First, some problems in jewelry appreciation,

1, ruby identification characteristics (1) Crystallization habit: it belongs to cubic crystal system and complex cubic crystal; The crystal shape is often barrel, short column, plate and so on. * * * bodies are mostly granular or dense blocks. (2) Transparency: transparent to translucent. (3) Gloss: bright glass luster to sub-diamond luster. (4) refractive index: 1.762- 1.770, (+0.009, -0.005)(5) birefringence: 0.008~0.0 10. (6) Dispersion: low 0.0 18 (7) Polychromaticity: dichroism is obvious, which is often manifested as magenta/brownish red, crimson/red, red/orange red, rose red/pink (8) Luminance: U- (uniaxial negative luminosity). (9) Special optical effect: starlight effect, which will reflect charming six-shot starlight or twelve-shot starlight under the irradiation of light. The Mohs hardness (10) of the discoloration effect is 9, and the (1 1)SG (relative density) is 3.99-4.00 (12). (13) Luminescence: Ruby emits red and dark red fluorescence under long and short wave ultraviolet irradiation. (14) absorption spectrum: typical absorption spectrum of chromium. 688nm 690nm absorption double line 668nm 659nm absorption weak line 550nm absorption broadband (yellow-green absorption) blue region 476nm 475nm 468nm purple region absorption.

Identification characteristics of sapphire (1) Crystallization habit: sapphire belongs to a tripartite crystal system and has a hexagonal structure (2) refractive index: 1.762- 1.770 (3) birefringence: 0.008~0.0 10 (4). (7) Absorption spectrum: The absorption spectrum of blue sapphire often shows a band in the blue region. In some natural blue sapphires, a group of two or three closely adjacent bands can be seen in the blue area; Many green and gold sapphires have similar spectra. (8) Special optical effect: starlight effect, which will reflect charming six-shot starlight or twelve-shot starlight under light irradiation, and color-changing effect (9) Mohs hardness: 9( 10)SG (relative density): 3.99-4.00 (1kloc-0/) cleavage: no cleavage.

Color reasons: Ruby is mainly colored by chromium; Sapphire is mainly colored by iron.

2. Garnet can be divided into two series and six main varieties: almandine series (Mg-Al garnet, Al-Al garnet, Mn-Al garnet) and andradite series (Ca-Cr garnet, Ca-Al garnet, andradite).

* * * are all cubic gems, with glass luster and diamond luster on the crystal face and oily luster on the cross section. Transparent to translucent. Isotropic objects are neither polychromatic nor birefringent.

Personality mainly lies in the differences in main components, chromogenic elements, refractive index, hardness, density and so on. , not listed here.

3. Crystal, glass, Dongling stone, chalcedony, agate, etc. Gems belong to single crystals such as crystals; Emerald belongs to polycrystal such as agate and chalcedony.

4. China's four Yin Zhangshi are Zhejiang Changhua Bloodstone, Fujian Shoushan Shoushan Stone, Zhejiang Qingtian Stone and Inner Mongolia Balin Stone.

Features: (1) Bloodstone: Changhua Bloodstone can be divided into four categories: frozen ground, soft ground, hard ground and hard ground according to material composition, transparency, luster and hardness. First of all, the quality of bloodstone is distinguished according to the amount, shape and brightness of blood. Generally speaking, it is better to have more blood, fresh color and beautiful shape, while the blood is deep and heavy, and it is better to have thick blood or even patches. Blood volume less than 10% is average, more than 30% is medium and high grade, more than 50% is extremely rare, and more than 70% is extremely rare. According to the texture and blood color of bloodstone, it can be divided into: Dahongpao, glass jelly, Tian Huang jelly, sheep fat jelly and so on.

(2) Shoushan Stone: Tiankeng Stone

Also known as Shi Tian, the main varieties are Tian Huangshi, Tian Huang Frozen Stone, and many silverstone days. Some people call all the pit stones Tian Huangshi. Tiankeng stone has no roots and veins, is in natural form, has no obvious edges and corners, and is deposited in the lower layer of a field one or two meters deep. There are many appearances, red squares become tendons, and the texture has radish patterns. The texture is soft and moist, and yellow is the most precious. Tian Huangshi can be divided into upper half, middle half, lower half and lower half according to different producing areas.

Shuikengshi

There are more than a dozen varieties, such as crystal frozen stone, ox horn frozen stone, fish brain frozen stone and so on. It is produced in Kengtoudian Mountain, 2 kilometers southeast of Shoushan Village. There is an east-west vein at the source of the foothills stream. It has been soaked in underground water for a long time. Minerals are crystal clear, soft and pure in color, but generally small in size. Among them, crystal frozen stone, horn frozen stone and digging head stone are the most typical.

Shanjingshi

Refers to the primary ore of Shoushan stone in the rock, which is vein-shaped. Due to the high terrain, there is not much underground water, and the stone is slightly inferior to the puddle stone. Shankeng stone has a wide distribution range and a large output. Due to the different environment inside and outside the place of origin, the varieties are Alpine Stone, Ducheng Pit Stone and Shanbo Cave Stone. Among them, the hibiscus stone in Jialiang Mountain Stone, which is second only to Tianhuang, is the most precious.

(3) Qingtian Stone: Many commodity names are classified as 10 according to their appearance colors, such as blue jelly, fish jelly, fengmenlv, Huang Jinrong, okra and brown soy sauce jelly. In more than 100 categories of Qingtian stone, there are also things similar to Tianhuang, but with other names.

(4) Bahrain stone: bloodstone

Bahrain bloodstone refers to Bahrain stone containing red cinnabar, which is mostly transparent and translucent; There are red, vermilion, dark red, orange and so on. The shape of blood is flaky, massive, banded and star-shaped. All varieties are named after various "reds", such as sunset red, rosy clouds red, peony red and golden orange.

Fuhuangshi

Those whose main body is yellow, transparent and translucent belong to this category. Some varieties can also be subdivided according to hue and texture, such as chicken oil yellow, dense wax yellow and quicksand yellow. Among them, kumquat is comparable to Tian Huang.

talcum

All transparent, translucent, bloodless and yellow Bahrain stones are frozen stones, which is the most variety of Bahrain stones. Named after its main features, there are crystal, hibiscus jelly and sheep fat jelly.

Colored stone

All Bahrain stones that do not bleed, yellow or freeze belong to this category. The most obvious feature is opaque texture and rich colors, so the variety names are rich and colorful, such as safflower stone, yellow flower stone, coffee stone and wood grain stone.

Patterned stone

It refers to a kind of Bahrain stone, which has various natural scenery patterns and certain ornamental value, and can be named after the theme.

5. Pearl characteristics: The chemical composition mainly contains calcium carbonate. The chemical composition of pearl is: CaCO39 1.6%, H2O 4% and organic matter 0.4%. And contains a variety of amino acids: leucine (leucine), methionine (methionine), alanine (alanine), glycine (glycine), glutamic acid (glutamic acid), aspartic acid and so on. In addition, it also contains more than 30 kinds of trace elements, taurine, rich vitamins and peptides. Appearance characteristics pearls have various shapes, such as round, pear-shaped, egg-shaped, teardrop-shaped, button-shaped, arbitrary, etc., among which round is the best. Not an isotropic body. Colors are white, pink, light yellow, light green, light blue, brown, lavender, black and so on. , mainly white. White stripes. It has typical pearl luster, soft luster and rainbow color. Transparent to translucent. The refractive index is 1.530- 1.686 and the birefringence is 0. 156. There is no dispersion. The hardness is 2.5-4.5. The density of natural freshwater pearls is generally 2.66-2.78g/cm3, which varies from place to place. No cleavage. Good toughness. Under short-wave ultraviolet light, pearls show white, light yellow, light green and blue fluorescence, and black pearls emit light red fluorescence; There is yellow-white fluorescence under X-ray. Foam in hydrochloric acid. Character identification Natural pearls are spherical, oval, irregular spherical or rectangular, with a diameter of 1 ~ 6mm. The surface is white, yellowish white, light pink, light blue, etc. , with beautiful color and smoothness. Most decorated pearls have holes in the middle. It's hard and difficult to break, and the section has a layered feeling. It crackled with fire. No gas, slightly salty. The shape of cultured pearls is similar to that of natural pearls, but the surface gloss is weak. There are round sand or concha Haliotidis fragments in the center of the section, and a thin layer of real pearls on the surface. Only the nacre is used as medicine. No gas, slightly salty. But now the appearance of Hepu ecological pearls has greatly improved the quality of cultured pearls! Round particles, transparent luster, bright luster and hard texture are preferred.

Pearl maintenance:

1. The pearl surface lacks hardness, so it needs to be carefully stored. It is forbidden to scratch with a knife or hard objects.

2. Pearl is an organic substance, and its main component is calcium carbonate. Therefore, avoid contact with cosmetics, perfumes and any chemical substances, such as vinegar, orange juice, bleach, sulfuric acid, correction fluid, etc., so as to avoid damage to the pearl surface and loss of luster.

3. After wearing pearls, gently wipe the pearl surface with a soft wet towel to clean substances such as sweat or cosmetics.

4. Don't soak in hot water. Wash pearl ornaments, because it will lead to looseness.

Who has a jewelry appreciation class and what is the content of the jewelry appreciation class?

I had a private chat with the online course of jewelry appreciation in Tongji University.

Three. What did you learn and gain from the course of jewelry appreciation?

By studying the course of jewelry appreciation, I learned some discrimination and understanding about jewelry. I learned that jewelry is varied and the colors are very beautiful. Learned how to identify some simple jewels.

Ⅳ What do you think of the appreciation of jewelry and jade?

Two words "beautiful"

Ⅳ How about learning jewelry appreciation?

It is good to learn jewelry appraisal, but it means that you have to pay a lot of hardships and spend a lot of time.

A high-level jewelry appraiser must have a solid theoretical foundation and rich practical tests. Both are indispensable.

ⅵ What are your valuable suggestions and ideas about learning art appreciation?

Modern art practice makes the concept of "artwork" wider and wider, which impacts the definition of various traditional artworks.

Facing modern art, Brock, a famous American analytical aesthetician, redefined the concept of "art" from four aspects: the intention of art and people, the non-utility of art, the custom of art and the openness of art, in order to seek aesthetic legitimacy for modern art.

Goldhaber, an American art economist, pointed out: "If you measure the productivity of an artist in dollars, you will find that the most attractive artists earn the most money." He believes that the purpose of art is to attract attention. Succeeding in attracting attention is the whole meaning of the existence of art. That is to say, in a sense, the decisive factor affecting the price of works of art is not only the artistic value of works of art itself and the number of works of art existing in the world, but the degree of attention that works of art can attract.

Seven, talk about your feelings and gains about the course "Gem Appreciation".

■ (-) Identification of Ruby

* There is a saying in jewelry stores that natural gemstones are "ten Hong Jiu cracks". It is extremely rare to find an exclusive natural ruby without flaws and cracks. Natural rubies are very precious, and there are few rubies over 8 carats on the market. However, there are few internal defects and crystal inclusions in artificial rubies, which are clean and large.

Secondly, natural ruby has a strong "dichroism", that is, it presents red and orange-red colors from different directions. If there is only one color, it may be red spinel, garnet or red glass.

In particular, red spinel is very similar to natural ruby, which is very easy to be confused and should be identified from many aspects.

(2) Identification of sapphire

* Natural sapphires are often uneven in color, and most of them grow in a straight line, while artificial sapphires are even in color. The growth line is an arc-shaped belt, and bread crumbs or beaded bubbles are often seen in the body.

* Secondly, natural sapphires have obvious dichroism, which is blue from one direction and blue-green from the other, while other gems have different color qualities.

"Third, hardness measurement. Natural sapphires can carve traces on topaz, while other sapphires are difficult to carve traces on topaz. So when buying sapphire, you can consider carrying a topaz with you.

Ⅷ Jewelry Appreciation and Finishing Operation

Come to test primary school students?

Nine jewelry appreciation courses

While the jewelry and jade market is booming, there are also some bad phenomena, such as mixed fish and dragons, mud and sand, deceiving consumers in various ways and so on. On the one hand, this phenomenon is due to the immature development of China's jewelry and jade market, on the other hand, it is mainly due to the lack of understanding of jewelry and jade in China. Even the national elites who enter colleges and universities for knowledge know little about jewelry and jade. This situation is not commensurate with the quality of college students, so yuanshi county Jewelry Institute has special courses.

The first chapter is introduction.

The basic concept of 1. 1

1.2 gem classification

1.3 Naming and symbols of gems

1.4 Jewelry Properties

1.5 jewelry value

1.6 Physical properties of gemstones

Chapter II The King of Gems-Diamonds

Chapter III The King of Emerald

Chapter IV Ruby and Sapphire

Chapter V Opal and Variant Stone

Chapter VI Ordinary Gems (Tourmaline, Aquamarine, Crystal, Zircon, Spinel, Garnet, Topaz, Olivine and Moonstone)

Chapter VII King of Jade-Emerald

Chapter VIII King of nephrite-Hetian jade

Chapter 9 Opal

Chapter 10 Common Jade (Emerald, dushan jade, Turquoise, Seasonal Jade, Blue Gold Rock, Shoushan Stone and Bloodstone)

Chapter XI Ancient Jade Articles and Jade Culture in China

Chapter 12 Jewelry Queen-Pearl

Chapter 13 Other Organic Baoyu

Chapter XIV Purchase, Wear and Maintenance of Jewelry