The definition of mental terms is the essential characteristics, causes and coverage of stylistic researchers.
The summary and consolidation of the understanding of coverage is related to a series of stylistic studies.
The importance of the question determines that it is the first question that must be answered in the study of style theory.
Ge Xue's works attach great importance to the definition of style.
one
Since 1949, China scholars have given various definitions of style, which can be summarized as 9.
Statement type:
(A) the tone theory of speech atmosphere. Such as Gao: "the style in a language is whether there is a language or not."
The same communicative situation is used by people in order to adapt to this communicative situation and achieve a certain communicative purpose.
When the speech atmosphere or speech style ". (Note: Gao On Language, p. 4 13.
Science Press, 1963. Hu Yushu: "Language style refers to communication environment and communication.
Different international purposes, the choice of some language means is suitable for the situation and purpose.
Atmosphere and style. (Noe: Modern Chinese, edited by Hu Yushu (Revised Edition), p. 548,
Shanghai Education Press, 198 1 year. ) This view inherits and develops China's traditional literary style.
A statement of body posture.
(2) Speech feature summation theory. For example, the Chinese Teaching and Research Section of the Chinese Department of Peking University: "Language style
Case is expressed by different nationalities, different times, different schools and individuals when using language.
The sum total of various features that appear. (Note: "Now" compiled by Chinese Teaching and Research Section of Chinese Department of Peking University.
On behalf of Chinese, 12 1 page, Higher Education Press, 1958. ) Zhang Jing: "Language style
Case refers to the sum of various features in language use. (Note: Zhang Jing, editor-in-chief of "New"
Writing Modern Chinese, Volume II, 229 pages, Shanghai Education Press, 1980. This statement is a shadow.
Loud, familiar to the academic community.
(3) The comprehensive expression theory of speech features. Such as Zheng: "Speech style is the result of language."
A comprehensive expression of a series of speech features formed by the influence or restriction of different communication environments in use.
. (Note: Zheng's Speech Stylistics (Revised Edition), page 1, Hubei Education Press.
, 1998.)
(4) The system theory of expression means. For example, Fang Guangtao said, "The style should be narrow and definite.
A system of world outlook expression means. (Note: Fang Guangtao's language and speech are now discussed.
Stage "see" Discussions on Language and Speech ",p. 158, Shanghai Education Press, 1963.
A few years. This argument is very popular among scholars in the former Soviet Union.
(5) Variation theory. Such as Ye Fei. Language can also be expressed in different occasions.
Show different changes. The same person often says different things to different people on different occasions.
The characteristics of. ..... This variation is called language style variation. (Note: Ye Feisheng, Xu Tongqiang.
Linguistic Outline, 12, Peking University Publishing House, 198 1 year. This statement is in Europe and America.
Have a greater impact.
(6) The comprehensive theory of language and speech features. For example, Zhang Deming: "Language style refers to language.
The characteristics of the system itself and the comprehensive performance of various characteristics in language use. "(Note: Zhang Deming)
Linguistic Stylistics, page 25, Northeast Normal University Press, 1984. )
(7) System characteristic theory. Ruhu: "Language style is in the hands of language users."
Under the comprehensive restriction of psychological outlook, content reflected by language and other factors, a certain language table is used.
Has emerged with systematic characteristics. (Noe: Hu' Introduction to Language Style',' Revised Edition'
Ci, No.2, 1987. )
(8) The summation theory of comprehensive speech individuality or distinctive features. For example, Wang: "In a kind of or
In a language style, there are some phonetic, lexical, grammatical and rhetorical features.
The comprehensive speech personality of personality differentiation is called language style. (Note: Wang, "Chinese style"
Page 2, Hebei Education Press, 1993. ) Wang: "The style of speech is just that.
It is the sum total of various remarkable features in language use. (Note: Wang Dui's rhetoric.
General Theory of Learning, 498 pages, Nanjing University Press, 1996. )
(9) Theory of aesthetic characteristics. For example, Zong Shihai said: "Speech style is guided by the speaker."
People's aesthetic taste is conveyed by language elements and language expression means with different aesthetic functions.
The overall aesthetic style of his speech works. (Note: On the Definition of Speech Style by Zong Shihai,
Li See, Han Yun and Xiao Peixiong, Rhetoric Research Facing 2 1 century, p. 395, from Guangdong.
