19 13, studying in Yangzhou middle school. 19 17 entered the preparatory course of Beiyang university, 1923 graduated from the department of mining and metallurgy of Beiyang university with a bachelor's degree in engineering. Excellent academic performance, deeply favored by Edwin Sperry, head of the Department of Mining and Metallurgy and an American professor.
1924, recommended by Shi Boli, went to work in South Chicago Steelmaking Plant. I have gained rich practical experience. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/925, he entered Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, USA (now Carnegie? Mellon University) study. 1926 received a master's degree in metallurgy. At the thesis defense meeting, his talent attracted the attention of Albert sauville, a famous professor of Harvard University who gave lectures in this school. He agreed to go to Harvard University to study for a doctorate, and was personally guided by Fu Su. In the first year of studying at Harvard University, he studied the effect of different cooling rates on the formation of widmanstatten structure in sub-* * steel, and achieved innovative research results. In the same year, he obtained an engineer degree from Harvard University and applied for the Hailin-Ringer Scholarship.
During the period of 1926, Zhou Zhihong studied "Martensite Structure Formed by High-speed Cooling of Pure Metal" during his Ph.D. study at Harvard University. In this research, Zhou Zhihong completed the experiment that Professor Fu Su wanted to do but failed to do. At that time, there was no ready-made vacuum metallurgical equipment, so how to cool pure iron samples from high temperature to low temperature without oxidation became the main difficulty of this research work. Zhou Zhihong manually grinds a sample of pure iron less than one square inch to a thickness of 1 ~ 2mm. Then put in a quartz tube, vacuumized and sealed. After heating, it is immersed in mercury solution for quenching, and the quartz tube is broken to prevent the sample from floating. These operations must be completed in an instant. Zhou Zhihong used skilled experimental skills,
1926 received a master's degree in metallurgy. At the thesis defense meeting, his talent attracted the attention of AlbertSauveur, a famous professor of Harvard University who gave lectures in this school. He agreed to go to Harvard University to study for a doctorate, and was personally instructed by Fu Su. In the first year of studying at Harvard University, he studied the effect of different cooling rates on the formation of widmanstatten structure in sub-* * steel, and achieved innovative research results. In the same year, he obtained an engineer degree from Harvard University and applied for the Hailin-Ringer Scholarship.
1927 completed the research on "cooling conditions and morphology of widmanstatten structure formation in steel" at Harvard University. He revealed the formation mechanism of ferrite in sub-* * steel, and found that the widmanstatten structure is similar to martensite in shape, following the law of habitual surface and forming along a certain crystal plane, that is, the widmanstatten structure and matrix have * * * lattice characteristics; At the same time, the formation of dendrite in ingot was also studied. It is found that the greater the cooling rate of sub-ingot, the finer the dendrite. For the first time, it provides the law of how to control the quality of ingot for large-scale production. A metallographic organization chart made by Zhou Zhihong in those days is still in the showroom of the Metallurgical Department of the University of Missouri. His dendrite diagram was adopted by Metallurgy written by ъолховцтцнов of the Soviet Union.
1928 reveals the martensite formation process of pure iron under high-speed cooling. His paper was published in the famous American Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, and Zhou Zhihong received a doctorate in science from Harvard University. The proof that pure iron can form martensite under high-speed cooling changed the understanding that martensite can only be obtained by quenching of high and medium carbon steel at that time, which laid the foundation for the study of martensite transformation. In the 1970s, at the international conference commemorating the centenary of Sorbi in the field of physical metallurgy, J.G. Parr, a professor at Albert University, also highly praised Zhou Zhihong's achievements in his report "Martensite Transformation Law".
