Titles are also called titles or titles. A title is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in a short passage with the most appropriate and concise words. The title of a paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper. At the same time, it is necessary to compile secondary documents such as titles and indexes, taking into account the specific practical information that can help select keywords and provide retrieval. The topic of the paper is very important and must be carefully chosen. Some people use the following sentence to describe its importance: the title of the paper is half of the article. The requirements for the title of the thesis are: accurate and appropriate; Short and pithy; Proper extension and connotation; Eye-catching The requirements of these four aspects are as follows.
1. Accurate and decent
The title of the paper requires accurate expression of the content of the paper and appropriate reflection of the scope and depth of the research. Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted. The key problem is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper, or that the content of the paper should match and be closely related, that is, the topic should be deducted and the article should be deducted. This is the basic principle of writing a thesis.
Concise and clear
Try to use fewer words in the topic and choose words carefully. As for how many words meet the requirements, there is no uniform hard and fast rule. It is generally hoped that the title of a paper will not exceed 20 words. However, we should not blindly pursue fewer words and affect the proper embodiment of the topic in content. When there is a contradiction between the two, it is best to use more words and express them as clearly as possible. If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and negative titles, and the specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative titles, so that the titles are rich, accurate and not generalized.
3. The extension and connotation should be appropriate.
Extension and connotation belong to the concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; The so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object. If we don't consider the logical application of extension and connotation when putting forward a proposition, there may be fallacies, at least it is inappropriate.
stand out
Although the title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position to attract readers' attention, there is still the problem of whether the title is eye-catching, because the words used in the title and the content expressed are eye-catching, and the effect is far from the same. Some people made a statistical analysis on the titles of some papers published in 36 public medical journals 1987, and screened out 100 wrong titles. Of the 100 titles with errors, 20% belong to improper omission errors; 12% belongs to improper use of prepositions.
Errors in using prepositions mainly include:
(1) After omitting the subject, the first personal pronoun fails to express the meaning and does not use the preposition structure, which makes the auxiliary components mistake for the subject;
② Do not use prepositions when necessary;
(3) Use when prepositional structure is not needed. 1 1% error belongs to the headmaster; 9% belongs to improper use of coordinate relationship; Improper use of words and sentence confusion account for 9% respectively, and other types of errors, such as lengthy titles, inconsistent titles, repetition and ambiguity, also occur from time to time.
(2) the author's name and department.
This item belongs to the problem of paper signature. The first is to show the responsibility of writing, the second is to record the results of labor, and the third is to facilitate readers to contact the author and literature retrieval (author index). It can be roughly divided into two situations, single-author papers and multi-author papers. The latter is listed as the first author and the second author in the order of signature. It is important to adhere to the attitude of seeking truth from facts, and list those who have made the greatest contribution to research work and thesis writing as the first and second authors, and so on. It is also convenient for readers to contact the author by indicating the author's unit.
(3) Abstract
Papers usually have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or comments. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.
The abstract shall include the following contents:
① The purpose and significance of this study;
(2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done;
(3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper;
④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation. The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
Keywords (keywords)
Keywords belong to a category of subject words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words.
Keyword is a new vocabulary of information retrieval language, which is used to describe the theme of literature and give information retrieval. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that it is possible to computerize information retrieval (computer retrieval). Keywords refer to words or phrases that distinguish things through the characteristic relationship of concepts, express them in natural language, and have collocation function to accurately express the dynamic semantic conceptual relationship between words.
Keywords are keywords that mark the subject content of document construction, but have not been standardized. Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3~8 words as keywords.
The general selection method of keywords or subject words is:
After writing a paper, the author will read the full text and come up with information or words that can express the main content of the paper. These residences or words can be found and selected from the title or content of the paper. For example, in the last example, six keywords were selected, of which the first three were selected from the topic of the paper and the last three were selected from the content of the paper. The selection of the last three keywords supplements the main content information that the title of the paper fails to express, and also improves the conceptual depth involved. Need to choose, together with the keywords selected from the title, to form the keyword group of this article.
The use of keywords and subject words is mainly to meet the needs of computer retrieval and international computer online retrieval. Adding keywords to publications opens up a new way for publications to improve their citation rate and increase their popularity.
(e) paper net quoted from Taber's graduation design/article /html/list3- 1.html.
Introduction, also known as preface, belongs to the introduction part of the whole paper. Its writing contents include: reasons, purposes, background, previous work and knowledge gap, theoretical basis and experimental basis, expected results and its position, role and significance in related fields.
The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the content selection should not be too scattered and trivial, and the wording should be refined to attract readers to continue reading. There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of introduction, but it needs to be determined according to the size of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. It can be as long as 700~800 words or 1000 words, or as short as 1000 words.
