(1) What has become common knowledge in this field should be excluded from the abstract; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).

(2) Don't simply repeat the existing information in the topic. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchids from China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For.

(3) Rigorous structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.

(4) Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects.

(5) Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not widely known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.

(6) In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.

(7) Unless the literature confirms or denies the published works of others, there is no need to cite them.

(8) Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be explained when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by adjacent professional readers. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as adopting legal units of measurement, using language and punctuation correctly, are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. Or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; Citation is not independent and self-evident; Improper simplification.

2. How to write an introduction:

(1) Cut to the chase and don't beat around the bush. Avoid long-winded narration of historical origin and research process.

(2) Be concise and focused. We shouldn't talk too much about the common sense content familiar to our peers and in textbooks. When it is really necessary to mention other people's research results and basic principles, we only need to mark them in the form of quotations. In the introduction, when putting forward the work and opinions of this paper, we should make the meaning clear and the language concise.

(3) Reviewing the history should be focused, the content should be closely related to the title of the article, and the background should be introduced around the title, which can be summarized in a few words; Don't write out the methods and results and don't discuss them when prompting the methods used; Although the contents of past documents can be quoted appropriately, they should not be listed in detail, and the preface should not be written as the historical development of research; Don't write the preface as a small summary of the literature, and don't repeat the common sense content already in the textbook or known by researchers in this field.

(4) Respect science and seek truth from facts. In the preface, we should properly evaluate the value of the paper, seek truth from facts and use scientific words. For the innovation of this paper, it is best not to use inappropriate self-evaluation such as "This study is the first report in China", "Filling the domestic blank", "High academic value", "This study has not been reported in China" and "This study is at the leading level at home and abroad".

(5) The content of the preface should not be the same as that of the abstract, so please avoid using polite expressions, such as "a little knowledge", "limited level", "please correct me" and "throwing a brick to attract jade". It is best not to discuss the preface in sections, not to illustrate and list, not to deduce and prove formulas.

(6) The preface should not be too long, too long will make readers bored, too short and difficult to explain clearly. For a paper of 3000-5000 words, the number of words in the preface should generally be 200-250 words.

Extended data:

1. Matters needing attention in the introduction of the paper:

(1) Highlight the key points. When reviewing the research work done by predecessors, it is not appropriate to cover all aspects. We should look for representative materials that are most closely related to this study and avoid writing literature reviews.

(2) Pay attention to the depth. When discussing my research, there is no need to repeat some popular and well-known principles and knowledge one by one. For example, there are formulas in textbooks, well-known basic theories and so on.

(3) Prudent evaluation. Don't exaggerate or belittle your research results when introducing them. For example, some words, such as "domestic initiative", "never reported", "international level", "domestic leading" and "fill in the blank", all belong to high evaluation; Language such as "please forgive me for the shortcomings", "limited to time and level" and "please criticize and correct the readers" are unnecessary proverbs and should be avoided. As long as the results are truthfully reported, readers will evaluate the quality.

2, the abstract should include the following contents:

(1) The purpose and importance of this study;

(2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done;

(3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper;

(4) the significance of the conclusion or result.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Abstract

Baidu Encyclopedia-Paper Introduction