Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846), whose real name was Lotte, was later named Xiangshan Jushi. Bai was called "Bai Fu" because he was a junior official of the prince, and later he was called "Bai Wengong" because of posthumous title's "Wen" after his death. Bai Juyi's ancestral home is Taiyuan (now Shanxi), so he often writes poems in the name of "Taiyuan Bai Juyi". When Bai Juyi's great-grandfather was in Weinan, Shaanxi, his family moved to Weinan. Bai Juyi's grandfather is "young and eager to learn, good at writing, especially good at five-character poems, with ten volumes" (Bai Juyi's language). He used to work in Henan, and Yan lived in Xinzheng, Henan, where Bai Juyi was born. Bai Juyi's father, Bai, successively served as county magistrate of Pengcheng, Xuzhou and Xiangzhou. At the age of 4 1, he married a kind, virtuous and knowledgeable Chen. Bai Juyi is a famous poet and novelist in the history of China classical literature. Bai Juyi is very talented. When he was six or seven months old, he could not speak, but he had memorized the words "knowledge" and "martial arts" pointed out by his wet nurse. Later, he was asked to identify himself, but he could distinguish correctly. At the age of three, Bai Juyi learned to write with his mother Chen. When I was five or six years old, I began to learn to write poetry; When I was nine years old, I could use phonology fluently. Bai Juyi wrote in "Xiang Zhou Don't Drive Fu Jun Event": "Don't drive Fu Jun (that is, Bai) for the world, and all the scholars are still young and learn without a teacher; My wife personally holds "poems" and "books" and teaches them day and night, and they are persuasive. She has never added a raft or a stick. For more than a decade, all the philosophers have been promoted by literature, and their officials are close to the Qing Dynasty, which is also caused by the grace of their wives. " I have always been grateful to my mother, who is strict with my brothers' study and loves them. When Bai Juyi was a teenager, it coincided with the turmoil in the buffer region. Bai Juyi, his father, also moved around the south of the Yangtze River. At the age of fifteen or sixteen, Bai Juyi "studied hard" in order to get into the Jinshi; Around the age of twenty, it is even more "going to class during the day, reading at night, going to class occasionally, and not wanting to sleep." So that the tongue is sore and the elbow is sore. "Fortunately, much trouble and he finally passed after having obtained in Xuanzhou. In the 15th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (799), Bai Juyi came to Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. In the first month of the following year, he wrote a letter to Chen Jing in the Tang Dynasty, which contained 20 essays and 100 poems, hoping that Chen Jing could appreciate him as a young man who "didn't rely on the help of the imperial court" (Bai Juyi described himself like this in his letter). This year, Bai Juyi passed the Jinshi with the fourth place. He is the youngest of the 17 people who won the first prize together, but he was born late in the senior high school entrance examination of famous literati in Tang Dynasty. In the 19th year of Zhenyuan (803), Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretary of the provincial proofreader, responsible for collating books and classics. In the same year, Bai Juyi met Yuan Zhen, a close friend of "I was given a name that day, and everyone knew it in my heart" and "I am friends with stone and love". Since then, the two "stopped and blocked, but different; It is not enough to say that the stone glue paint is not enough. They have been dead for 30 years, and 900 chapters were written with people who sang and wrote poems. * * * created a poetic school with simple and fluent poetic style, and the "Bai Yuan Poetry School" named after them will be engraved in the history of China classical literature forever. At that time, in addition to the examination for selecting talents, such as after winning the provincial examination and the Chinese Book Award, there was also a special examination presided over by the emperor himself-the system examination. Compared with other examinations, the examination system has a greater influence, and it can be appointed by the imperial court immediately after graduation, and most of the appointed positions are beautiful and important, which makes it easier to get promoted. Therefore, Bai Juyi resigned as a school bookseller in the first year of Yuanhe (806), and lived in Huayang Temple with Yuan Zhen for several months, trying to figure out current events and preparing for the exam. In the meantime, Bai Juyi wrote seventy-five articles "Celin", which put forward solutions to major social problems such as politics, economy and culture at that time. In the same year's physical education examination, both Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen won the prize, Yuan Zhen was the third (there was no first and second place in the examination, so the third place was actually the first), and Bai Juyi ranked fourth because of his straightforward countermeasures. Since then, Bai Juyi has been appointed as the commandant of Kun (now Zhouzhi, Shaanxi Province); In the autumn of Yuanhe two years, he was transferred to the Jinshi examiner, and after the exam, he made up the science of Jixian College. Soon, Bai Juyi was officially appointed as a bachelor of Hanlin, which was a turning point in his career. The following year, Bai Juyi was appointed as the policy censor, and Zuo Shiyi was still a bachelor of Hanlin. In the fifth year of Yuanhe, he was appointed as Cao of Jingzhao House and joined the army as a bachelor of Hanlin. He was responsible for drafting imperial edicts and participating in the planning of state secrets. During this period, Bai Juyi's "observing defects and remonstrating against those who violate them" ("Receiving Legacy and Offering Letters") played a role in recruiting people to pay taxes, releasing courtiers, refusing sacrifices, and prohibiting looting and selling good people, showing a high political enthusiasm. At the same time, Bai Juyi also entered the golden age of poetry creation, creating ten famous satirical poems such as Qin Zhongyin and Fifty Poems of New Yuefu. He, Yuan Zhen and the three also formed a creative group with the new Yuefu poems as the axis. Their works were similar in content, style and ideological tendency, and launched what later generations called the "New Yuefu Movement". However, with the resignation of Bai Juyi in the fifth year of Yuanhe, Yuan Zhen was demoted to Jiangling, and the new Yuefu movement soon became silent. Five years after Yuanhe, although Yuan Zhen's Ancient Poems and Yuefu still inherited the spirit of the new Yuefu movement, a systematic summary of the new Yuefu movement in theory will have to wait until Bai Juyi's Nine Books on Yuanhe (8 15) comes out. At this time, the main creative direction of Bai Yuan Poetry School has begun to turn to "harmony and style". From six to ten years in Yuanhe, Bai Juyi returned to his hometown to observe filial piety for his mother. Later, he was appointed as Dr. Zuo Zanshan, the Prince, who was responsible for accompanying the Prince to study and satirizing the mistakes of the Prince. During this period, especially around Yuanhe seven years ago, the poems he wrote just after the age of no doubt fully showed the changes of his mentality. Among them, there are two most representative songs: "Being a tourist for ten years is often hungry and cold. "After three years as an exhorter, I am ashamed of my many bodies. If you drink too much, you can't swim in the mountains. Don't you have a lifelong ambition? Detention is not free. Once on the Weihe River, it is like a boat. Taking care of the world is harmless and carefree. One dish a day, one cloth all year round. When a cold comes, I am lazy and comb my hair for several days. Start with a good sleep and get drunk at night. People are uncomfortable, what else can they ask for? ""I have been traveling since I was a child and I am quite familiar with local conditions and customs. Middle-aged class, ready to see the court. It's hard to be a guest, especially a minister. The situation is convenient and moving is tiring. I am very fast when I am straight, but it is not my ambition when I meet it. In ten years, you will be exhausted. Since back in the game, I feel carefree and ashamed. Flat wood is hard to use, but floating clouds are easy to use. You grow and die, and abandon them from now on! " In the summer of the tenth year of Yuanhe, the buffer region rebelled and argued against the assassination of Wu, the prime minister of the buffer region. Bai Juyi became angry from embarrassment. He was the first to ask for a thorough investigation within a time limit and arrest the murderer, but was falsely accused by Prime Minister Wei Guanzhong and others of "saying things beyond authority". People who have always had bad blood with Bai Juyi also took the opportunity to denigrate Bai Juyi, saying that Bai Juyi's mother fell into a well in Shang Huashi, but Bai Juyi wrote two poems, "Appreciating Flowers" and "New Well", which was really against the famous religion, making Bai Juyi demoted to Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) secretariat in that autumn, and later was posthumously named Jiangzhou Sima. This heavy blow is not only another important turning point in Bai Juyi's political career, but also makes his ideal quickly and thoroughly change from "having both" to "being independent". In his leisure post, he built Lushan Caotang and made friends with monks and Taoists. "Since then, the career has become long-term, and the world will never talk about it" ("Re-discussion"), "On the surface, troubles and happiness have been eliminated, and right and wrong have been eliminated in the chest" ("Yong Huai"). There are few allegorical poems with a strong sense of reality in his poems, most of which are leisurely poems and sentimental poems expressing personal feelings. In the winter of the 13th year of Yuanhe (8 18), Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretariat of Zhongzhou (now Zhongxian, Chongqing). After he took office, he led the people to plant willow seeds and improve people's livelihood, which was praised by the people, but he still maintained a carefree attitude. In the fifteenth year of Yuanhe, Bai Juyi was recalled to Chang 'an, the capital, and was appointed as Yuan Wailang of Shangshu Division. In the first year of Changqing (82 1), Tang Muzong was appointed as a guest doctor in history, studied imperial edicts, entered the Chinese book, and then transferred to Zhu Guo. However, despite the turnaround in his career, Bai Juyi no longer has high political enthusiasm. In addition, at this time, the court cronies were in dispute, and the state affairs were not in Japan, which made him careless and just wanted to escape from the whirlpool of political struggle. In the second year of Changqing, Bai Juyi asked for permission to be diverted and became the secretariat of Hangzhou. In Hangzhou, he presided over the project of repairing and dredging urban wells and building dams to store water to irrigate farmland. When Ren Man was transferred from his post, he also wrote the experience of water control into the stone story of Qiantang Lake, carved stones to show his successor, and left his salary in the national treasury for a rainy day. Later, he worked in Suzhou and was deeply loved by the people. When he left office, the elders in Suzhou sent him ten miles away with tears in their eyes. In the first year of Daiwa in Tang Wenzong (827), Bai Juyi was appointed as the secretary supervisor (the chief executive of the secretary province) and returned to Chang 'an again; The following year, he was appointed Assistant Minister of Justice (Deputy Director of Justice Department). In the spring of the third year of Daiwa, Bai Juyi, 58, was deeply influenced by his advanced age and many risks in his career. He decided to retire, as a guest of honor of the Prince, and lived in semi-seclusion and semi-official status in Luoyang (now Henan), the capital of East China. After that, he drank heavily, played the piano, wrote poems, traveled, lived a "secluded" life, and was as rich as an enemy and far from danger. In the fifth year of Daiwa, Yuan Zhen died. Since then, Liu Yuxi, a "great poet", has become Bai Juyi's new poetry friend. The two of them "sang late" and paid for their poems, which was called "Bai Liu" by the world. In the second year of Tang Wuzong Huichang (842), Bai Juyi finally officially stepped down as the minister of punishments. In the fourth year of Huichang (844), Bai Juyi, then 73 years old, lobbied around to raise funds for digging the Eight Dangerous Shoals in Longmen and relieving the danger of boat people's exchanges, and wrote "Seventy-three people died and vowed to open a dangerous road for Tianjin." No boat capsized at night, and the shin never suffered from it. Ten miles on the beach turn into a river man, and eight prisons in cold and yin turn into spring. Although the heart is always there, I secretly pity future generations "(one of the two poems of Shitan in the eighth section of Kailongmen). In the sixth year of Huichang (846), Bai Juyi died suddenly, and a brilliant poetic superstar fell. According to his will, Bai Juyi's family buried him under the Pipa Peak on the north side of Xiangshan Temple in Longmen, Luoyang, and the famous poet Li Shangyin wrote an epitaph for him. Bai Juyi was a prolific writer in the literary world of Tang Dynasty. His works are diverse in genre, widely used in materials and diligent in writing, which makes his works second to none in the Tang Dynasty. In the postscript to Bai Ji written one year before his death, he claimed that his poems were "3,840 poems". Today, more than 2,830 of his poems have been handed down. The works included in Bai Juyi's Collected Works cover all 15 literary genres at that time (poetry, fu, strategy, theory, admonition, judgment, praise, ode, monument, inscription, book, preface, text, table and record). Wen Yuan Hua Ying, compiled in the early Song Dynasty, divided the literary styles into 38 categories, including 25 categories of Bai Juyi's works. Bai Juyi's achievements in various styles are inseparable from his numerous opportunities to write