2. Draft a writing outline

When you have determined the topic and have sufficient materials and arguments, don't rush to write. You can write a detailed paper outline on the basis of careful consideration. The outline is to help the author clear his mind and guide you how to choose the content of the article. It is the skeleton of the article to be written. It plays the role of dredging materials and sorting them out, forming the basic structure of the article.

Write a first draft

After the outline is drawn up, we should hurry to write the first draft. The first draft should be written closely around the outline as soon as possible, and it is best to finish it at once. After the first draft is written, don't rush to finalize it. Put it on hold for a day or two, then reread it quickly to see if the expression is clear, the calculation is accurate, the reasoning is rigorous, correct obvious mistakes, correct ambiguous handwriting, and wait for three to five days before making a comprehensive revision of the final draft.

Modify and polish

The revision and polishing of the article are mainly carried out in the following four aspects: 1. Structural revision; 2. Text revision; 3. Examination and approval of the case of charts, numerical symbols and letters; and 4. Rewriting the topic.

Experience in writing teaching papers (2) 1. Drafting the title of the paper

1. The role of the topic of the paper

What's the theme? Forehead? ; Eyes? Eyes? Yes The topic is like the human eye on a paper [1]. A pair of deep and charming eyes can project the light of inner thoughts and wisdom. The main functions of the thesis topics are as follows: ① Stimulate reading interest. In the fast-paced information age, fast food? Learning is more common, and people's reading is often the first? Headline browsing? Then I will savor the content of the paper under the topic of interest. Novel, unique, poetic and philosophical topics can attract readers' attention and stimulate readers' interest in reading, which will obviously improve the communication effect of the paper. But if the topic is too poetic, it is necessary to attach a subtitle to point out the theme of the study, because the paper is not a poem after all. (2) Reveal the theme. Readers will understand the author's core ideas through the topic of the paper, which will play a role in pointing out the theme. ③ Delineate the research scope. The topics of other papers directly reflect the research object, content and direction, thus providing readers with direct and clear thematic information. (4) Clear research questions. Some paper topics directly throw out research topics and questions, so as to attract readers' attention and inspire readers to think about related issues.

2. Requirements for the title of the paper

The first is appropriateness. The topic should be suitable for the content of the paper, express the central idea or core problem of the paper, and avoid giving it to others? The article digress? In my mind. Appropriateness is mainly reflected in two aspects: the correspondence of titles and the matching of sizes. The former requires proper text meaning, while the latter requires proper size.

The second is refining. Here? Refining? There are two meanings: as an adjective, it means that the topic should be concise; As a verb, it refers to the process of removing impurities and getting the essence when determining the topic. Of course, these two aspects are causal. It is precisely because of the process of removing impurities and extracting essence that the topic of the paper will achieve a concise and lively effect.

Moreover, it is novel. The topic is novel and distinct, which is reflected in the innovation of form, ingenious conception and strange expression. As far as its external form is concerned, the topic should have a strong visual impact; As far as its internal content is concerned, the topic selection of the paper can play a role in opening up ideas and triggering associations, bringing readers into a unique perspective and appreciating new ones. Scenery? , quite? Look over the ridge to a mountain peak? Artistic conception Novel paper topics can not only attract attention and fascinate people, but also avoid similarities and facilitate retrieval.

3. The form of the topic of the paper

The topics of educational and teaching research papers can be described in various forms, both conventional and traditional, such as On and Research on. There are also novel and unique ones, such as numbers, buzzwords and poems. Therefore, it is really very difficult to give a very clear logical division of the topic form of the paper. The general forms of thesis topics are: ① types of topics. The title of this kind of thesis is the project name, and some of the thesis titles are drawn up with reference to the sentence pattern of the project name. The title of this kind of paper has a relatively fixed procedure, which generally includes the research object, research method, research scope and other elements, and often appears in the format of "a study in China". (2) ask questions. The title of this kind of paper itself is a question, and of course this question is the core issue discussed in this paper. The title and text of the paper constitute a relatively complete answer to the question, that is, the title raises the question and the text is the answer to the question. The questions of interrogative sentences are eye-catching and can stimulate readers' own thinking. Using rhetorical questions to ask questions that readers care about but don't know well is easy to cause suspense and attract people. ③ continuation formula. Take the topic of the previously published paper as the topic, conduct follow-up thinking and discussion, and elaborate supplementary views or different views or even opposite views. The topics of papers written in this way are often "talk about it", "talk about it again" and "use it?" Review and other format formulation. The titles of such papers can arouse readers' continuous attention to the same topic, arouse readers' participation and interaction, guide the discussion of the same topic to a deeper level, and enliven the academic atmosphere, which is quite popular among editors and readers. 4 paradox. The topic of this kind of paper is to process and transform very common sayings or famous sayings to form a seemingly absurd or contradictory but very novel or profound meaning. The topic thus drawn up is called paradox. This kind of paper topic can stimulate readers' interest in reading and in-depth exploration, and play a role in arousing doubts, thus producing a reading experience from sudden doubts to relief. ⑤ Reference. This is a form of directly drawing up the topic of your thesis by borrowing proverbs, famous sayings or other people's poems. The characteristic of this kind of paper title is its intimacy. With the influence of widely circulated sentences, readers' desire for reading is stimulated, and it is easier for readers to have leap-forward thinking and association. 6 topic style. " By thinking "," "Opening", "Discussion" and "Thinking" are the common formats of topical papers. Most of these papers start with an event, a phenomenon or a thing in the topic, but they are not limited to this topic. This topic is equivalent to an introduction in the paper, and then they analyze and discuss it by analogy. This kind of topic is characterized by striking, seeing the big from the small and seeing the extraordinary from the ordinary. ⑦ Keyword type. The title of a kind of paper is composed of several keywords extracted from the main content of the paper. These keywords are separated by dots, pauses or spaces, and are also passed. And then what? 、? With what? Equal connectives connect several key words. Three keywords are the most common keywords in the title of a paper, which generally represent several main aspects discussed in the paper. These aspects are directly or indirectly related, some are causal, some are progressive, some are parallel, some are conceptual relationships or confusing concept groups. The title of this kind of paper is characterized by conciseness, symmetry, neatness, elegance, clear theme and prominent center. 8 Double-headed type. The theme of some papers is composed of a main title and a subtitle. The main subtitle is usually typeset by lines, and there are numbers in front of the subtitle.

