First, the text part
The header of an academic paper should generally include the title, author's signature, author's unit, abstract, keywords, Chinese Library Classification number, document identification number, document number and other elements, and its basic format and specification requirements are as follows:
1. Title.
The titles of academic papers should be concise, specific, accurate and appropriate, which can summarize the specific contents of the papers and conform to the relevant principles of compiling titles, indexes and retrieval tools. In addition, try to avoid using abbreviations, loanwords, codes, etc. It is not known and recognized in the title.
2. Author's signature and author's unit.
In the signature of the author of an academic paper and the labeling of the author's unit, the following points should generally be noted:
(1) Academic papers should be signed by the author, and the signature should be placed in the middle position below the title.
(2) The signature of an academic paper can be 1 the independent signature of the author, the joint signature of two or more authors, or the collective signature (such as the name of a research group); You can sign the author's real name or pen name, but it is usually the author's real name, except in special circumstances; The author or organizer of a collectively signed article can also mark the anchor position on the first page of the article and separate it from the text with a horizontal line.
(3) The signature of academic translation should be that the author comes first, the translator comes last, and the nationality is indicated in square brackets before the author; Various academic abstracts, etc. You can also put the author's name in brackets at the end of the article.
(4) The signatures of multiple authors should be separated by spaces or commas; Authors of different units should mark (superscript) different Arabic digital signature numbers in the upper right corner of their names, and add a number consistent with the signature number before their unit names; When two or more author units are arranged side by side, they should be separated by semicolons.
(5) The signed author should indicate the full name of his/her work unit, the name of the province, city and county where he/she is located (the province can be omitted for cities above the provincial capital), indicate the postcode, and put it in the middle position below the author's signature, and enclose it in brackets.
The author's right of authorship is protected by copyright law. How to sign depends on the author's wishes. No one has the right to interfere, but at the same time, he is bound by law and cannot arbitrarily infringe on the right of authorship of others or collectives.
3. summary.
It is the author's brief statement of the main contents or viewpoints of the paper, which requires conciseness, accuracy and generalization, can objectively and concretely reflect the important and innovative main viewpoints of the full text, and give an objective and specific statement; Subjective and emotional comments and explanations divorced from specific content should be avoided. In other words, the abstract is an independent and complete paper, which is a direct expression of the main points of the paper. Generally speaking, there should be no subjective evaluation and explanatory text by the author. Therefore, writing an abstract should pay attention to the following three points:
(1) Abstract should be self-sufficient, that is, readers can directly obtain the most important content information of the paper without reading the full text. The content of the paper should include the main points of the paper, focusing on the discussion object and conclusion, that is, the focus is on reading guidance, so that readers can determine whether it is necessary to read the full text through the abstract.
(2) Chinese abstracts are generally about 200 words, while English abstracts generally require substantive content of about 200 words. If there are special needs, the number of words can be slightly more, but the principle is concise and clear.
(3) Don't write an "abstract" of a paper in the form of "content introduction", let alone a "abstract" of a book. The requirement of writing an abstract is to directly express the main information or central idea contained in a paper in highly summarized language, and try to avoid using the language of introduction and self-evaluation. For example: "This paper analyzes, studies and puts forward the viewpoint of ...
According to relevant regulations, abstracts should be prepared for papers published in academic journals. The abstract is located under the author's signature, and the Chinese abstract is marked with "Abstract:" or "[Abstract]", while the English abstract is marked with "Abstract:".
What needs to be explained here is that English abstracts are optional at present, but the Ministry of Education [1] requires them in the Specification for the Arrangement of Papers in University Journals, while the Rules for Abstract Writing (GB/ T6447- 1986) does not clearly stipulate them. Therefore, if the author has the ability to write better in the manuscript, he can not write what he cannot, and leave it to the journal editor to decide whether it is necessary to write for you according to the needs of editing and distribution.
At present, in some academic papers edited and published by periodicals, although there is a so-called "abstract" in front of the text, it is actually "content introduction", "abstract" or nondescript words. The reason why this happens is that quite a few writers and editors confuse "abstract" with "introduction" and "abstract", so they have no concept when writing abstract.
