Common explanation methods include: example, classification, definition, imitation, explanation, analogy, numbers, charts and quotations.

The role of common interpretation methods:

1. Example: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things by giving specific examples, making the explanation more specific and convincing.

(2) Classification: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized.

③ Comparison: Compare the differences between _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(4) Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.

⑤. For example: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and so on.

6. Imitation: Give a vivid description of the characteristics/events of things, so as to make the explanation more specific.

⑦ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

⑧ Numbering: Use specific data to explain the characteristics/facts of things, so as to make the explanation more accurate and convincing.

⑨ Charting: Explain the characteristics/events of things by means of charts to make the explanation more concise and intuitive.

⑩ Quotation: Quotation has the following forms-

First, cite specific cases; (The function is the same as the example)

B, citing specific data; (Functions in the same column)

C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing.

D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation.

(The reference description is at the beginning of the article, which also leads to the description object. )

Answering skills of Chinese expository reading questions

First, an overview of expository knowledge

Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, with the purpose of giving people knowledge, or explaining the state, nature and functional characteristics of things, or explaining things. Explanatory articles cover a wide range, such as popular science books, knowledge sketches, comments and explanations.

(A) Explanatory text classification

According to the description of different objects:

Explanatory text-Explanatory text aims to explain the reasons and material reasons.

Descriptive text of things-Descriptive text of things aims to introduce the characteristics of something (a sign that something is different from other things). P according to

According to the purpose of expression and writing:

1, simple and clear description-simple and clear language

2. Literary expository writing-vivid language

(2) Description method

In order to explain the characteristics of things or things, it is necessary to adopt appropriate interpretation methods. Common explanation methods include: classification, example, analogy, enumeration, comparison, definition, explanation, imitation, drawing charts and so on.

(3) Interpretation order

The instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions orderly. The common order of interpretation is: chronological order (program order is a kind of chronological order), spatial order and logical order. According to the purpose and object of interpretation, the order of interpretation can be dominated by one order, and other orders can be used at the same time. b

(4) Explain the common structure of the text. M

The common forms of expository structure are: general concreteness, general concreteness, sub-general, sub-general, parallel and progressive. Female: \

(5) The accuracy of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Some are good at being dull, while others are good at being lively.

Second, sort out the test sites, questions and answering strategies that often appear in the explanatory text.

One of the test sites: the object of explanation

Test type: Ask students to answer directly: "What is the object of this article (or paragraph)?"

Countermeasures: the general title of the article is the object of explanation; Find concluding sentences at the beginning and end of the explanation. Because the object of explanation is the thing or thing to be introduced in the article, usually a noun or noun phrase, we can start from two aspects: reading the title and reading the first and last paragraphs. A description of things can only point out what is explained. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: Introduction (object plus content).

Test site 2: Explain the characteristics of objects.

[Type 1]: Find the sentences that directly describe the characteristics of things.

Countermeasures: a, look at the topic; B, look at the first paragraph; C. Grasp key words (for example, sentences with explanatory methods and central sentences).

[Type 2]: Summarize the characteristics of things.

Countermeasures: analyze the structure of the article and grasp the central sentences and conjunctions such as "first, second, return, also, except"

The third test site: explain the order

[Type]: What description order does this article use? What's the role?

Countermeasures: 1. Understand the basic knowledge of the order of explanation: there are three kinds of writing order of explanation. (1) Spatial order: The shape and structure of things are mostly in the structure of buildings, such as up and down, far and near, left and right, inside and outside, east and west, north and south, etc. ⑵ Time series: explain the development and change of things. ⑶ Logical order: Explain things and explain the internal relations between things. The logical order is divided into: main to secondary, cause to result, phenomenon to essence, feature to use, general to individual (special), generalization to concrete, whole to local, whole to minute.

2. Mastering the answer format: This paper uses the explanation order of ① to explain ②, which makes the explanation more organized and easy for readers to understand. (① The specific sequence of instructions should be filled in; (2) should fill in the specific name or explanation of things. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )

Test site 4: explanation method

[Type 1]: An explanation method that allows candidates to directly answer articles or paragraphs.

Countermeasures: Understand the main characteristics of common interpretation methods (for example, classification, definition, interpretation, analogy, enumeration of figures, enumeration of charts, imitation of appearances, quotation and interpretation), and then analyze and judge according to the contents of paragraphs.