People's Publishing House, 200 1. )
The above statement reflects the style and views of the researchers, and there are similarities and differences, or language styles or
Speech style is mainly from the perspective of language use to examine the phenomenon of language style, from different
The perspective or side reveals some essential features and forming factors of language style, but the concept connotation,
There are some differences between emphasis and extension. First of all, some of them are based on sociolinguistics and linguistic pairs
The understanding of style phenomenon emphasizes the restrictive effect of external factors on language use, and holds that style
It is the result of using language under the restriction of specific external factors, such as (1), (
(3)、(5)、(7)； Some are based on the linguistic understanding of stylistic phenomena and pay attention to externalization.
The linguistic factors of form think that style is the result of using language, such as (2) and (8).
; Based on the linguistic understanding of stylistic phenomena, some people hold a broad theory that stylistic is a national language.
The comprehensive expression of one's own characteristics and various characteristics in language use, such as (6); Some are based on beauty.
According to the understanding of style phenomenon in science and linguistics, style is the effect of personal aesthetic taste on language luck.
With the results, such as (9). Secondly, the connotation of the same theory and the object that everyone refers to.
It's different. For example, both emphasize the restrictive role of external language factors, while Gao emphasizes the restrictive factors.
Refers to "communication occasions", and the atmosphere style covers "speech style of general communication function" and "
Speech style of literary and artistic works "and" personal speech style "; The restrictive factor of Hu Yushu is "
Communication environment, communication purpose ",atmosphere style includes" national style of language "and" linguistic "
"Times Style" and "Personal Language Style"; Hu dui's constraint refers to "language users."
The content reflected by subjective psychology and language ",while the characteristic system refers to" body "and" table "
Modern style, personal style, community style and genre style.
Synthetic system; Zong Shihai's restrictive factor is "the speaker's personal aesthetic taste", aesthetics
Style only covers "expressive style". Another example is Peking University, which pays attention to external morphological factors.
The characteristics of the Chinese teaching and research section of the Chinese Department cover "national style", "times style" and "mobility"
School style, personal style and language style; Zhang Jing's characteristics include
National style, times style, personal style, style and expression style.
Style "; The comprehensive expression of Zhang Deming's characteristics covers the "national style" and "times" of language style.
Generation style, language style, genre style, expression style and
"Personal style" and so on.
two
The above differences are normal. In foreign countries, the definition of language style is also varied.
The definition of core terms is inevitable in the initial period and even in the development of emerging disciplines.
Everyone is different. "Culture" in "cultural linguistics" is a controversial concept since this century.
Alfred Louis, a famous American anthropologist, once collected and listed it.
More than 60 scholars in modern western countries have studied the different definitions of "culture". if
In addition, oriental scholars have hundreds of definitions of * * *. (Note: See Dai Zhaoming's Cultural Linguistics.
Introduction, page 4, Language Publishing House, 1996. The definition of pragmatics has not been compared.
From many different angles, the result has influenced people's understanding of pragmatics.
Under different definitions. (Noe: He Ziran's Enlightenment of Pragmatics to Rhetoric', Li See Han Yun.
Xiao Peixiong, editor-in-chief, A Study of Rhetoric in China Facing the 2 1 century, p. 486, published by Guangdong Renmin University.
Press, 200 1 year. Scholars' definitions of "rhetoric" are also varied, even in the right
Under the condition of basically the same understanding of its connotation, the expressions are different. Stylistics comes from rhetoric.
As a new discipline, stylistic phenomenon is a complex phenomenon in language phenomenon and should be
It is not easy to define its connotation scientifically, and it is necessary to study its essence in depth.
Only by deepening and developing continuously can we get a more reasonable solution. Zong Shihai's On Language Style
(Noe: Zong Shihai's On the Definition of Speech Style), Li See Han Yun and Xiao Peixiong.
Rhetoric Research Facing 2 1 Century, p. 395, Guangdong People's Publishing House, 200 1. )
On Zhang Deming's Four Definitions in On the Definition and Characteristics of Language Style
Yi commented that the theory of "style and atmosphere" represented by Gao He and Hu Yushu is the closest.
The connotation of aesthetic atmosphere of speech style is because it emphasizes the necessity of speech style and speech communication environment.
However, this connection leads to the indistinguishability between speech style and style. "Represented by zhang jing, etc.
