There are similarities and differences between book literature retrieval and newspaper literature retrieval. Understanding and mastering the respective characteristics of book and newspaper literature retrieval is helpful to improve the speed and quality of literature retrieval and promote the development and utilization of literature resources. This paper compares and analyzes the book retrieval from the aspects of retrieval tools, retrieval approaches, retrieval methods, retrieval motives and retrieval means.
Document retrieval is a means of document development and a prelude to document utilization, and the ultimate goal of document retrieval is document development and utilization. There are many similarities between book retrieval and newspaper retrieval, but there are differences in the generality, novelty, document organization and management, development and utilization of books and newspapers, so there are also differences in retrieval tools, retrieval methods, retrieval purposes and retrieval means. Let's briefly analyze it.
First of all, from the perspective of retrieval tools,
Retrieval tools are the general name of tools and equipment used to report, store and find literature clues. The retrieval of books, newspapers and periodicals mainly depends on various secondary documents such as catalogues, indexes and abstracts. There are card, book and organic catalogue indexes. At present, most abstracts are book-based. With the popularization of computers and the development of databases, machine-readable abstracts will gradually increase, which is the similarity between them.
However, from the perspective of practical retrieval tools, it is most common to use the library catalogue in book retrieval, because most books take the whole publication as the recording unit, and in general books, except people, place names, events and things, knowledge units are rarely indexed, so there are few book indexes and abstracts. At the same time, using the existing library catalogue has a high utilization rate. In newspaper retrieval, besides the collection catalogue, it is more important to use book-style paper indexes and abstracts. This is because the contents of periodical documents are scattered, and readers often need to judge which documents they need by their titles. At the same time, a large number of book-based paper indexes, titles and abstracts provide convenient conditions for this kind of retrieval.
Second, from the retrieval approach.
Retrieval approach is the idea and entrance of document retrieval. Word order method and content method are the most commonly used retrieval methods, in addition to time order method, place order method and citation method. The ways of word order include title, responsibility and numbering. Content teaching method is mainly classified teaching method and theme teaching method.
Books, newspapers and periodicals are often searched by title, responsible person, classification, subject, keywords, etc. However, due to their different information combinations, that is, books are often composed of various knowledge units that systematically discuss a certain theme (except essays and reference books), while newspapers and periodicals are comprehensive, and the contents of disciplines overlap and even involve all aspects of life, such as East, West, North and South, World Expo and so on. Although professional newspapers and periodicals mainly focus on a certain subject, there are also a considerable number of articles that are only related to this major, or even basically irrelevant. The citation study of Bradford's law of literature dispersion confirms the dispersion of periodical literature content. Therefore, the title retrieval method of books is the title method, while the title method of newspapers and periodicals includes the title method of articles, which is more important and practical. As for the way of being in charge, books and documents are generally the authors of the whole book, that is, the person responsible for the book. The retrieval of newspaper literature is generally carried out by the author of an article in the newspaper, which has nothing to do with the way of newspaper editing. From the point of view of classification, because the contents of newspapers and periodicals tend to be comprehensive, the classification of newspapers and periodicals is thicker than books and easier to retrieve. Even if it is a newspaper index, the classification is not as detailed as books. Such as newspaper index, social science literature bibliography, etc.
Third, from the perspective of retrieval methods.
Retrieval method is the method of retrieving documents. According to the retrieval ways, it can usually be divided into: the common method of using retrieval tools (also called tool method), the retrospective method of tracking retrieval by using the reference materials attached to the original literature, and the comprehensive method of combining the two. In addition, you can directly retrieve the catalogue of core journals or read newspaper abstracts, which is also called direct retrieval method. Commonly used methods can be divided into sequential search method from far to near at the beginning of research, reverse search method from new to old, and spot check method from the peak of research development.
In order to systematically retrieve a certain aspect of literature, no matter whether the retrieval object is a book or a periodical, it is inseparable from common methods. Books tend to refine chapters on a certain theme, which is cumulative and systematic, while newspapers and periodicals highlight new ideas, new knowledge, new technologies and new methods, although the theme is scattered and knowledge is fragmented. Because of their different information novelty, when readers use retrieval tools to search from the perspective of knowledge system, they often use sequential retrieval method to search documents in chronological order, or use retrieval tools to search in sections first, and then use retrospective method to expand literature clues. However, the retrieval of newspapers and periodicals needs new documents, so the inverted retrieval method is often used for reverse retrieval or comprehensive retrieval method.
Fourthly, from the perspective of retrieval motivation.
Literature retrieval is the preliminary work of literature utilization, and its ultimate goal is literature utilization, but the motivation of literature utilization is different. The motivation of looking for books and materials focuses on understanding knowledge (such as looking up information about people and historical events in a school) and dispelling doubts in work and life (such as looking for a foreign trade manual to solve work problems; Use Twenty Historical Records to find the root of time transformation) or a special topic, and master its information systematically. The main motivation of searching newspapers and periodicals is to grasp the frontier trends of subject development (such as reading botanical magazines), browse new products and technologies (such as reading the world of new products), or understand recent domestic and international events (such as reading People's Daily). In a word, searching books and materials can be used to explore the academic origin and understand the established or mature viewpoints and knowledge, while the motivation of searching newspapers and periodicals is mostly to understand new viewpoints, new knowledge, new technologies, new materials, new products or new people and things, that is, to highlight the word "new".
Five, from the retrieval means.
Both book retrieval and newspaper retrieval are gradually developing towards computer retrieval. In addition to providing bibliographic indexes and other literature clues, facts and data information, there are many full-text databases and multimedia databases integrating graphics, characters and audio-visual animation. The retrieval speed and quality are gradually improved, and the operation tends to be simple. The search items (entries) are flexible and diverse, such as control numbers and published items, which are far from being comparable to manual search.
Books and newspapers all have their own unique search entries, such as the serial number and report number of books, the CN number, ISSN number and mailing number of newspapers and periodicals, etc. At present, most of the existing databases are newspapers, especially full-text databases (such as People's Daily full-text database), which shows that computer retrieval is widely used in newspapers and periodicals. At the same time, a large number of sporadic and instantly edited information can also be retrieved by computers.
In addition, the actual acquisition rate of literature is closely related to literature retrieval. Due to the different publishing forms and purchasing methods of books and newspapers, the ways of obtaining documents are also different. Most books are published in separate volumes, one book is a systematic exposition of a certain knowledge, while newspapers and periodicals are published continuously, and they are bound into volumes after a certain amount is collected. Therefore, the newly arrived newspapers and periodicals can only be obtained by stages and day by day, and it will take some time to obtain the bound volumes.
Understanding and mastering the respective characteristics of book and newspaper literature retrieval is helpful to improve the efficiency and quality of literature retrieval and promote the development and utilization of literature resources. The author's analysis is only superficial, hoping to attract more attention and see a penetrating work.