[Type 2]: What kind of explanation method is used to briefly explain the function of a paragraph or sentence in an article?

Countermeasures: Find out the interpretation methods used, and then give specific answers according to the functions of the following interpretation methods.

1. Example: It really illustrates the xx characteristics of things.

2. Classification: the organization clearly states the xx characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics of things (or things) in different categories to make the explanation more organized.

3. analogy: vividly explain the xx characteristics of this thing and enhance the interest of the article.

4. Enumerate figures: explain the xx characteristics of this thing concretely and accurately, and make the explanation more convincing.

5. Contrast: xx characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.

6. Definition: To reveal the object of explanation (or scientific truth) in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics (or truth) of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

7. Chart: Illustrate the xx characteristics of things visually.

8. Citation: Use quotation to illustrate the characteristics of things and enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs. At the beginning of the article, the reference description also plays the role of drawing out the description object.

9. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics (or events) of things makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.

10. Interpretation: Explain the characteristics (or reasons) of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.

1 1. Reference description: There are several forms of reference description: a, citing specific cases; (The function is the same as the example) B. Cite specific data; C. quote famous sayings, aphorisms and proverbs; The function is to make the explanation more convincing. D, citing myths and legends, news reports, riddles, anecdotes, etc. The function is to enhance the interest of the explanation (quoting the explanation at the beginning of the article also plays the role of drawing out the object of explanation).

Answer: This sentence uses the interpretation method of ×× to explain × (explain the content) in a simple and clear way (scientifically and accurately) vividly, concretely and intuitively, so that readers can ××.

The fifth test site: explaining the language

[Type 1]: What's the function of adding some words? (fortunately, where? )

Answer mode: "××" vividly (accurately) explains the characteristics of … things, which can stimulate readers' interest (in line with the actual situation, scientific).

[Type 2]: Can you change it to another word? And explain why.

Countermeasure: (1) No; (2) the meaning or content of the original word; (3) the meaning or content of the changed words; (4) What changes have taken place in the meaning after the change, which is not in line with reality.

[Type III]: Can restrictive words be deleted?

Countermeasures: (1) Say yes or no (2) Qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Tables such as "about", "possible" and "about" estimate the number of "more" and "more" tables. (3) If it is deleted, the original meaning will become the meaning of ..., which is unrealistic and too absolute. (4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of language.

Answer: ① No, the use of "××" vividly illustrates that ... No, the meaning of the sentence becomes ... after deleting "× ",which is too absolute; The use of the word "××" accurately explains ..., conforms to the actual situation, leaves room for it, and is scientific.

[Type 4]: Find a word from the article that can reflect the "accuracy" of the language and experience it.

Countermeasures: Find out the accurate words and expressions in the language, and then explain their functions. Finding the right sentence can start from the following aspects: ① finding the right sentence of data; ② Look for sentences with similar numbers; ③ Find out the sentences that use restrictive words.

[Type 5]: Meaning types of demonstrative pronouns: What do demonstrative pronouns such as "these conditions", "this phenomenon" and "the same truth" specifically refer to in the text?

Countermeasures: ① Generally refer to the sentence before pronoun, find the nearest sentence (generally look forward). Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part of it. After finding it, read it out in the sentence where the demonstrative pronoun is located to see if it is appropriate.

Please remember, in short, countless test experiences tell us that no matter what style of reading questions, you can find the answers directly or indirectly from the articles, and the expository articles are no exception.

1. Type of expository: thing expository (from the perspective of content, according to the object and purpose of explanation).

The general title of a descriptive article is the object of explanation;

Find concluding sentences at the beginning and end of the explanation.

Because the object of explanation is the thing or thing to be introduced in the article, usually a noun or noun phrase, we can start from two aspects: look at topic 2 and look at the first and last paragraphs. The description of things can only point out what is explained. The explanatory text points out the explanatory content and forms a phrase: Introduction (object plus content).

2. The language of expository writing: simple and vivid expository writing (language expression angle).

3, explanation method: generally answer three words, master several common explanation methods, will analyze the role in the text:

(1) For example, it truly illustrates the xx characteristics of things.

(2) Classification: the organization clearly states the xx characteristics of things. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in different categories to make the explanation more organized. The content of the explanation should be clear and avoid overlapping.