The theory of comprehensive characteristics emphasizes the comprehensive expression of speech style, which is not understandable.
For the simple addition of various characteristics, the theory of "expression means system" represented by Fang Guangtao reveals
This paper analyzes the material factors that create people's speech style from a series of expression means and expression method systems.
From the perspective of understanding the types of speech styles, both of them lack the word' atmosphere style'.
Style expression, therefore, its' various characteristics' and' means of expression' are easy to understand.
As a general rhetorical feature, it can neither be deduced from aesthetic style nor divorced from style. "
The theory of "conventional variation" represented by Ye Fei Shengdeng. "Lack of aesthetic style and language means.
Limitation, and there is no definition of speech attributes and personal performance, only focusing on variation,
Therefore, variation not only confuses the boundary between individual variation and collective variation, but also leads to style and style.
It is difficult to distinguish, even the basic boundaries between language and speech have been erased, and the style and style have been
Confuse language and dialect. "This comment is fair and insightful, and it reflects
Critics have a deeper understanding of the essential characteristics of style. In order to distinguish from the above,
He defined style as expressive style and aesthetic style, which is a great progress.
At present, some domestic scholars equate language style with style or style, or equivalent.
In rhetoric, style is understood as "the sum of general rhetorical features" or "the unity of means of expression"
Style ",that" language stylistics is rhetoric ",(Note: Tang Style Rhetoric.
Style, page 4 1, Jilin Education Press, 1988. Everything seems to originate from the wind above.
The influence of lattice definition theory. Language style is not only related to style and style, but also has essential differences.
Language style refers to various language styles such as expression, style, nationality, era, region, genre and individual.
The general name of case and style is the expression of style and an important part of language style system.
Type, not the whole language style. Style is to adapt to different communication fields, purposes and attitudes.
The system of speech characteristics formed by the need of image and way and the use of national language. For example, widely used
Scientific terminology; A large number of restrictive additional elements are used, with complete syntax and complicated sentences; Rarely made
Use descriptive rhetoric; Scientific symbols are widely used, which is a linguistic feature of specialized scientific and technological styles.
Point series, and these speech characteristics comprehensively present a style atmosphere-cautious, plain and solemn.
, is a special scientific style. Style is a speech phenomenon above style, which is related to style.
Style is hyponymy, not equivalence. So it should not be formed by language.
Speech feature system or a series of means of expression-style equals style equals language style. Language style is different from general rhetorical features or the use of language functions. For example, Zhenxi "is bright on the top and bright on the bottom.
The language style of Yu Fu says that Liu's language style is bold, colorful and innovative.
Bright and bright. (Note: See Rhetoric Research (Part IV) compiled by East China Rhetoric Society of China.
204 pages, Xiamen University Press, 1988. The Language Style of Chen Zhaoshuli's Novels
The language style of Zhao Shuli's novels is embodied in (1) words (1, popularization,
Spoken language, 2, popular and vivid); (2), sentence patterns and sentence patterns (1, choose short.
There are many sentences, 2. Declarative sentences using subject-predicate sentence patterns); (C), the comprehensive use of various rhetorical devices
Pragmatic aspect (1, the uniqueness of metaphor application, 2, the wide application of metonymy, 3, complicated means.
Use). (Note: See The Origin of Rhetoric (Part V)No. 178 compiled by China Rhetoric Society.
Page, Henan University Press, 1990. Both are called language styles, but in fact only the former is.
The study of language style is worthy of the name; The latter is just an analysis of rhetorical features, which is not worthy of the name.
Language style is an open and complex dynamic system and an objective fact.
The definition of language style is a subjective product and a researcher's understanding of the objective facts studied.
Sublimation generalization of. And "there is always a distance between facts and definitions, which completely conforms to things."
It is out of the question. There are many puzzles and controversies about literary terms. Regardless of any decision
Righteousness, there are always some facts as the basis; Regardless of any definition, there are still some facts that cannot be summarized.
So anyone who comes up with a definition can always encourage the contrary facts to be overthrown. "
(Note: See Rhetoric by Pctcr Dkon and Cultural Undertakings at Dawn translated by Yan Yuanshu.
Limited by Share Ltd, 1973. This statement makes sense. The definition of language style is not only different
Some researchers have disputes over benevolence and wisdom, and the latter theory and the former theory of the same researcher often change, even greatly.