(6) subject
The text is the theory of a paper, which belongs to the main body of the paper and occupies the largest length of the paper. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part requires substantial content, sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, but also to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph can have an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle). Paragraphs and division should depend on the nature and content of the paper.
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How to write a paper
1. Paper type
Different departments and tutors have different ways to guide undergraduate graduation thesis. In the computer department, undergraduate graduation thesis is usually divided into the following four types:
1. 1 Complete a small practical project or design a module (such as application software, tool software or self-designed board and interface, etc.). ) in a larger project, complete the paper in the form of project summary or scientific research report, or comprehensively expand the published paper.
1.2 Make a systematic analysis of a part of an upcoming project (requirements analysis, platform selection, subdivision, and refinement of some design modules). For example, the financial part of a large and medium-sized enterprise management information system is investigated, analyzed and designed. This kind of work can be completed without specific programming, but it takes a certain amount of work to get the preliminary approval from relevant parties. For example, the printed report has more than 30 pages.
1.3 analyzes and compares an advanced technology or mature software in a certain computer field, and then puts forward its own evaluation and targeted innovation. For example, XML is a new markup language on the Internet, which has many incomparable advantages over HTML. Among them, XML-QL is a new query language based on XML. It is very meaningful to analyze and summarize this new query language and explore its implementation method. Another example is MySQL, a free software database system. By analyzing and summarizing its characteristics in Web applications, we can apply related technologies to our own developed system. This kind of work should pay attention to the combination of analysis and experiment, not just digestion. Digestion is the premise, absorption and transformation is the focus of work.
1.4 has some opinions on a theoretical problem in computer science, which is close to or reaches the level published in magazines. For example, it solves a well-known problem, corrects a theoretical error in a magazine and puts forward a solution, or puts forward a meaningful model, definition, theorem, proposition, performance comparison, analysis and test report.
Generally speaking, the fourth one is more difficult. Only two students have written a good thesis in this form during several years of teaching undergraduate graduation thesis. It is reported that these two students have successfully entered the doctoral program.
Step 2 choose a theme
2. 1 Teachers with scientific research projects are usually willing to select modules that undergraduates can complete from the projects, give them to students, and then write papers in the first form. Teachers are familiar with the project, which has practical background. Generally speaking, most students can accomplish it through hard work. However, some scientific research projects are too difficult, or involve confidential content, or it is not easy for undergraduates to complete. In this case, the teacher may ask students who have been recommended for postgraduate study or students who have decided to stay in school to do such topics.
2.2 Students choose their own topics. Some students contacted the work unit after graduation, and the work unit asked the students to do a certain project, or had given them a certain project. After being approved by the tutor, I think I can do a qualified graduation thesis, which can be used as this topic. In this way, students have high enthusiasm, strong sense of responsibility, apply what they have learned, and the quality of general papers is better and the length of written papers is larger.
2.3 Teachers choose topics according to social needs. For example, the department administration needs teaching, scientific research and postgraduate information management systems, and some teachers instruct several students to develop the administrative subsystem of the department and the management subsystem of doctoral and master's student status. The software that may be started is not perfect, but there is a prototype, which is generally applicable after modification. Some systems can be used after the next undergraduate graduation practice is perfected. Some suitable and user-friendly software can be further developed into products.
3 the organizational structure of the paper
According to the above types of papers, due to the different characteristics of each type of work, there should be differences in the collection and arrangement of materials and the organization of the paper structure, so as to be targeted.
3. 1 System Implementation Paper: Focus on collecting and sorting out the system architecture, calling relationship of program modules, data structures, algorithms, experiments or tests, etc. The paper structure is usually arranged as follows:
(1) Introduction or background (outlining the project background, implementation, self-developed content or module)
Talk about the significance of the project in general, summarize the existing achievements, such as "who has done what work in the document and who has made outstanding contributions in the document", analyze the existing problems with the word "but", and draw out the necessity, significance and value, innovation and main ideas, methods and achievements of his own work. Then end the paragraph with "This article is organized as follows: Section II, Section III and Section IV ...". .
(2) System architecture (emphasizing the integrity of the system and highlighting the position of one's work in the whole)
(3) The description of main functions (including module call relation, data structure and algorithm description, which can be divided into two or three sections according to the content) is transferred from Taber's graduation project Papernet/article/html/list2-1.html.