(3) Enumeration of figures: specifically and accurately explain the xx characteristics of this thing. Make the explanation more convincing.

④ Comparison: xx characteristics (status, influence, etc. ) is highlighted.

⑤ Definition: To reveal the object/science in concise and scientific language, so as to reveal the characteristics/science of things more scientifically, essentially and generally.

6. Metaphor: Metaphor is a metaphor in rhetorical methods. Vividly explain the xx characteristics of this thing and enhance the interest of the article.

⑦. Drawing charts: Let readers see at a glance, and explain the xx characteristics of things very intuitively and vividly.

8. Interpretation: Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand.

The difference between definition and interpretation is that definition requires completeness, while interpretation does not require completeness. Explain the characteristics/reasons of things in detail to make the explanation easier to understand. It can be reversed.

9. Imitation: A vivid description of the characteristics/facts of things, which makes the explanation more concrete and vivid.

Attending doctor. Citation: It can make the explanation more specific and substantial. Explain the characteristics of things by quoting, so as to enhance persuasiveness, such as quoting ancient poems, proverbs and proverbs. At the beginning of the article, the reference description also plays the role of drawing out the description object.

4. Description sequence: time sequence (program sequence), spatial order and logical sequence. You can be more specific when answering questions.

For example, spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, always to point, from outside to inside, from front to back, from left to right, from whole to part, and vice versa) and so on. ).

Logical order (first cause, then step by step, phenomenon to essence, cause to effect, effect to cause, main to secondary, simple to profound, individual to general, etc.). Common words indicating causality and logical order, such as "because, therefore", "first and second").

Time series is to explain the development and evolution of things, such as articles introducing working procedures.

Mastering the answer format: This paper uses the explanation order to make the explanation more organized and easy for readers to understand. (The first blank should be filled in with the specific order of description, and the second blank should be filled in with the specific name or description of the thing. If it is a rational exposition, but it cannot be accurately expressed, it can be expressed in vague language such as "rationality" and "science". )

5. Description object: refers to the main person or thing described in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of people or things).

6. Common forms of explanatory text structure are: "total score" type (or from total score to subtotal, or from small score to subtotal, or total score), parallel type, progressive type, etc. Analyze the structure of the article and master the central sentences and conjunctions, such as "first", "second", "also" and "besides"

7. Central sentence: the position where it appears at the beginning or end, sometimes in a sentence. Judgments are mostly sentences with strong generality. Narrative sentences, descriptive sentences, explanatory sentences and interrogative sentences are generally not suitable for central sentences.

The same is true of other stylistic articles.

④ Summarize the central sentence of the paragraph.

Countermeasures: (1) When thinking about this paragraph, we should not only pay attention to the main ones, but also pay attention to the secondary ones. (2) Words that closely express order, such as "first", "second" and "you", are summarized with reference to the sentence patterns of the central sentences in the upper and lower paragraphs.

8. Description language

What is the purpose of adding words by typing 1? Grasp the accuracy of the explanation and answer the questions.

Countermeasures: A: It accurately/vividly explains the characteristics/reasons of things "……".

Type 2. Can you use another word instead? And explain why.

Countermeasure: A: (1) No.

(2) the meaning or content of the original word.

(3) The meaning or content of the changed words.

(4) What changes have taken place in the meaning after the change, which is not in line with reality.

Type 3. Can restrictive words be deleted?

Countermeasure: A: (1) statement (delete or not delete).

(2) qualitative. Such as: "comparison", "almost" and "equivalent"; Tables such as "about", "possible" and "about" estimate the number of "more" and "more" tables.

(3) If it is deleted, what will the original meaning become? It is unrealistic and too absolute.

(4) The word XX embodies the accuracy, thoroughness and scientificity of language.

Type 4, find a word from the article that can reflect the "accurate" characteristics of explanatory language and experience it.

Type 5: reference-what do these conditions, this phenomenon and the same truth refer to in the text?

Countermeasures: generally refers to the sentence before pronouns, find the nearest sentence. Sometimes it should be noted that it may not be the whole sentence, but a part.