Updated and improved. Rugao said in Content and Task of Language Stylistics 1960:
"Style is a language formed in special communication occasions to adapt to special communication purposes.
Language atmosphere or style and its means of expression ". (Note: See Linguistics Series of Chinese Department of Peking University.
Linguistics Series (Fourth Series), 180, Shanghai Education Press, 1960.
. ) 1963 In On Language, he thinks: "The style in a language is that the language is different.
It is produced when people use it in communication occasions to adapt to communication occasions and achieve certain communication purposes.
Special speech atmosphere and lifestyle. (Note: On Language, page 4 1 1.
Science Press, 1963. ) The latter deleted the theory of "means of expression", which is simply "case"
Adjust the atmosphere. " For another example, Cheng Xianghui said in On Chinese Style: "Language style is language.
The combination of its own characteristics and language use characteristics. (Note: See Journal of Qinghai University for Nationalities.
1979 no 1. Later, he had a new understanding of style, in the essence and segmentation of style.
The definition of style extension in the last article is revised, and it is considered that language style is "the concrete luck of the communicator."
When using language, it is restricted by different communication occasions and different communication purposes, which constitutes a special language.
Language atmosphere. (Note: See Cheng Xianghui, On Language Style, edited by Li, page 24, South.
Peking University Publishing House, 1994. ) Here, we abandon the "features of language itself" and change the "synthesis of features"
As the theory of "speech atmosphere", "combination" is similar to the understanding of "style" in China's traditional literary theory.
Inheritance is more in line with the style and feelings of China people. Zhang Deming 1985 in the definition of language style
And features "said:" Language style is the characteristics of the language system itself and the diversity of language use.
Comprehensive performance of characteristics. (Note: See The Origin of Rhetoric compiled by China Rhetoric Society (fourth
Set) on page 203, Fujian People's Publishing House, 1987. ) 1994 "Stylistics Foundation"
Principles (Note: See Language Style Collection edited by Cheng Xianghui and Li, page 24, Nanjing University.
Xue publishing house, 1994. ) also hold this view, recently in the theory of language stylistics should be.
"Use Value" said: "The so-called language style is a comprehensive table of various features in language use.
Now (Note: edited by Li See Han Yun and Xiao Peixiong. China Rhetoric Research Facing the 2 1 century.
Page 38 1, Guangdong People's Publishing House, 200 1. ) What is given up here is "the language system itself.
Characteristics "highlights the essential attribute that language style is the result of language use, and embodies style."
Update of views. Ding Jinguo 1984 thinks: "Language style is that people are in a special communication environment.
In order to accomplish specific communication tasks, a relatively closed expression system is used.
The speech style of life. (Note: Ding Jinguo' Several Issues on Language Stylistics',' River
Journal of Peking University, No.3, 1984. ) 1997 said: "The so-called style, our
Understanding is an explicit form of the internal essence of communicative discourse formed by people using language. "There will be an explanation.
Explain that "the intrinsic nature of communicative discourse" refers to a specific communicative occasion, a specific communicative purpose, and intrinsic.
The external conditions of the style of ability and task, as well as all subjective conditions that constitute words.
Language creators' own experiences, upbringing, temperament, interests and psychological factors; "External performance.
"State" refers not to "the language system itself, but to the similarity of behavior revealed by semantic structure.
Communicate the atmosphere or style recognized by participants under subjective and objective conditions. (Note: Ding Jinguo's Quotations)
For some problems in stylistics, please refer to The Study and Application of Rhetoric in China, edited by Wu Yuezhen and Chai Chunhua.
Page 209, Henan People's Publishing House, 1997. Obviously, the latter is not only more correct than the former.
It does reveal some essential features of style and the subjective and objective factors of style generation, which is worth mentioning.
Out of the "atmosphere or style familiar to communication participants with similar subjective and objective conditions", that is, "
The expression of the subject's self-feeling, the stylistic meaning of the discourse object and the meaning of accepting the subject's understanding are shown.
Now the agreement or basic agreement, atmosphere or style can become a reality ",this new insight and breakthrough.
The research on the causes of style is limited to the perspective of expression, which opens up a new field of style research. I see
With the development of language stylistics and the deepening of the understanding of the research object, it is constantly improving and updating.