4. Key words.
Keywords, also known as subject words, refer to specific subject nouns or noun phrases with practical retrieval significance selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, which have a clear source in the paper.
(1) keyword labeling requirements.
The annotation of key words should reflect the main contents of academic papers and have semantics, and try to use the standardized vocabulary provided by China Thesaurus, World Chinese Thesaurus or various professional glossaries.
(2) Keyword tagging method.
Generally, 3-8 keywords are selected and arranged at the bottom of the "abstract", with prominent characters. Chinese keywords should be marked with "keywords:", "keywords" or "keywords", and the words should be separated by semicolons. Separate; If English keywords are marked, Chinese and English keywords should correspond to each other one by one, and English keywords should be marked with "Keyword:" and placed on another line.
(3) The purpose of marking keywords.
Keywords are words with substantial retrieval significance for revealing the central content of academic papers. The purpose of marking is to serve as the content characteristics of computer system index papers, which is convenient for information integration system to collect papers with the same content for readers to retrieve. Therefore, the keywords extracted in this paper should be standard words or phrases. When extracting and determining keywords, it is necessary to analyze the theme of the paper, select accurate and appropriate words or phrases as keywords, and convert them into standardized words in thesaurus according to indexing and matching rules.
Generally speaking, academic papers with more than 3000 words in academic journals must be marked with Chinese keywords, but English keywords can be marked as needed. Although English keywords are still optional at present, they can be marked or not in the writing and arrangement of academic papers, and it is better to be able to mark them. After all, it is a published academic paper, and the retrieval needs of international peers should be considered.
5. Classification number of China Library.
China Library Classification Number refers to the document classification symbol stipulated by China Library Classification for the subject analysis and document classification of scientific and technological documents according to the subject attributes and academic characteristics of document contents.
Composition of classification number in (1).
China Library Classification Number is a mixed number composed of capital letters, Arabic numerals and some auxiliary symbols of Chinese Pinyin. Generally, a letter is used to mark a major category, reflecting the alphabetical order of major categories, and numbers and auxiliary symbols are used after the letter to indicate the classification of major categories, thus forming a complete document classification symbol. Therefore, when labeling, we should try our best to label accurately and subdivide in place.
(2) Marking of classification numbers in Chinese drawings.
At present, the classification number of China Library should be marked by the subject classification code specified in China Library Classification (20 10, September 5th edition). Papers involving multiple disciplines can be marked with several classification numbers, and the two classification numbers are separated by semicolons. Separate. Generally, the China Library Classification Number should be marked on the left below the key words, and marked with China Library Classification Number, China Library Classification Number or China Library Classification Number.
Example:
① Classification number of China Library: G270 (indicating that this paper is a paper on archival science and archives management).
② the classification number of China library is G273.4G254.9 (indicating that this paper is about document retrieval, document retrieval and information retrieval).
6. Document identification number.
Document identification code is a code for classifying and identifying academic papers. According to China Academic Journals (CD-ROM Edition) Retrieval and Evaluation Data Standard, each article should be marked with the corresponding document identification code.
(1) Five commonly used document identifiers:
A- academic papers on theoretical and applied research;
B- summary of theoretical study and social practice;
C- articles on business guidance and technical management;
D- dynamic information;
Electronic documents and materials.
(2) Marking of document identification code.
In academic papers, the document identification code should be marked in the position of two spaces behind the classification number in China Library Classification, usually marked with "document identification code:", "document identification code" or "document identification code".
Example:
① Document identification code: A (indicating that this article is an academic paper)
② File identification code C (indicating that this article is an article on business guidance and technical management)
7. Article number.
According to relevant regulations, all items with ID codes must be marked with item numbers, among which Class A, B and C items must be marked.
The article number consists of international standard serial number, publication year, issue number, page number of the first page of the article and page number of academic journals * * * 20 digits. Its structure is XXXX-XXXX(YYYY)NN-PPPP-CC. Usually marked with "document number:", "document number" or "document number".
Second, the body part.
