute of Technology, and 1926 was officially named Hunan University. After thousands of years, string songs are endless, so it is called "Millennium University". Since its establishment, Yuelu Academy has been famous for running schools and spreading academic culture. There are four characters "Yuelu Academy" on the gate of the Academy, and the couplets on both sides are "Only Chu Youcai, Xing Yu Si". In the middle of the lecture hall, there is a plaque with the words "loyalty, filial piety, sincerity and festival" hanging in the middle of the lecture hall, which is 1.6 m high and 1.2 m wide. There are "neat and serious" stone carvings written by Ouyang Zhenghuan in the Qing Dynasty in the left and right corridors. Zhang Cun's Yuelu Academy is being published on the screen of the lecture hall. Lushan Academy covers an area of 2 1 1,000 square meters. Most of the existing buildings are relics of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The main buildings are the first gate, the second gate, the lecture hall, the semi-self-study hall, the teaching hall, Baiquanxuan, the Imperial Bookstore and the Confucian Temple. It is divided into three parts: lecture hall, book collection and memorial service. All the parts are interconnected and integrated, which completely shows the magnificent momentum of ancient architecture in China.

He' nan Dengfeng Songyang Academy

Nearly four directions, and the central, unified Taihua horizontal, four plug Guan River arch god Li Yue nine dynasties, for the city, Baoyiluo River, three sets of wind and rain for the mountain.