Definition of style. For example, in Modern Chinese Rhetoric co-authored with Zhang, he said: "Language
Style refers to the language people use in speech activities because of different communication occasions and communication purposes.
The comprehensive expression of the characteristics formed by the means of expression. (Note: Commercial Press (Hong Kong) 19.
Page 20 1, page 86. ) in rhetoric, stylistics and language stylistics, it is changed to "language"
Speech style, also known as speech style, is the characteristic of using language expression means under the guidance of subjective and objective factors.
The speech style and atmosphere comprehensively displayed by points. (Note: See edited by Cheng Xianghui and Li. )
Collection of Language Styles, page 78, Nanjing University Press, 1994. ) and Chinese style
Xue Ji holds that: "Chinese style is the product of Chinese language communication and the subject and object of communication participants."
Under the guidance of visual factors, the atmosphere and style are comprehensively displayed by using the characteristics of China's means of expression.
And made a new and diversified interpretation of its connotation: "1, language style is the result of pragmatics";
"2. Language style is the unity of many factors"; "3. Language style is the aesthetic form of language.
Sublimation of state "4. Language style is the style of expression. (Noe: Guangdong Education Press 20
00 edition, page 7. ) We updated wind three times in the mid-1980s, early 1990s and early 2000.
The definition of case shows the process of exploring the definition of style, which is the essential feature of style.
The deepening of understanding is conducive to the deepening and development of stylistic research. Zong Tinghu
Professor Wu Liquan, Ph.D., in the article "Promoting the Stylistics Research in China —— A Review of Li's Works"
China Stylistics said: "The first chapter is about the diversity of China's stylistic definition.
Interpretation reflects the latest academic point of view. (Note: See Wen Hui Reading Weekly,No. 12, 2000.
September 9th edition. ) Professor Zheng Yi's New Exploration of Stylistics in China —— Comment on Li
China Stylistics said: "The definition of Chinese style has been interpreted in a new and diverse way. This one
The interpretation of its connotation and extension reveals the essential characteristics of the referred object and makes a thorough and comprehensive discussion on it.
Face and novelty reflect the author's new view on language style. (Note: See Pingdingshan Teachers College.
School 200 1 4. ) These are words of affirmation and praise.
three
Draw lessons from China's traditional style theory and modern language theory, and observe the style definition of the above schools.
Theory, combined with my experience in studying style for more than 40 years, I think language style is human speech.
The product of communication is the use of language means by communication participants under the guidance of subjective and objective factors.
Characteristic atmosphere and style, which covers performance style, literary style and national style.
Case, times style, regional style, genre style, personal style. This is a study of language style.
Core terms, whose conceptual connotations include: (Note: Li See Han Yun's China Stylistics, p. 7.
, Guangdong Education Press, 2000. )
(A) Style is the result of language use.
Language style comes into being and coexists in language use and its finished products. Do not use language
, no language style; Without finished writing, there is no language style. Language style is not?
It is the state of the language system itself, not the sum of language materials or speech features or language means.
System, but people under the guidance of subjective and objective factors, using a variety of special language style means.
Point the style and atmosphere of comprehensive performance. Stylistic means come from language materials and are generated by style.
Basic material unit. Style means constitute style features, while piecemeal and individual style means do not.
Can form a style feature. Style features are not the sum of various style means, but
The crystallization of a series of styles and means with the same or similar functions. Style features form a style.
Atmosphere, but a feature can't form a style atmosphere, and several features can't be simply superimposed together.
Give a unified style atmosphere, and only by mutual integration will a unified style atmosphere be presented. because
Here, style is the result of using style means to generate style characteristics and present style atmosphere, and it is a kind of movement.
The speech phenomenon of state is not a static language phenomenon. The language style that linguists often say is actually
Speech style.
(2) Style is the result of the joint creation of the expressive subject and the receptive subject.
Language style is the product of verbal communication and the interactive behavior of expression and acceptance.
Both participants are the main body of style creation, and the expresser has to create a certain language style to get it.
The ideal communicative effect can not be achieved unilaterally, but must be spoken by the receiver.
Creatively reading, experiencing, understanding, confirming and revealing the style phenomenon of China's works,
To finish it. Therefore, what kind of language style the subject creates and pursues is only in his words.
Application and its speech works provide possibilities, which can only be realized through the cognition and revelation of the subject.