(4) Experiment or test
(5) Summary
3.2 Application development paper: Focus on collecting and sorting out the background analysis, demand analysis, platform selection, subdivision, refinement of some design modules, and the contents of development tools used. The paper structure is usually arranged as follows:
Introduction (focus on the background of the application project, project development characteristics, work difficulty, etc.). )
Project analysis and design (focusing on the overall framework of the project, functional description, introduction of development tools, etc.). )
Project implementation (focusing on the database design results, the principle and process of code development, the main problems encountered and solved in implementation, the future maintenance and improvement of the project, etc.). This part can be divided into two or three parts)
abstract
3.3 Analysis and comparison of papers: Focus on collecting and sorting out the latest papers or software, and analyze and compare experiences, experimental data and other contents. The paper structure is usually arranged as follows:
Introduction (focus on the characteristics of the analysis object, the significance of analysis and comparison, the main results, etc.). )
General description of analysis object
The main results of analysis and comparison (if it is technical analysis, give the main data, if it is software analysis, give the code analysis results, experimental process, etc. )
Evaluation and system application of analysis and comparison (the results based on analysis and comparison can be given, some design and implementation schemes can be put forward, and some experimental work can be carried out.
conclusion
3.4 Theoretical exploratory thesis: Focus on collecting and sorting out the discovery of problems, basic knowledge used to solve problems, unique methods to solve problems, theorem proving, algorithm design and analysis. The paper structure is usually arranged as follows:
(1) Introduction (mainly describes the source, difficulties and main methods of solving problems, etc.). )
(2) Basic knowledge (basic definitions, theorems and self-proposed concepts involved in solving problems, etc. )
(3) Inference conclusion (give the solution to the problem, including theorem proving, algorithm design, complexity analysis, etc. )
/article/html/list 26- 1 . html
(4) Conclusion
The arrangement and division of the above-mentioned paper structure is not absolute, and one or several mixed methods can be used to guide your own paper writing according to the actual situation of your respective work. However, no matter what kind of structure is adopted, it must be conscious and run through a logical clue. Never generalize or pile up, but always highlight your work.
4. Paper format and directory system
Every author has his own style, and the format does not need to be consistent, but scientific papers can't be written in flashbacks, interludes, suspense, stream of consciousness, multiple clues, etc., just like writing a novel script. For example, it can be appropriately modified according to the following format:
Generally, the Chinese character "123" is not used in the catalogue system of scientific papers, but the following arrangement is adopted.
subject
title page
| _ _ _ Abstract (200-300 words in Chinese and English)
| _ _ _ Text Directory
1. Preface (background, motivation, previous work)
|___ 1. 1 。 . . .
| ( 1) (a) (b) (c)
| (2) (a) (b)(c)
|___ 1.2 。 . . .
2. Block diagram of the project and the position of this project in the project.
3. Project characteristics (special functions, difficulties)
4. Scheme selection (previous scheme, now alternative scheme, why?
Select this scheme)
5. Implement the technical data structure program fragment.
6. Solutions to special problems
| __6. 1 question 1
|__ 6.2 Question 2
|__ ......
7. Results testing and performance analysis (charts, etc. )
8. Conclusion (or conclusion, summary)
refer to
appendix
Express gratitude/gratitude
The table of contents can be realized by the insert-table of contents function of word, and it can be compiled and updated automatically.
5. Writing skills and precautions
5. 1 Academic papers require fluent words, clear levels, and not too gorgeous. In recent years, the language of computer papers at home and abroad is more vivid than before, but the words are accurate and not too exaggerated. Transfer from: Taber Graduation Design paper net/article/html/list24-1.html.
5.2 The title should reflect the content. It would be better if there were new ones. For example, the following topics are not good: "research on some problems of image processing", about firewall technology and so on. Among them, "some problems" are not as good as the most central vocabulary. The topic of firewall technology is too big for undergraduates.
5.3 The abstracts of academic journals are generally about 300 words, which requires high comprehensive ability. Students can write an abstract of their graduation thesis in one page (1000 words or so), and there is more room for activities, so it is better to write some.
The abstract can be written after the full text is written. Be concise,
Chinese and English abstracts should be consistent, and several key words should be provided to highlight your work.
When writing an English abstract, you can first write the abstract in English habits and expressions (with the help of an electronic dictionary), then translate English into Chinese, and then summarize it in Chinese. Conversely, if you write a Chinese abstract first and then translate it from Chinese into English, it will be difficult to write an authentic English abstract.
In order to make English expression authentic and accurate, you can read more than a dozen abstracts of papers in related research directions and pay attention to the use of some expressions, such as present, realization, proposal, giving, argument and so on.
Parallel sentences should be used for parallel content. For example, in the following example, the language sense of the active sentence and the passive sentence is very poor: "This paper proposes a new algorithm and gives a prototype …".
