I. Overview of GMF Development 1994. The first GMF (genetically modified tomato) that entered the market was born in the United States. At present, GMF has been planted in at least 13 countries, of which the United States has the largest planting area, reaching 30.3 million hectares, 68%; Followed by Argentina100000 hectares, accounting for 23%; 3 million hectares in Canada, 7%; 500,000 hectares in China, accounting for 1%. There are 43 varieties of GMF determined by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). More than 60% of processed foods contain genetically modified ingredients, and GMF sales amount to tens of billions of dollars. According to a survey, most consumers in the United States and Canada have accepted GMF, and only 27% of them may be harmful to their health. China has approved the commercialization of six GMF, including three foods: virus-resistant sweet pepper, virus-resistant tomato and delayed ripening tomato. With the research and development of GMF in China, there will be more and more GMF varieties in China. At present, the research focus is on the development of genetically modified rice, genetically modified fish and other foods. According to the source of GMF, GMF can be divided into plant source GMF, animal source GMFH and microbial source GMF. At present, GMF mainly comes from plants, and the food or food raw materials involved are: genetically modified soybeans, genetically modified corn, genetically modified tomatoes, genetically modified rapeseed, genetically modified potatoes and so on. In the global GM planting, the largest GM soybean planting area is 258 billion hectares, accounting for 58% of the global GMF. Second, the characteristics of GMF compared with traditional food: traditional food is bred by natural selection or artificial hybridization. Although there is no substantial difference in basic principle between transgenic technology and traditional and newly developed interspecific hybridization technology, transgenic technology for producing GMF focuses on gene manipulation at molecular level (gene modification or transfer through recombinant DNA technology), so it is more precise, rigorous and controllable. People can use modern biotechnology to change the genetic traits of organisms and create new species that do not exist in nature. Such as edible plants that can kill pests, edible plants that can resist herbicides, and edible plants that can produce human vaccines. It has the following characteristics: (1) low cost and high output. The cost is 40% to 60% of the traditional products, and the output is increased by at least 20%, several times or even dozens of times. (2) Resistance to weeds, pests and adversity. First, it can reduce the cost of agricultural production; Secondly, it can increase the yield of crops. In 2000, GMC reached 44.2 million hectares, of which 32.8 million hectares were herbicide-resistant, accounting for 74%; There are 8.3 million hectares with insect resistance, accounting for19%; Insect resistance and herbicide resistance accounted for 7%. (3) Food quality and nutritional value are improved. For example, the content of lysine in cereal food can be increased by transgenic technology to increase its nutritional value, and the research on improving baking (bei) performance by increasing the proportion of gluten in wheat by transgenic technology has also achieved certain results. (4) The fresh-keeping performance is enhanced. For example, antisense DNA technology can inhibit the ripening and softening of antisense RAN transgenic tomatoes and prolong their storage and preservation time in Zhu. Third, the safety of genetically modified foods. 1998, Professor Arpad Pusztiai of the Scottish Institute in England fed transgenic potatoes to mice. 1in the autumn of 998, it was announced on TV that rats ate it, which led to abnormal organ growth, decreased body weight and organ weight, and impaired immune system. This incident caused an international sensation. This is the earliest question about genetically modified food with scientific basis, and it has triggered a big discussion about the safety of genetically modified food in Britain and even the world. Although the Royal Society announced in May 1999 that the research was "full of loopholes", it could not reach the conclusion that genetically modified potatoes were biologically healthy. 1in March, 1998, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office approved a so-called "terminator technology" patent jointly applied by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and DPL(Delta and Pine Land) Company, which aroused strong response from the international community. Because this technology is not universal, using this technology can make the seeds obtained by planting crops in the first year sterile, and the seeds will die automatically when planting in the second year. "Terminator" technology is to insert a terminator gene into the crop genome to obtain transgenic crop seeds. Before the seed is sold, the seed company sprays inducer on the surface of the seed. After farmers sow, the seeds can grow into normal plants and produce mature seeds. However, under the action of inducer, the inserted terminator gene will be activated when the seed matures, producing toxin to kill the seed embryo, so the harvested seed can not germinate normally when replanting in the second year, but it is completely normal in terms of oil and protein. A spokesman for the US Department of Agriculture claimed that "Terminator" technology is to protect the intellectual property rights of genetic engineering technology. 1998 5438+00 in June, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) held a meeting in Washington, DC, and explicitly put forward the prohibition of terminator technology. The main reasons are: the seeds produced by terminator technology are unrecognizable in appearance, which is easy to cause irreparable losses; Unintentional spread of pollen brings biosafety risks. 1In May, 1999, a research group of Cornell University reported that 44% of a butterfly died after eating bt corn pollen, which indicated that GMF may have potential safety hazards. This incident caused a wide debate among GMF scientists. CryLA is a kind of insecticidal crystal protein in bt corn, and it is a pest that specifically kills green onions. Spotted butterflies belong to green onions and are naturally influenced by Bt protein. In fact, Science and Nature refused to publish articles about butterflies. The reviewer thinks that this does not reflect the situation in this field, and finally reports it in the form of Nature newsletter. However, this incident became the front page news of The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, USA-Today and other newspapers. Finally, the incident was denied by the scientific community. On July 9th, 20001year, the United Nations Development Programme admitted that GMF may destroy the ecological balance, they may transfer their genes to related species, produce super weeds, and may have unexpected harmful effects on other plants or animals. Many questions about the potential dangers and safety of GMF and genetically modified organisms need further study before we can draw a conclusion. Therefore, it is necessary to be cautious to plant genetically modified organisms and GMF in the market, otherwise it may cause incalculable losses to human health and ecological environment. Although GMF has not been found to be harmful to human health at present, it does not mean that it is not harmful, because it has entered the human body for a short time, and its potential harm will not be shown in a short time. Until now, it is still doubtful whether human beings are safe to eat for a long time, and the scientific community knows nothing about whether these foods are safe. International authoritative organizations such as the World Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Health Organization and the Economic Cooperation Organization all said that artificial transplantation of foreign genes may have "unexpected consequences" for organisms. In other words, we don't have enough scientific means to assess the risks of genetically modified organisms and food. The International Consumers Federation (whose members include 250 consumer organizations in 1 15 countries) said, "At present, no government or United Nations organization will claim that genetically modified foods are completely safe." At present, the application of a large number of transgenic technologies has brought us great benefits, but from the above analysis, we can still see that the safety of genetically modified foods has not been evaluated at present, and whether the safety of genetically modified foods needs further research and time verification. References: [1] Xu Zongliang, Liu Xueli, Zhai Xiaomei. Bioethics [M]. Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2002. [2] Shen Mingxian. Bioethics [M]. Higher Education Press, 2003. The Civil Servants' Home exclusively publishes the 20 10 discussion paper on the safety of genetically modified food, and the national civil servants *. Reprint the 20 10 discussion paper on the safety of genetically modified food, please be sure to indicate that it comes from the home of civil servants. Detailed reference materials:

/LUN Wen/shys/hx shlw/2009 1 1/298 120 . html

Please accept it, thank you!