Songyang Academy, located at the southern foot of Songshan Mountain, 2.5 kilometers north of Dengfeng City, Henan Province, is backed by Ji Junfeng and faces Shuangxi River. Because it is located in the sun of Songshan Mountain, it is named Songyang Academy. Founded in the eighth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 484), it is called Songyang Temple. In the Tang Dynasty, it was changed to Songyang Temple, and in the Five Dynasties it was changed to Taishi Academy. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, the founders of Neo-Confucianism "Luoxue" in Song Dynasty, both gave lectures at Songyang Academy, and since then Songyang Academy has become one of the birthplaces of Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Academy was destroyed by soldiers, and was rebuilt by Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. Songyang Academy has been supplemented and repaired many times from generation to generation, and its scale has gradually formed and its layout has become increasingly strict. The organizational system of the academy is simple, elegant and generous. The academic system of Songyang Academy has a long history in China. It began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was not until the late Qing Dynasty that the academy system was abolished. Teaching features: Songyang Academy occupies an important page in the history of education development in China. After nearly a thousand years of balanced development, he has accumulated rich teaching experience. Its main features are: 1. Academy is not only an educational and teaching institution, but also an academic research institution, which combines education, teaching and academic research. 2. The lecture system prevails in the academy, allowing different schools and viewpoints to give lectures and arguments. 3. The teaching of the academy is "open door", with no classes and no geographical restrictions. 4. The college pays attention to students' personal reading and research, attaches great importance to cultivating students' self-study ability, and adopts the theory of asking questions. Focus on inspiring students' thinking ability. 5. College teachers and students have a harmonious relationship and deep feelings. The famous teachers in the academy not only educate students with profound knowledge and accomplishment, but also infect students with noble ethics. Songyang Academy is a pearl in the history of education in Zhongzhou and an ancient institution of higher learning in China. In the early Song Dynasty, the country was peaceful and the style of writing was everywhere. After the Five Dynasties rebellion, Confucian scholars all like to find a secluded place in the mountains to get together and give lectures. Dengfeng is the place where Yao, Shun, Yu and Duke Zhou once lived. According to records, 24 people, including Fan Zhongyan, Sima Guang, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu, Li Gang and Fan Chunren, gave lectures in Songyang Academy successively, and volumes 9 to 2 1 of Zi Jian, Sima Guang's masterpiece, were completed in Songyang Academy and Chongfu Palace. Cheng, also known as "Er Cheng", Cheng Hao has been giving lectures at Songyang College 10 for more than 0 years. He is affable and approachable to students, fresh in his lectures, easy to understand, and persuasive in preaching and teaching. Both the students who come for nothing and the students who come back in reality have benefited a lot and feel like a spring breeze. In the year of Xin Mao, Kangxi, the whole province selected juren in Kaifeng, and the admission quota was less than one county. Only Dengfeng won five. The famous Confucian JD.COM is here in Songyang Academy. Later, he was a scholar and nine counsellors. It is precisely because of the unique teaching conditions that Songyang Academy gained a great reputation, and students from all directions jostled shoulder to shoulder, becoming one of the most influential academies in the Northern Song Dynasty. General Han Feng and Bai Feng in the hospital are called "rare treasures". There are three ancient cypresses in Songyang Academy, which were sealed in the sixth year of Western Han Dynasty (BC 1 10). When Liu Che, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, toured Song Yue, he saw cypress trees towering and lush, so he was named "General", "Second General" and "Third General". General Paco12m, 5.4m thick. The tree leans, its crown is thick and generous, just like a big umbrella covering the clear sky. The second General Paco is18.2m high and12.54m thick. Although its bark is mottled and aging, it is full of vitality and its branches are tall and straight. There is a north-south hole in the lower part of the trunk, like a doorway, which can accommodate five or six people. Two huge branches are bent like wings, stretching from side to side, shaped like an eagle spreading its wings and a golden rooster wanting to fly. Whenever the mountain wind blows, the branches and leaves shake like a ring, and the sound of silk and bamboo still exists. Three generals were destroyed at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The age of General Cedar has always been a mysterious topic. The tree has a history of more than 2,000 years since it was sealed. Mr. Zhao Puchu left a poem of praise: "There are cypresses in Songyang, and there are 3,000 years in the world." Appraised by forestry experts, Jiangjun cypress is a primitive cypress with a tree age of 4,500 years, which is the oldest and largest existing cypress in China. Careful tourists will find a strange phenomenon. General cypress is much bigger than general cypress. Why is it named "second"? Here is a "preconceived" legend, which is touching. I don't know how many literati attracted to splash ink and sing poems in praise, which left inspiration for people. The majestic general cypress adds a sense of historical vicissitudes and strong appeal to Songyang Academy. The Datang monument outside the gate is known as the "King of Songshan Monument". The full name "Song Yangguan Ji Shengde Shengbei" was engraved in the third year of Tang Tianbao (AD 744). The monument is 9.02m high, 2.04m wide and1.05m thick. This monument is magnificent and beautifully carved. The whole inscription 1078 words. The content mainly describes that Sun Taichong, a Taoist priest of Song Yang, was alchemist in Li Longji, Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. Li wrote and Pei Jiong sealed the eight-part essay. It is a representative work of official script in Tang Dynasty, with correct posture, moderate rigidity and elegant hairstyle. Monuments in the Tang Dynasty weighed more than 80 tons, and the monument cap alone weighed 10 tons. In ancient times, how did people put such a heavy hat on it? For thousands of years, all visitors to Songyang Academy have to ask this question. In the folk, the legendary story of "Zhili Tang Monument" attracted thousands of people and became one of the important contents of appreciating Tang Monument. Songyang Academy is famous for Neo-Confucianism in the history of our country, with profound cultural background and unique landscape. The mountains are surrounded by arches, the streams are gurgling, the pines and cypresses are towering, the environment is elegant, the scenery is the clearest, and the stone buildings are famous and civilized. The main cultural relics of the Academy are the "General cypress" in the Western Han Dynasty and the "Tang Dynasty Monument" in the Tang Dynasty. Songyang Academy was once a place where Buddhism and Taoism gathered together in history, but it is the oldest and most prestigious place. Songyang Academy is a sacred place of Confucianism. It was first built in the eighth year of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 484). It is called Songyang Temple, which is a place for Buddhist activities and serves hundreds of monks. During the period of Yang Di the Great (605-6 18), it was renamed Songyangguan, which was a place for Taoist activities. Song Renzong Jing Shou was named Songyang Academy in the second year (1035), and has been an educational place for celebrities to teach classics ever since. At the end of Ming Dynasty, the academy was destroyed by fire, and was rebuilt and built in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. In its heyday, it had a learning place of over 1750 mu, with hundreds of students and more than 2,000 books. In the late Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination system was abolished and schools were established. After more than 1000 years of academy education, this process has been completed. However, as a bright pearl in the history of ancient education in China, the Academy will go down in history forever. In ancient times, Songyang Academy did not simply refer to a courtyard, but consisted of a main courtyard and several single buildings around it, with a wide geographical distribution. Generally speaking, the building is divided into five courtyards, from south to north, which are the gate, the first hall, the lecture hall, the Taoist temple and the library building. In addition to the buildings we saw in Songyang Academy, the more famous ones are Tianguang Yunying Pavilion, Guanlan Pavilion, Chuanshang Pavilion and the Scholar's Pavilion, a villa of Songyang Academy located in Shidiexi, Xiaoyao Valley in the northeast of Songyang Academy. Renzhi Pavilion and other buildings are located in the south of Sangong, south of Qixingling, and under the Jade Everest in the northwest of the Academy.