1928 received the doctor of science degree. Subsequently, Su Fu recommended him to be a researcher at Lauren Steel Plant, the national steel pipe company of the United States. The factory gave him a topic about "eliminating surface defects of steel pipes". A few years later, the engineer in charge of the factory unexpectedly received Zhou Zhihong's research report. He was very surprised and looked at it with special respect. Soon the factory learned that he was determined to return to China and kept it many times, but he politely refused.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/929, Zhou Zhihong returned to the motherland and served as an assistant member of the Ordnance Research Committee of the Ordnance Department of Nanjing National Government. 1930 was appointed as the director of Shanghai Steelmaking Plant of Ministry of Ordnance. At that time, the factory was dying in the case of dumping foreign goods and internal chaos. After he took office, he first reformed the "head system" of the factory. He personally revised the salary plan, so that employees who have the ability and work well can get high salaries and win the support of employees. Subsequently, he changed the original acidic open hearth furnace to alkaline open hearth furnace, and replaced imported foreign raw materials with domestic raw materials, thus strengthening the product quality inspection. Thus, the product quality is improved, the production cost is reduced, the external competitiveness is enhanced, and the factory looks brand-new.
From 65438 to 0935, he was sent to Europe to inspect imported steel and steel industry. During his two years abroad, he visited famous European steel mills such as Locklin, Krupp, Bailu and Puda.
1937 "July 7th Incident" occurred, and he immediately returned to the motherland and was ordered to prepare Hanyang Iron Works to resume work. However, the Japanese invaders quickly pushed Wuhan, and Hanyang Iron Works were all ready to move to Sichuan, and the plan to resume work failed to be implemented. At that time, the Ministry of Ordnance established the Material Testing Department in Chongqing, with Zhou Zhihong as the technical director (chief engineer) and director. The 28th Factory of Ordnance Department was established in 1942, with Zhou as the director.
From 1938 to 1946, the Material Testing Department and No.28 Factory he led mainly developed and produced alloy steels and ferroalloys urgently needed by national defense and civil use, such as high-speed steel and die steel. Its test equipment and products have been highly praised by American experts Graham and H. Strain employed by the wartime production bureau of Chongqing National Government. Shi also hired as an honorary member on behalf of the Steel Association of South Chicago Steel Works, and awarded its honorary member a gold medal.
In 1950s and 1960s, Zhou Zhihong and his collaborators also studied the growth rate of widmanstatten structure and the kinetics of bainite transformation in sub-* * steel, and achieved important results.
Under the auspices of Zhou Zhihong, Shanghai Steel Works not only supplied weapons and materials, but also undertook the production of large-scale equipment for some important projects at that time. He once made steel castings for the abutment of Qiantang River Bridge. It has undertaken large-scale cast steel gears of rotary kiln in Nanjing Longtan Cement Plant and large-scale castings and forgings of Yixian ship spindle.
Thanks to Zhou Zhihong's knowledge and courage, after five years' efforts, the Shanghai Steelmaking Plant, which was on the verge of bankruptcy, finally turned a profit, and its products could compete with famous brands in Britain and Germany.
1937, Zhou Zhihong engaged in the research and production of alloy steel in Chongqing Material Laboratory and No.28 Factory, using local materials as raw materials. At that time, Chongqing was short of electricity, so Zhou Zhihong tried to make steel with a crucible. There is no local crucible for steelmaking, so Zhou Zhihong and Qiu Yuchi made their own clay in Nanchong and Weiyuan, Sichuan. After hundreds of tests, the steel-making crucibles with different sizes have been successfully trial-produced, and the maximum capacity can reach 70 ~ 80 kg, which has built a large crucible steelmaking workshop for China. The workshop can use 12 furnace, and 24 crucibles can be poured at the same time to get larger ingots. Since 194 1 year, the factory has successively produced front steel (i.e. high speed steel), die steel, magnetic steel with crucible and other products.
During his eight years in Chongqing, Zhou Zhihong also served as a professor at Chongqing University and other schools.
194 1 year, the scientific research results of refining pure tungsten in Chongqing Material Laboratory were successfully put into production in No.28 Plant. At that time, the conditions were very difficult, and the equipment for refining pure tungsten had to be solved by indigenous methods: they used hydrochloric acid tanks instead of acidifiers; The heat transfer device is made of gasoline barrel; Use a cloth bag as a filter. The output was very low at first, and then it gradually increased. By 1943, the daily output of pure tungsten is 20kg.