9. Common test sites: 1. Understanding of the object and characteristics of interpretation.

2. Identify and understand the interpretation method.

3. Analysis and understanding of the order of interpretation.

4. Analysis of paragraph structure characteristics.

5. Summarize the meaning of the text, levels and paragraphs.

6. Comment on the meanings of keywords and key sentences and their expressive functions.

7. Explain the experience of language accuracy.

Argumentative reading and answering skills

1. Argument (what to prove) Argument should be a complete expression of the author's point of view and a complete, concise and clear sentence in form. Judging from the full text, it will be able to control the full text. The form of expression is often a judgment sentence expressing affirmation or negation, and it is a clear statement sentence.

A. grasp the argument of the article. Only one central argument (commander-in-chief's sub-argument) (1) is clear: there can be n sub-arguments (to supplement and prove the central argument).

⑵ Method ① Find from the location: such as title, beginning, middle and end. ② Analyze the arguments of the article. (It can be used to test whether the expected argument is appropriate) ③ Abstract method (only argument is divided, regardless of the central argument)

B. analyze how the argument is put forward: ① summarize the argument after putting facts and reasoning; ② Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument; (3) Propose topics according to the phenomena existing in life, and summarize the central arguments through analysis and discussion; (4) Narrating the author's experience and summarizing the central argument; ⑤ The author asks questions from the story, then analyzes and infers them step by step, and finally draws a conclusion and puts forward the central argument.

2. Argument (with what proof) (1) Argument type: (1) Fact argument (summarize after giving examples, and strictly summarize arguments); (2) argument (quote famous words to analyze).

(2) The arguments should be true, reliable and typical (subject matter, country, ancient and modern, etc.). ). (3) Sequential arrangement (reference argument); (4) judging whether the argument can prove the argument; 5] Supplementary arguments (proof arguments).

3, argument (how to prove)

(1) demonstration method (must be four words) (1) illustration (example method) narrative of factual arguments (2) reasoning (introduction method and reasoning method) demonstration of rational arguments.

(3) Comparative argument (itself can also be example argument and reason argument) (4) Metaphor argument Metaphor is a metaphor in expository writing and a metaphor in prose.

⑵ Analysis and demonstration process: ① How the demonstration was put forward; (2) How the argument is proved (which truths and facts are used, and whether there are positive and negative analysis and reasoning); (3) Contact the structure of the full text, whether there is an abstract.

(3) the integrity of the argument (A: make the argument more comprehensive and complete, and avoid misunderstanding)

(4) The function of analysis and argumentation: to prove the argument in this paragraph.

4. The structure of argumentative essay ① General form: ① Introduction (asking questions)-② Theory (analyzing problems)-③ Conclusion (solving problems).

⑵ Type: ① Parallel type ② Total score formula ③ Total score formula ④ Total score formula ⑤ Progressive type.

5. The language of argumentative essay (1) is rigorous (using decorative and restrictive language); (2) Vividness (idioms, the use of various rhetorical devices);

(3) Word order (from the perspective of caring for life logic and context); (4) Sentence order (the use of related words, pay special attention to the progressive relationship).

6, refute the reading of the paper

(1) What is the wrong viewpoint that the author wants to refute? (2) How does the author refute and apply those reasons and arguments; (3) From this, what is the correct view established by the author?

7. Common test sites

(1) Argument test site for argumentative papers: First, distinguish between the issues discussed and the author's views on this issue (that is, distinguish between topics and arguments). Second, pay attention to the position of the argument in the text:

(1) At the beginning of the article, this is the so-called writing.

(2) At the end of the article, it is the so-called induction of the full text, pointing out the topic at the end of the article and revealing the writing method of the center. This kind of writing is often used to express the argument clearly. So, in short, therefore, in short, in the final analysis, and so on.

Third, distinguish between the central argument and the sub-argument: the sub-argument is generally located at the beginning of the paragraph or has iconic words: first, second, third, etc.

Fourth, we should pay attention to the expression form of the argument: sometimes the topic is the central argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument.

Fifth, refute the inference point through arguments: arguments serve to prove arguments, and analyzing arguments can show what it proves, affirms and supports. This is an argument.

2. Argument test sites: Arguments are the basis of arguments, which are generally factual arguments and rational arguments. 1, use facts as arguments. Examples must be true and reliable, have typical significance, can reveal the essence of things, and have a certain logical connection with the argument. In argumentative writing, the narrative of cited examples should be concise and to the point, highlighting the parts directly related to the argument. When clarifying the argument, we should not only know where the factual argument is used in the text, but also summarize the factual argument. To summarize accurately, we must grasp the essential characteristics of the argument according to the argument and then express it in exact language. 2. The speech used as an argument should be authoritative. When quoting directly, the original text should be recorded, which can not be taken out of context after the fact test; You can't misinterpret your will when quoting indirectly.