5.4 The preface should write the background and motivation of the problem, and explain that the work is useful and meaningful (in order to encourage readers to continue reading). Usually after introducing the work at home and abroad, I use the word "but" to point out the shortcomings of my previous work and lead to my own work. In the preface, briefly describe my main achievements (for example, clearly list several articles to illustrate the main work and achievements of this paper). At the end of the preface, the structure of the article and the contents of each section are introduced.
5.5 Highlight the characteristics. A project has a lot of work, some of which are familiar to peers and there is no innovation. You can write a little more about the special difficulties you have encountered and the special solutions you have created. In this way, people can understand what they read and see the creativity of the author. In order to highlight the characteristics, you can also divide it into subheadings in a section and write a short question. Data structures and program fragments can also be presented in computer-related papers, which are clearer than using only Chinese characters.
5.6 To rise to the theory, general master's thesis will require this. If undergraduates can draw meaningful theorems or propositions in their graduation thesis, it is generally considered as a good result. It may be recommended for publication in magazines, or recognized in postgraduate entrance examination and job hunting.
5.7 Each part should be detailed and appropriate. Generally speaking, the graduation thesis should focus on the author's views and works and write his own innovation thoroughly. Abstracts should be described, commented and compared. As long as I have done experiments and written programs, I generally want to write too much. On the contrary, you will feel empty, and if you don't write, some students will copy books to fill the space, and the effect is not good. Generally speaking, the introduction of related work (past achievements) should not exceed 1/6 of the total length.
5.8 A complete document shall include test, operation results and analysis (chart or curve).
5.9 Conclusion and summary. Explain what problems have been solved, what innovations are there, and the main contents of the next step.
6. References and citations
Reference is an important part of thesis writing. When reading papers in literature or magazines with questions, we should not only pay attention to learning academic content, but also pay attention to learning methods, formats, standardized rhetoric, language and the way of connecting the preceding with the following, writing methods of reference documents, font use and so on. Clearly giving the sources of references in the paper not only represents the inheritance of predecessors' achievements, but also represents the respect for others' research achievements, which is the correct scientific attitude and life criterion that should be cultivated in scientific research.
Writing of references: according to the order in which the references appear in the paper, they are given by codes, such as [1] and [2]. References include monographs, academic journals, academic conferences, technical reports, etc. For more information, see sample templates.
7 abstract template
Abstracts of academic journals are generally about 300 words, which requires high comprehensive ability. Students' graduation thesis abstracts can be written in 1000 words, so there is more room for activities. It is better to write some. The following is one of the possible ways to write it.
1. Introduce the significance background of the project, 100-200 words.
2. The main work of this paper is, (1), (2), (3), ..., 400-600 words.
3. This paper organizes the first chapter ... the second chapter ... the third chapter J, ... (200 words).
The following is a sample of abstracts written by students (in Chinese and English). ..
Research and Implementation of Quasi-periodicity and Its Association Rules Mining
XXX major
Student XXX tutor YYY
Data mining is a combination of database technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistical analysis, fuzzy logic, pattern recognition, artificial neural network and other disciplines. Among them, time series data mining has become one of the hot spots in data mining research because of its wide application and high commercial value.
The main work of this paper focuses on:
1 。 This paper summarizes some mature products of time series mining and the research status of time series mining in the world today, and puts forward my own views.
Aiming at the above blind spots, six concepts such as quasi-period and five algorithms and two theorems such as anti-interference situation are put forward, and the mining model of quasi-period and its association rules is established. On this model, the structure and module design of quasi-periodic and its association rules mining system RPMiner are carried out.
3 Using ODBC technology in Visual C ++, the function module of RPMiner is realized. Self-designed source program * * * has 850K.
4. Try to mine the seismic database data of Anninghe fault zone, and analyze the mining results, and get two unexpected results. One is that the active period of the Anninghe fault zone is 5 weeks shorter and 5 months longer; The other is in the north-south direction of the Anninghe fault zone, and the synchronization between topographic deformation and earthquake is obvious.
The structure of this paper is as follows: The first chapter introduces the basic concepts and related technologies of data mining. The second chapter introduces the products and research of time series mining in current data mining, and summarizes its characteristics and blind spots. The third chapter introduces the design of RPMiner system, including the goals to be achieved and the basic concepts put forward. The fourth chapter introduces the realization of RPMiner, including some ODBC technologies to realize RPMiner in Visual C++ and the use of PRMiner. In chapter 5, the trial mining results of seismic database data of Anning River seismic fault zone are analyzed. Finally, in the sixth chapter, I briefly discussed some views on the development trend of data mining. Original address: