First, port logistics and China's economic development
Basic conclusion
1. China has a coastline of 18000 km and an inland waterway of10000 km, which undertakes 9% of domestic trade transportation and more than 85% of foreign trade goods transportation, and there are more than 460 commercial ports along the coast.
2. In 2003, the cargo throughput of coastal ports and inland ports in Chinese mainland was 654.38 0.08 million tons and 650 million tons respectively, increasing by 654.38 0.08% and 654.38 0.04% respectively compared with 2002. The cargo throughput of Shanghai, Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Ningbo, Qingdao, Guangzhou and Shenzhen all exceeded 1 100 million tons.
3. The container throughput in the Mainland has grown strongly, which has become the biggest highlight of China's port economy. General Administration of Customs
In 2003, 48 million TEUs were completed, ranking first in the world, an increase of 3 1% over 2002. Among them, Shanghai and Shenzhen ports have completed 1 1.28 million TEUs and10.62 million TEUs respectively, ranking third and fourth in the world container ports respectively. Hong Kong has exceeded 20 million TEUs, ranking first in the world.
4. Port decentralization and port system reform have promoted the new climax of port development, and local governments have seized the opportunity to put forward a new strategy of "revitalizing the city through ports".
5. China's entry into WTO has accelerated the internationalization and marketization of ports. In 2003, the People's Republic of China (PRC) Port Law was promulgated, which became a milestone in the history of port development in China, marking a new step in the construction of port legal system, and port management entered a new historical stage of administration and governance according to law. It will promote the benign development of port economy marketization and accelerate the integration of port management with the international community.
6. According to the Tenth Five-Year Plan, there will be 64 new deepwater berths/kloc-0, with an additional handling capacity of 34,000 tons, including 69 container berths, with an additional handling capacity of19.4 million TEUs; Three large crude oil and ore loading and unloading berths were added, with an additional throughput of 30 million tons; 200 inland river berths were built and renovated, with an additional handling capacity of 25 million tons. In 2003, the port invested 20.6 billion yuan, up 48.8% year-on-year, and 45 berths above intermediate level were built in coastal ports, including 36 deep-water berths, with an increased throughput of 82.2 million tons.
7. According to the medium-and long-term port development plan of 20 10 and 2020, integrate the port sources of Yangtze River Delta, Bohai Rim, South China, Southeast Coast and Southwest Coast, speed up the construction of Shanghai International Shipping Center, speed up the construction of 20 hub ports, improve the large-scale and professional level of terminal berths, speed up the deepening of the water depth of exit channels such as the Yangtze River estuary, and make the port become the core hub of comprehensive transportation.
8. Ports have become the gateway and window for China to open to the outside world, with over 140 ports open to the outside world. China has signed shipping agreements with more than 50 countries, and nearly 100 overseas shipping companies from more than 30 countries have been allowed to open container liner routes in China port.
9. The import and export trade and logistics of bonded areas mainly relying on ports and airports have grown rapidly. By the end of 2003, a total of 0/5 bonded zones/kloc-have been established, covering an area of 430,000 square kilometers. In 2003, the total value of import and export goods reached US$ 52.78 billion, up 66%, of which exports reached US$ 654.38+08.544 billion, up 59.7%. Imports reached US$ 34.236 billion, up by 69.6%; The total import and export value of warehousing and logistics enterprises was $262 12 billion, an increase of 65.438+008.2%; The total freight volume in the bonded area reached 15962800 tons, up by 8 1.6%. Bonded area has become the growth pole of regional economic development and an important functional area with radiation-driven function, and has entered a new stage of expansion.
From the above analysis, we can draw three basic conclusions:
First, since the reform and opening up, China's port construction and port economy, especially port logistics, have made great progress and become a pearl of national economic development, which will surely play an increasingly important role in promoting China's economic development, and the role of ports is irreplaceable.
Second, the reform of port management system is a powerful driving force for the development of port economy. Port decentralization, port opening, separation of government from enterprise and port linkage are the four levers. Port economy, especially port logistics, will increasingly show its strong vitality and development.
Third, the biggest problems of port economy, especially port logistics, are low degree of internationalization, marketization and modernization, insufficient adaptability to economic construction and social development, and outstanding structural contradictions. Solving these contradictions is the main direction of the tenth and eleventh five-year plans.
Second, five basic understanding of port logistics
1. Implement the port development strategy
Essentially, a port is a logistics base, logistics hub and logistics node, and a gathering place for logistics enterprises, mainly engaged in the distribution of import and export goods. Speaking of port cities, they should be extended to other functions.
The development of China port must be development-oriented, take the opportunity of adapting to the requirements of internationalization, take the market as the guide, take reform and scientific and technological progress as the driving force, take structural adjustment as the main line, rationally arrange and speed up the pace of construction, so as to meet the requirements of national economic and social development and international shipping development for China port to the maximum extent.
China port development should increase diversified investment, implement port resource integration, implement port modern enterprise system in China port, strengthen port international cooperation, improve production efficiency and management level by relying on scientific and technological progress, strengthen the construction of comprehensive transportation system, and attach importance to port talent team training.
The development of China port should adapt to the development pattern of national economy and regional economy, with the central city as the core, large multinational companies as the forerunner and industrial relations as the link, and the international and domestic resources will be rapidly concentrated in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Bohai Rim region. At the same time, the external radiation effect of the three places based on market size, industrial chain, enterprise group, urban agglomeration and benign interaction is also increasing. The agglomeration effect of Shanghai and Ningbo in the Yangtze River Delta, Hong Kong and Shenzhen in the Pearl River Delta, Qingdao, Tianjin and Dalian is obvious. The active promotion of Southeast Asia Free Trade Area and China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Area has given the port enormous competitive pressure and huge development space.
2. Vigorously develop port productivity
Port productivity mainly includes container handling capacity, port modernization facilities and equipment capacity, electronic port customs clearance capacity, bonded area and bonded area development capacity, business flow, logistics, information technology, capital flow service capacity, port modernization management capacity and so on. The secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development believes that the upgrading of port functions is reflected in three aspects: first, the traditional loading and unloading business; Second, industrial services, such as value-added services; The third is business, information and distribution functions. In addition to the traditional loading and unloading business, these three aspects all require the establishment of corresponding special service areas in or adjacent to the port area to effectively adapt to the integration of all links in the global transportation chain and become seamless integration.
3. Take the road of port linkage
Looking at the development of port cities in the world, port economy matches the functions of free trade zones or bonded zones, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Rotterdam and Busan. Port economy and free trade zone or bonded zone characterized by providing tariffs and preferential treatment are interdependent, closely cooperate and promote each other's development, forming a closely related interest relationship.
65438+On February 8, 2003, the State Council officially replied to the General Administration of Customs and agreed to the pilot scheme of port linkage in Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone. 65438+February 2 1, Waigaoqiao Bonded Logistics Park was officially launched. The pilot project of port linkage in Shanghai Waigaoqiao Bonded Zone refers to the establishment of Shanghai Waigaoqiao Bonded Logistics Park connecting the bonded zone and the port area, giving full play to the policy advantages of the bonded zone and the location advantages of the port area, focusing on the development of warehousing and logistics industry, and further expanding the four functions of international transit, international distribution, international procurement center and international entrepot trade, thus effectively promoting the linkage development of Shanghai port, shipping, warehousing and logistics industry. Port-port linkage is the general mode of international free trade zone and the only way for all ports in China.
4. Cultivate port culture
The port is located along the coast of the Yangtze River, where the rivers and seas are constantly surging, which inevitably forms a unique port culture. This culture is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, Scientific Outlook on Development. To achieve coordinated and sustainable development, we should not ignore the long-term and overall interests for the benefit of one place at a time; The second is people-oriented. Ports should embody the harmony between man and economy, man and nature; The third is technological innovation. Can't stick to the rules, high input and low output, high cost and low efficiency. Port development should have new ideas and new development ideas of keeping pace with the times.
5. There should be large port operators.
There are four reasons why Hong Kong can become a global shipping center, that is, a logistics center. First, Hong Kong, as the financial center of Asia, has met the demand of foreign trade business with huge capital demand and given great credit and settlement support and convenience; Second, after years of careful construction and operation, Hong Kong container terminal has formed a service process with high efficiency, high quality and high reputation, winning by geographical advantages and service advantages; Third, Hong Kong is a free trade port, engaging in import and export trade and logistics in a competitive soft environment, reducing transaction and operating costs; Fourth, there are effective port operators. After the establishment of Hutchison Whampoa 1977, the container terminal has always been the highlight of business development. 199 1 acquired the busiest port in Britain-Feliston port. In the following years, Hutchison Whampoa expanded its business to 15 countries and regions such as China, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Africa, Europe and America. The core pillar industry of China Merchants International Limited is also the port business. It has invested and operated 53 berths in Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Ningbo, Qingdao and Tianjin. China Port has its own advantages, which are unmatched by foreign ports. As pointed out in the document "Maritime Planning Model" provided by the Department of Transport, Transportation, Tourism and Infrastructure Development of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, "Shanghai Port in East Asia, which has a huge market background in China, will greatly improve its container throughput under the atmosphere that more and more super-large containers are put into global routes" and "Shanghai Port will be at 20 1 1, but China lacks large port investors and
Third, China's economic development is inseparable from port logistics.
1. Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has grown rapidly. In 2003, the GDP reached 1 1.67 trillion yuan, up 9. 1% year-on-year. The total import and export volume is $85 12 billion, ranking fourth in the world. The growing huge economic aggregate makes the demand and quantity of logistics increase rapidly. In 2003, the total social logistics value of China port, which consists of the total logistics value of industrial products, agricultural products, imported goods and renewable resources, reached 29.5 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 27%. Port is the main distribution center of social logistics, especially the main carrier of import and export logistics.
2. In 2003, the total cost of social logistics in China was 2,497.4 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 17.6%. The total cost of social logistics accounts for 2 1.4% of GDP. It is twice as high as that of developed market economy countries, reflecting that China's logistics is still in a very backward state, the logistics cost is too high, and the port logistics is also in the same state. The transportation cost, storage cost and management cost of ports can't reach the advanced level of international ports, and the port logistics level is often the main symbol of a country's overall logistics level.
3. At present, many large ports in the world are developing to the third generation ports, and global goods trade distribution centers and integrated logistics service bases have been built. Many developed countries take the port as a breakthrough to develop logistics, promote the development of port processing industry, radiate the surrounding areas, promote import and export trade, and in turn promote the development of port logistics and realize a virtuous circle.
Traditional port logistics realizes "port to port", while modern logistics requires "door to door" service. This requires building a modern comprehensive transportation network and hinterland market system that matches the development of port logistics industry, and further expanding port logistics business. In short, port logistics drives port economy, port economy drives regional economy, and regional economy drives national economy. Therefore, port logistics plays an important role.
4. After China's entry into WTO, many fields will be gradually liberalized, including logistics services, and foreign logistics enterprises will enter land, sea and air freight, commodity distribution and warehousing services. Port logistics is a place with fierce competition, and the control of the port will also gain the control of an economy in a sense. Joining WTO not only brings great opportunities and space to the development of port logistics, but also brings great pressure and challenges. As a strategic resource of a country, the port exists objectively. The key is how to make good use of it and really play a central role in economic development.
China port logistics has a long way to go and a bright future. With the joint efforts of the government, enterprises and intermediary organizations, it will surely become a bright spot of the logistics industry in China and the economic development in China.
summary
Port logistics is a collection of various materials, transportation and service resources. In other words, port logistics is a gathering place of logistics, information flow and capital flow, a concentration place of various logistics operations, and a collection of various logistics facilities and service functions. From a vertical perspective, port logistics involves transportation, warehousing, loading and unloading, handling, packaging, distribution processing, distribution, information processing, and providing equipment and supporting services for the above links. Horizontally, port logistics service involves almost many aspects of the national economy, and it is a cross-industry, cross-departmental and cross-regional basic industry with strong economic penetration and driving effect.
Direct contribution of port logistics to economy
The direct contribution of port logistics to economy mainly refers to the economic benefits directly obtained by port production. Port is a part of national economy and regional economy. Like other industries, ports also generate gross domestic product and national income, and also generate employment opportunities and pay state taxes. Therefore, the direct contribution can be measured by the turnover of freight and passenger transport and the added value of GNP.
Indirect contribution of port logistics to economy
The indirect economic contribution of ports refers to the income generated by organizations and companies that provide services and products for direct economic activities. Refers to the part of the benefits generated by the development of port production that promotes or drives the development of other departments.
Social welfare
The social benefit of port refers to the great promotion of port development to regional prosperity.