official case documents as a literati and bureaucrat. Bai Juyi not only enjoyed a high reputation in the literary world at that time, but also had a far-reaching influence on the literary world of later generations. Zhang Wei, a critic in the late Tang Dynasty, called the poet "a vast educator" in his subject-object diagram, which shows his admiration. His influence on the literary world at that time and later generations was mainly manifested in the following four aspects: First, he set up a personality model. Poetry is based on personal character. Throughout Bai Juyi's life, both his literary view of "for life" advocated as a representative of civilian intellectuals in the early stage and Lotte know life's practice and transformation of the Confucian thought of "helping the world and helping the poor" in the later stage left valuable spiritual wealth for future intellectuals. Secondly, the field of poetry has been developed and expanded. Just as Jiang said in the "Little Book" in the Ming Dynasty, Bai Juyi "did not follow the example of the ancients before, and then did not follow the words of the newcomers; Essay, random scene; Everything in the world is contained in my poems. The realm of poetry, I don't know how much to expand to a hundred works. Compared with Qin Huang and Wu Han, they open their borders to gain territory, and they do the same thing with different things. They are called "educators" and they came by themselves. Thirdly, the simple poetic style has great artistic and social value. Bai Juyi's poems are famous for their simple style, which makes them widely circulated not only in the court, but also among the people, even as far away as Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Siam (now Thailand). In the time span, the influence of white poetry is also quite long-term. Pi Rixiu, Nie, Lu Guimeng, Luo Yin and Dugou River in the late Tang Dynasty, Wang Yucheng, Mei, Su Shi, Lu You in the Song Dynasty, and Wu and Huang Zunxian in the Qing Dynasty were all influenced by the vernacular in different ways and to varying degrees. In addition, during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, many playwrights wrote operas with stories in white poems. Bai Pu and Hong Sheng created Wu Tongyu and the Palace of Eternal Life respectively based on Song of Eternal Sorrow, while Ma Zhiyuan and Jiang Shiquan created Tears in Shirts and Autumn with Four Strings respectively based on Pipa. There are even more examples of scripts in Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties using the words and expressions of white poems. Fourthly, it promotes the diversification of poetry style and expression. When Yuan Zhen prefaced Bai's "Evergreen Collection", he concluded: "Every ordinary person's works have their own strengths. The length of Lotte is too much. The husband's satirical poems are longer than agitation, leisurely poems are longer than sending, sentimental poems are longer than cutting, five-character poems are longer than supporting, and five-character seven-character poems are longer than affection ... "It is worth mentioning that Bai Juyi was the first poet in the Tang Dynasty to compose his own works. He divided all his poems into four categories: fable, sentimentality, leisure and miscellaneous methods, among which sentimentality and leisure are two categories, which overlap in subject matter and theme, and there is no obvious difference in expressing emotions. This classification is based on different reading objects-leisure poems are scenes presented to the world, while sentimental poems are private words confided to close relatives and friends. This also reflects the wide range of subjects involved in Bai Juyi's poems from another aspect. It can be said that there is no theme that white poetry cannot contain, and there is no content that white poetry cannot express. The ups and downs of official career, personnel turnover, birth and death, all kinds of themes can be found in Bai Juyi's poems. Sorting out these vast poems is like reading a detailed memoir, reviewing and summarizing his life. Bai Juyi showed all aspects of life one by one with rich and varied expression techniques, which broke the inherent aesthetic view of poetry creation, raised people's recognition of poetry expressive force and narrative ability to a new height, and created a new situation in China's classical poetry creation. If the poetry creation of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty in Kaiyuan and Tianbao era is mainly based on feelings, then Bai Juyi's poetry creation is mainly based on recording life. This is the truth that "Tang people regard Li Bai as a genius and a gifted scholar" (Hai Lu Bao Shi in Song Dynasty). Bai Juyi's writing style undoubtedly brought immeasurable influence to later poetry creation.