He' nan Shangqiu Yingtian Academy

Yingtianfu Academy, also known as Suiyang Academy and Nanjing Academy. Because Shangqiu was called Suiyang in the Tang Dynasty, it was promoted to Yingtianfu in the third year of Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty (1006) and to Nanjing in the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 14), and it was one of the four major capitals at that time. Shangqiu is close to Bianshui, with convenient transportation and frequent business trips. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it has developed into a cosmopolitan city. Yingtianfu Academy was set up in the bustling downtown area of Shangqiu in Song Dynasty. Yingtian Academy is located in the east of Shangqiu Old Town. Its predecessor was a private school in Yang Yun in the late Jin Dynasty. After that, it developed through the efforts of its students, and the students "came a long way" and "scholars from far and near returned". In the Northern Song Dynasty, when the government opened the imperial examination, Yingtian Academy was full of talents, and as many as 50 or 60 students participated in the imperial examination. In Song Zhenzong, Songzhou (now Shangqiu), the place where Zhao Kuangyin of Song Taizu made his fortune, 1006 was changed to Yingtianfu, and 10 14 was promoted to Nanjing. 1009, Song Zhenzong officially awarded the title of Yingtianfu Academy. In Song Renzong, Yingtian Academy was changed to Nanjing imperial academy in l043, becoming one of the highest institutions of learning in the Northern Song Dynasty, equivalent to the current Academy of Social Sciences. Since then, with the support of Cao Cheng and others, especially Yan Shu, a famous writer, the academy has developed greatly. In the early years of Song Renzong, Yan Shu, a famous writer, became the magistrate of Yingtian and hired Wang Zhu, a famous scholar, as a storyteller. Wang Zhu is well-read and versatile, and Yingtianfu Academy is "famous in the world" under his auspices. In the second year of Emperor Renzong's reign (1035), Tianfu Academy was changed to Fu Xue, and Yan Shu hired Fan Zhongyan, who retired from Suiyang for mourning, to teach. During his teaching, Fan Zhongyan wrote the Nomination of Nanjing Academy. At that time, Yingtianfu Academy was a university in Zhongzhou. The History of Song Dynasty records: "Since the Five Dynasties, learning in the world has been abolished, and since Yan Shu, learning has flourished." For more than 20 years, students of Dazhong Xiangfu College "graduated one after another, but the hero of Jia Kui, Yu Taige, kept a secret and never stopped". Zheng De moved to the city in the sixth year of Ming Dynasty, and Yingtian Academy also moved here-north of Zhongshan Second Street in the city. There are Dacheng Hall, Minglun Hall and Crescent Pond. The memorial tablet of Confucius and his disciples stood in the original Dacheng Hall, and Minglun Hall was the school. Both buildings are built on the mountain. Dacheng Hall is the place to worship Confucius, and Minglun Hall is the place to take exams. It is a county-level cultural relics protection unit. It is being rebuilt now.