(3) Structure and hierarchy of argumentative essays: The structures include parallel structure, contrast structure, hierarchy structure and total score structure.

The basic form of this test center: how does the author prove the argument?

The idea of answering the question is: in order to prove the point of …, the author first uses the argument of … and then analyzes the argument of …, thus proving the point of …. The key is to clarify the level of the proof process.

(4), demonstration method test center

Argumentation method refers to the process and method of proving arguments with arguments, which is the connection between arguments and the logical relationship between arguments. There are four requirements for the senior high school entrance examination:

1. Illustration: It is a way to prove an argument by citing conclusive, sufficient and representative examples. Because "facts speak louder than words", citing hard and typical facts to prove the argument can enhance the persuasiveness of the article.

2. Reasoning and argumentation: it is a method of citing authoritative remarks to prove arguments. Therefore, this method is used properly and has strong argumentation. To analyze the function of citation method, we must first find out whose speech is quoted and what to prove, and then grasp the special function of citation method-authority and power.

3. Metaphorical argument: it is a method to prove the argument through image metaphor. This method can explain the truth in simple terms and is easily accepted by people.

4. Comparative argument: This is a way to prove the argument by comparing the positive and negative facts and reasons. By analyzing and comparing the functions of argumentation methods, comparing the two aspects, the right and wrong are more clear, and the correct view is more acceptable to readers.

ü Thinking of answering questions: (1) Reasoning and argumentation to increase the authority of argumentation. (2) the factual argument, from which angle to prove the argument. (3) Metaphorical argument, or vivid image proof …, or simple explanation proof … (to be determined according to the relationship between ontology and vehicle). (4) Comparative argumentation, comparing the two aspects, making it more clear about right and wrong, and the correct view is more easily accepted by readers.

⑤. Linguistic features of argumentative writing: Analyze the linguistic features of argumentative writing: ①. Analyze the accuracy and rigor of its words from a logical point of view; ② Analyze the generality and conciseness of his narrative from the angle of reasoning; (3) Analyze the bright, vivid and emotional colors of his words from the perspective of rhetoric. Let's explain it from different angles:

A, accurate language: ① accurate use of concepts; (2) Modifiers such as attributive and adverbial are appropriate.

B, language rigor: rigorous judgment and reasoning, meticulous language expression and strong logic.

C, the language is characterized by clear expression, no ambiguity, clear attitude, clear love and hate, proper use of rhetorical methods and special sentence patterns to enhance the vividness and persuasiveness of the language.

D, the conciseness of language generalization is as follows: the facts in the argumentative paper are not detailed and general. The purpose of argumentative writing is to convince people by reasoning. It is not appropriate to describe it in detail. Otherwise, you will usurp the role of master. This point is reflected in general argumentative essays, so I won't give examples to illustrate it.

ü Answer ideas: What is the function of adding words? Thinking: (1) Determine and answer the (superficial) meaning of words in the context; (2) The expression center of words or the function of clarifying opinions (deep, metaphor or extension); This type of question mainly tests the accuracy, thoroughness and vividness of the language. Another example is whether the order of words can be reversed.

ü answer ideas: (1) explain the meaning of words; (2) Make clear the sequence of time or events between words and emphasize their sequence or hierarchical relationship.

6. The referent of pronouns in argumentative essays: This kind of examination questions is more common in reading of various styles. There are basically two situations: first, it needs to be summarized in context. The second is to find out what is quoted in the original text. In this case, the content of the reference generally appears before the pronoun, and can be used to replace the pronoun after being found. Read through the sentences and check whether the meaning of the sentences has changed.

⑦. Open and expand the test site.

This kind of question is generally to examine students' emotional experience or rational thinking after reading the article. When solving problems, we should combine the articles and give full play to the personal feelings gained in reading. Answer: It is equivalent to writing a small argumentative essay with arguments and arguments. Be sure to quote famous sayings or anecdotes from celebrities to prove your point of view or understanding.

8. Test sites for non-critical paper components in argumentative papers.

(4) Thinking of answering questions: The elements of critical essays in argumentative essays all serve the argument (different expressions have different functions, depending on the purpose of using critical essay elements).