Second, index keywords

Keywords are the document retrieval marks of academic papers, and they are natural language vocabulary to express the theme concept of papers. Key words must be content words, which are used to summarize one or more fields involved in the paper. Basic principles of keyword indexing: ① specificity principle, one word can only express one theme concept. (2) Collocation principle, the collocation of narrative phrases should be conceptual collocation. Conceptual collocation includes two types: cross collocation and body collocation. Cross collocation refers to the combination of two or more predicates with conceptual cross relations, which is used to express a specific concept. For example,? Kidney calculi? Available? Kidney disease? And then what? Stone? These two words represent a specific concept. Aspect collocation refers to combining a narrative that represents something with another narrative that represents something's attributes or a certain aspect to express a specific concept. When indexing, cross matching is given priority, and then aspect matching is considered. The narrative words used in collocation must be the words most closely related to the concept of literary theme, so as to avoid overstepping collocation; The concepts expressed by the combined keywords must be clear and accurate, and only a single concept can be expressed. When indexing keywords, we should avoid the following problems: choose articles, conjunctions, auxiliary words, verbs, adverbs, adjectives and nouns that have no retrieval meaning as keywords, such as? Technology? 、? Observation? 、? Experiment? ; Individual authors even use a long list of words as keywords; In order to emphasize the comprehensiveness of the theme, write the key words into a complete phrase; Keywords are too broad to accurately reflect the theme of the paper; There is no reference to index keywords such as Chinese Thesaurus, especially there are too many free words. [2]

Third, the preparation of the thesis outline

Preparing an outline of a paper is not only to make a specific writing plan for writing a paper, but also to design a specific organizational structure for the paper. Therefore, preparing an outline of a paper is the core work of layout when writing a paper [3].

1. The role of writing an outline of a paper

Thesis outline refers to the logical chart used by the author to guide the writing of the thesis after careful conception, which is usually presented in the form of text and consists of serial numbers and corresponding concise sentences. Writing an outline of a thesis is an important basic work in writing a thesis, just like building a building and casting complex machine parts. First, you need to conceive, design and draw drawings. Thesis writing is a scientific and rigorous work, which requires a lot of careful planning and preparation. Overall planning, framework construction, key establishment and level establishment all need to be completed by writing an outline of the thesis. Therefore, to sum up, the significance and function of writing an outline of a paper at least include: clarifying the overall structure of the paper, guiding the effective organization of materials, distinguishing the key points and difficulties of writing, and clarifying the logical context of the paper, leaving room for local revision.

2. Common paper contour types

Thesis outline can be divided into simple outline and detailed outline according to its own details. Simple outline is characterized by few words and high generalization. Generally, the titles and sizes of each part of the paper are simply listed, and it is not clear how to expand each part. A detailed outline needs to carefully consider the chapter structure, connection, main points, main materials and other elements of the paper, not only the title of the paper, the titles of various parts and levels, but also the main points, main arguments and discussion angles of each paragraph under each title.

From the concrete analysis of paper frame structure, paper outline can also be subdivided into parallel outline, progressive outline, divided outline and other types. (1) parallel contour. In the paper structure of parallel outline design, the relationships at all levels are parallel and juxtaposed, and there is no primary and secondary relationship, causal relationship and subordinate relationship, and the same elements are often discussed around the theme of the paper. ② Progressive outline. The paper structure of progressive outline design reflects the context of the paper, which is based on the theme of the paper, step by step, from the surface to the inside, from the shallow to the deep. All parts of the paper are progressive step by step from front to back, deeper and deeper step by step. ③ Switch profile. Due to the complexity of the theme of the paper, the outlines of most papers are not simply parallel or progressive, but have structural forms such as integration, synthesis, separation and integration, integration and separation. The general argument of the paper is sometimes reflected and expounded in the sub-arguments at all levels, sometimes summarized on the basis of the sub-arguments at all levels, sometimes some parts show several aspects of parallel relationship and some parts show progressive relationship, and so on.

3. Requirements for writing the thesis outline

The first is the overall situation. When drafting the outline of a paper, the author should first focus on the overall situation. The key to the layout of the paper lies in the overall layout of the whole paper, such as what is the main argument, what is the sub-argument, what is the logical relationship of each part, and what is the role and position of each part in the full text. After such a full-text layout, at least the overall framework of the paper can be clear, rigorous, smooth and organized.