The text is the main part of academic papers, and the following points should be paid attention to in the specification requirements related to the text of academic papers:
1. Introduction.
Introduction, also known as preface, is used at the beginning of the text of an academic paper, or marked with "introduction" and "preface", or directly expressed as the first natural paragraph of the text. The introduction should generally express the author's writing intention or simply explain the writing background, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, reflect the writing scope limited by the topic of the paper, be concise and stick to the theme.
2. The logical level of the text.
As the main part of an academic paper, the text is the part that best reflects the author's academic innovation ability, language expression ability and logical thinking ability, and its logical structure level is generally:
A. Questions-arguments;
B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;
C. solving problems-demonstrating methods and steps;
D. draw a conclusion-summarize the main idea of the full text.
3. The title in the text.
The title in the text is "subtitle", which indicates the logical hierarchy of each part in the text. The logical levels of each part of the text should not be too many, and should generally be controlled within five levels. The title in the text should be concise and clear, occupying a single line, with two spaces in front of the preface and no punctuation at the end, except for question marks, exclamation marks and ellipsis.
4. The usage specification of ordinal numbers in each chapter of the text.
Sequential language refers to words, words, serial numbers, letters, symbols and so on. Used to mark logical levels or logical pauses in the text of an article.
(1) In the text of a paper, you can generally choose to start with the order of words according to the characteristics of the article. After the word order is selected, you should write down the text step by step. After a word sequence of a lower level has been selected, it is not appropriate to use a word sequence of a higher level in turn.
(2) Sequence words similar to numbers, with brackets, should be located at the next level, without brackets. Usually, the first layer is Chinese characters and numbers with pauses, such as "one,"; The second level is the number of Chinese characters in brackets, such as "(1)"; The third layer is Arabic numerals with waste dots, such as "1." Note that the pause "and" is not used here; The fourth layer is Arabic numerals with brackets, such as "(1)"; Further down can be circled Arabic numerals, such as "①", or lowercase Latin letters with feet, such as "A".
(3) The order of use after punctuation should conform to the national standard [3]
The usage of the dot (GB/T15834-2011) has relevant regulations, that is, when the prefix "Di" and "Qi" are used as ordinal numbers, or "First", "Second" and "Last" are used as ordinal numbers, commas are used; When Chinese characters and numbers without brackets or "heavenly stems and earthly branches" are used as ordinal numbers, they are followed by pause; Arabic numerals, Latin letters or Roman numerals without brackets are used as ordinal numbers, followed by the suffix "."(this symbol is a punctuation symbol borrowed from a foreign language); No more dots are used after the parenthesis order; Arabic numerals with dots indicate the relationship between chapters, and no dots are added at the end, but 1 Chinese characters are needed.
Examples of using ordinal languages:
First of all, ...
( 1) ...
1.……
( 1)……
①/a.……
In recent years, Arabic numerals have become popular in some academic journals. In this way, the sequential words in each layer should be separated from the topic with footpoints, and the last layer should be empty. For example:
"3. 1.2" is used to indicate the order before the second-level title in the first minor question under the third major question in the text.
5. Use of language and characters
In academic papers, the use of language and characters must conform to the norms of modern Chinese, that is, except for the special needs of sorting out ancient books, quoting and studying historical documents, archaic characters, variant characters and traditional characters should be avoided; Avoid using nonstandard abbreviations, self-made words, etc. The use of words should be based on the 6th edition of Modern Chinese Dictionary.
6. Use of punctuation marks
The use of punctuation marks shall comply with the relevant provisions of GB/T15834-2011punctuation marks. For example, it cannot be used at the beginning of a line (except for front quotation marks, front brackets, dashes and ellipsis); There is no period at the end of the text in the body and table; Books, articles, documents, periodicals, newspapers, normative documents, etc. They are all titled, and there is no need to separate the two titles with a pause; Don't mix Chinese and foreign punctuation marks (Chinese don't want foreign punctuation marks, and foreign languages don't want Chinese punctuation marks); Foreign punctuation marks should follow the idioms of foreign languages, and Chinese punctuation marks cannot be copied from foreign languages. For example, there is no English title, and the title is expressed in italics, so American archivists cannot be called American archivists.