1943, under the leadership of Zhou Zhihong, a self-made 400 KVA ferrosilicon furnace was successfully installed in No.28 factory, with a monthly output of ferrosilicon 10 ton. At first, ferrosilicon only contained 50% silicon, and with the efforts of Zheng Fengzhen and others, the silicon content increased to 70%. In addition, a 200 KVA ferrotungsten furnace was installed, and Zhou Zhihong personally instructed Xiao Jimei to successfully trial-produce ferrotungsten and produce it in small batches. Subsequently, a 755 KVA ferromanganese furnace and two emery furnaces were installed, and ferromanganese and silicon carbide rods were successfully produced.
In the early 1950s, the import of nickel and chromium was restricted. Zhou Zhihong leads some young teaching assistants at Shanghai Jiaotong University. After several years' efforts, four new alloy steels with no chromium, less chromium or less nickel were selected from four series of 16 steels, and the corresponding production processes were put forward. Through fatigue and aging tests, it is determined that these new steels can be used as substitute steels for bearing steels.
Zhou Zhihong and his colleagues have made great contributions to the development of alloy steel and ferroalloy in China, especially the trial production of tungsten powder, high-speed steel and high-alloy tool steel, which filled the gap in China in the 1940s.
Contribute to the development of oxygen top-blown converter, top-bottom combined blowing and direct reduction steelmaking in China.
In the early 1950s, Austria invented the oxygen top-blown converter, and some people of insight in China attached great importance to it. Zhou Zhihong is one of them. He once wrote an article introducing the advantages of oxygen top-blown converter.
1958 The steelmaking laboratory of oxygen top-blown converter was built in Jiaotong University to guide graduate students and young teachers to carry out a series of research on steelmaking methods of oxygen top-blown converter (such as hydraulic simulation test, thermal simulation test, flue gas dust removal and recovery test, etc.). ), and achieved good results. Then, under the guidance of Zhou Zhihong, in cooperation with Shanghai Metallurgical Design Institute and Shanghai No.1 Iron and Steel Plant, a 5-ton side-blown converter in Shanghai No.1 Iron and Steel Plant was changed from 1962 to an oxygen top-blown converter. After obtaining the industrial test data, the oxygen top-blown converter with an annual output of 300,000 tons of steel was built in the third workshop of Shanghai Iron and Steel Company.
The feasibility of compensating the shortage of metal materials was studied from 1983. At that time, he was nearly 90 years old and personally directed the direct reduction research until 1989.
1In August, 943, Cr-Al steel and Ni steel were successfully trial-produced. In the same year, we also produced nickel-chromium steel, cold-drawn steel, reamer blank, stainless steel, non-telescopic steel and other products.
1944 added drawing die steel, high carbon steel blank, chromium steel, tungsten steel, spring steel and marble steel. No.28 Factory became the alloy steel production base in southwest China during War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period.
From 65438 to 0947, he was employed by the Ministry of Communications of Nanjing National Government to set up the Technical Research Institute of the Ministry.
Zhou Zhihong returned to Shanghai from Nanking, waiting for liberation.
Zhou Zhihong once personally heard the speech of the National Government, saying that he would set up a steel plant with an annual output of over 654.38 million tons, and Weng would set up a steel plant with an annual output of 300,000 tons, but none of them came true. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he was encouraged by the booming steel industry. 1979 At the Fifth Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held in China, he said that although he was 82 years old, he would struggle as if he were 28 years old. He is currently the deputy chief consultant of the Advisory Committee of Baoshan Iron and Steel General Factory, a modern large-scale iron and steel enterprise in China. Some important opinions are put forward on whether to continue the construction of the first phase project of Baosteel and how to deal with the movement phenomenon in the piling of Baosteel foundation. In order to thank this famous metallurgical expert, Baosteel invited him to participate in the ignition and opening of Baosteel 1 BF. On his 92nd birthday, he also mentioned that 1985 lit Baosteel's first blast furnace, which was the happiest thing in his life.
1991February 13 died in Shanghai at the age of 95.