What is provided may become a reality. Did not accept the identity and appearance of the subject, expressed the creation and pursuit of the subject.
The language style of seeking is only a hidden phenomenon in the use of words and their works. Therefore, style
The definition of contains the factors of accepting the subject.
(3) Style is the product of the interaction between guiding factors and material factors.
Style includes three factors: guiding factor, material factor, guiding factor and material factor.
The product of interaction-atmosphere and style. Guiding factors are non-linguistic factors or external factors, including
Including the conditions and characteristics of communication participants, communication environment, communication objects, communication parties and other subjective factors.
Type and other objective factors are factors that restrict or guide the formation of style. The material factor is
Linguistic factors or internal factors include stylistic means and non-linguistic factors among the three elements of language.
Style is the means and the material basis for the formation of style. Without language factors, there is no language style.
Grid. Guiding cause is external cause, material factor is internal cause, and light has external cause or internal cause.
Style cannot be generated, only external factors and internal factors complement each other and interact with each other.
Causality, dialectical unity, is manifested as an atmosphere style, that is, language style. If both are indispensable, then
Unable to form a style. Therefore, the connotation of style definition includes the guiding factors and materials of style formation.
Factors.
(D) Style is generally reflected in the performance style.
The expression style is the overall embodiment of the rhetorical effect produced by the comprehensive use of various style means.
Stylistic means, from tuning, diction, sentence selection to setting mode and writing, are comprehensively reflected in an article.
A chapter (or a paragraph) or a work, or a style, or a writer's work, or a
Works by writers of a region, an era and a nation.
The rhetorical effect in the works presents a variety of atmospheres and styles, that is, they are different.
In terms of performance style, the atmosphere and style of various speech works are carried out from different angles.
Abstract generalization leads to different types of performance styles. For example, pay attention to the rigidity and softness of discourse momentum
It is bold and gentle; Focusing on the content of discourse expression, the number of languages used is somewhat rich and simple.
About; Pay attention to the directness of the language used in discourse transmission information, which is implicit and light; Pay attention to discourse
Colorful words, gorgeous and simple; Humor and solemnity pay attention to the strength of discourse interest; Want to do sth.
The elegance and vulgarity of discourse language is elegance and vulgarity; Paying attention to the tightness of discourse structure means relaxation and harmony.
Be careful. Wait. They are both different and related, and * * * together constitute a system of expression style. Expression style
Because they are abstractly summarized from the style atmosphere of various speech works, they
It exists in various styles, such as literary style, national style, era style, regional style and genre.
Style and personal style can also be used to summarize and refer to these styles. Therefore, the style of expression
It is a general expression of language style.
(5) Style is the sublimation of language aesthetics.
Language itself has practical and aesthetic functions and is the material basis of language style.
Paragraph system is mainly defined by whether language system has aesthetic function or not.
Context and the combination of elements and aesthetic functions can also reflect the means of expression of aesthetic functions.
What kind of style, means and combination does the subject choose to form discourse, and what kind of discourse case does he pursue?
The harmonious atmosphere is restricted by its aesthetic taste, and may even be based on conscious or unconscious.
The characteristics of the performance object endow the aesthetic information with the beauty of its own aesthetic personality. Accept the Lord
When reading and interpreting speech works, we can recognize and reveal the characteristics and beauty of language style, which will also be influenced by its aesthetic feeling.
Limitation of interests. Therefore, the aesthetic function of the subject is influenced by the stylistic means with aesthetic function.
The aesthetic taste created and infiltrated by the accepting subject makes it a realistic language style.
It is the sublimation of language aesthetic form. The speaking style of scholars is an atmospheric speaking style.
It is the value orientation of speech aesthetics. Research on China's Traditional Language Style Theory and Modern Chinese Style
The expression style of abstract generalization in the speech works produced by verbal communication is bold, gentle and complex.
Rich and simple, profound and vivid, gorgeous and simple, solemn and humorous, elegant and popular, meticulous.
Etc. are the classification of aesthetic forms of speech, the symbol of the maturity of language art and the embodiment of beauty.
The highest state of resignation.
The connotations of the above five aspects are both different and related, and the isomorphism of * * * becomes the definition of language style.
On the whole, it not only reveals the essential characteristics and causes of language style, but also covers the extension of language style.