7. Marking of quotation.
There are two kinds of quotations in this paper: direct quotation and indirect quotation.
Direct quotation from others' original text belongs to direct quotation (direct quotation). If you directly quote the original text, you must use quotation marks at the beginning and end of the original text, and immediately indicate the reference number after the quotation marks, otherwise it will be regarded as plagiarism; If the punctuation mark at the end of the quotation is within the quotation range, it should be in the back quotation mark, otherwise it should be after the quotation number; For multiple citations of the same reference, the citation serial number should also be compiled in sequence with other citation serial numbers, rather than being compiled into a citation serial number repeatedly.
(1) An example of directly quoting serial numbers in this paper: Some people think: "Time-honored brands are not only a commercial landscape, but also a cultural phenomenon passed down from history." [ 1]
Re-expressing others' words or opinions in one's own language is indirect speech. For some indirect quotations, just mark the quotation number in the corresponding position of the quotation, without quotation marks.
The so-called "corresponding position of reference" here can be the author's name, the title of the work, or the quoted data and opinions.
(2) Examples of marking some indirect speech serial numbers in the text:
Some people say that re-expressing others' words or opinions in their own language belongs to indirect quotation [2].
There is no need to use quotation marks here, but the source should be indicated, that is, the reference number should be marked at the quotation of the text, and the references should be marked according to the number after the text.
There is also a special citation marking method, that is, when quoting a whole paragraph or an entire article, instead of quoting a quotation, you need to quote a new paragraph, the first line is indented by four spaces, and the second line is indented by two spaces, and the font layout is changed. This quotation marking method is often found in quoting letters, diaries, inscriptions and other whole paragraphs. In addition, when quoting poetry charts, you can start a new line and mark it in the middle without quotation marks.
8. Notes and their labeling rules.
Annotations refer to the annotations used to explain and explain some words, words, sentences, proper nouns and other specific contents in the text, as well as explanatory and explanatory words.
Generally speaking, labeling should master the following principles:
(1) Whether an academic paper is annotated or not depends on the needs of writing. When there are words, words, phrases, names, place names, events, charts, formulas, documents, etc. , which needs further explanation and explanation, and there is no specific and accurate source of literature, notes should be used.
(2) The serial numbers of notes in this paper are different from those in references, and are generally marked with circled Arabic numerals to show the difference from references. The corresponding explanation and explanatory text can be footnotes at the bottom of the page or notes at the end of the text. However, whether footnotes or endnotes are used, they must be marked manually, otherwise, when editing, modifying or typesetting, all automatically marked contents may be lost once they are converted into plain text format.
(3) If the paper is long, in order to facilitate reading, it is suggested to use numbering and footnotes in the paper, which are common in academic monographs; It is better to add "footnotes" to the article numbers of journal papers, which is easier to read, and try not to add "endnotes" to the article numbers, unless there are many notes, footnotes are difficult to typeset.
Generally speaking, annotations are widely used in social science papers, especially those involving ancient books or archaeology. But in principle, we should control the number of notes in the text. As long as you can find the source, try to mark it in the form of references, because it is more scientific and rigorous.
Third, the last part of the article.
1. References and their recording rules.
Reference refers to a set of data that accurately and in detail records information sources or part of information sources when writing or editing papers and works. It is an accurate annotation of the information sources quoted in the dialogue at the end of the article, at the end of the book or after the chapters in the book, which is convenient for readers to search, find and check.
With regard to references, from the author's editing experience for many years, there are some serious problems in the manuscript, such as not recording according to the rules stipulated by the relevant national standards, incomplete recording items and elements, chaotic recording format and recording order, wrong use of symbols, and many errors in recording content, which account for about 95% of the manuscript. It can be seen that nonstandard labeling of references is a common phenomenon in academic paper writing. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the recording of references in detail here.
(1) Reference type.
The information resources of references include books, periodicals, newspapers and other official publications and normative documents, as well as non-confidential internal materials. According to the purpose of using references in writing papers, references are mainly divided into two categories: quoting references and reading references. Among them, cited references can be divided into direct references and indirect references, both of which must be clearly marked in the text (number) and after the text; Reading references does not need to be marked.
(2) The national standards of references should be recorded.
The national standard for reference description is the Rules for Reference Description [6] (GB/T 77 14-2005), which is a special reference description rule for authors and editors and has been widely adopted by academic journals. Therefore, authors and editors of academic papers and scientific and technological works should follow when recording references.
It should be noted that this standard is still a recommended standard and is being revised. It may be published and revised next year, and may be renamed as the new standard of "Information and Literature-Reference and Information Resources Citation Guide". The new standard refers to the relevant provisions of the international standard ISO 690:20 10(E) "Information and Literature-A Guide to Citation of References and Information Resources", and will be used as the new national standard for the description of books, periodicals, academic papers and other references in China.
(3) References after recording the text.
References after the text (also called reference list) are a set of notes, which can be consulted specifically and indicate various elements of the source of the literature. So, all opinions, theories, words, formulas, charts, etc. The documents directly or indirectly cited in the writing of the thesis should be clearly marked with complete and accurate source information in the following references. The recording format is to start another paragraph at the end of the article, marked with the words "references:", and all the references cited in the article are listed by serial numbers.
The labeling of all elements of references should strictly abide by the relevant provisions of national standards, and should not be labeled at will according to one's original habits. Otherwise, it can't be segmented and identified in computer retrieval, and it will be regarded as invalid references, and the corresponding quotations in this paper will also be regarded as plagiarism.
(4) Ordering of references.
According to the national standard, the reference numbers in the text and reference list should be sorted by Arabic numerals with square brackets, such as [1] [2] [3] …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… You cannot use Arabic numerals with brackets "()", hexagonal brackets "]" or square brackets "",nor can you use chinese numerals or Latin and Roman letters to sort.
(5) Symbol of reference carrier type.
The Rules for the Description of References on the Back of Documents (GB/T 77 14-2005) is the revised version of GB/T 77 14- 1987, and the new national standard * * * gives the symbol of document carrier type of 15, namely:
General books -M, periodicals -J, newspapers -N, dissertations -D, reports -R, standards -S, patents -P, conference records -C, compilations -G, databases -DB, computer programs -CP, electronic bulletin -EB, archives -A, maps -CM, others-Z.
In addition, four symbols of electronic document carrier are given: magnetic tape -MT, magnetic disk -DK, optical disk -CD and online network -OL.
(6) When using symbols of reference carrier types, two points should be emphasized:
① "A" is the symbol of "archives" stipulated in the new national standard revised in 2005. "A" originally refers to the precipitation literature in monographs and papers, and now the precipitation literature is marked as "//",which means "from ……".
② If necessary, two symbols can be used in combination, such as DB/OL- online database, J/OL- online periodical, M/CD- CD periodical, etc.
(7) Examples of basic formats of reference records:
1 book.
Format: [serial number] Person in charge. Title [file carrier type]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication: corresponding page number.
For example:
Feng Huiling. Introduction to Archives Science [M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 2005:84.
② Periodicals.
Format: [serial number] Person in charge. Title [file carrier type]. Title, question: page number.
For example:
[3] Feng Huiling. On the "people-friendly" strategy of archives [J]. Archives Research, 2005 (1):12-15.
③ Precipitation literature.
Format: [serial number] Person in charge. Title [Document Type]//Editor. Name of the collection or report, place of publication: publisher, year of publication: starting and ending page numbers.
For example:
[4] Michael Cook. The relationship between central and local archival institutions and society [R]/1983 UNESCO and the International Council for Archives co-chaired the compilation. Annual report of document and archives management planning project [M]. Beijing: Archives Publishing House, 1985:33-48.
(8) Record western language references.
At present, two principles can be mastered in the writing and description of western references: one is to refer to the format of Chinese references; Second, I am used to recording in western languages. However, no matter which format is adopted, we should try our best to use the original western language or the commonly used Chinese translation instead of the self-translated Chinese translation.
(9) Principles and requirements for recording references.
① The listed references are preferably official publications for readers' reference; If it is non-confidential internal information, all elements should be recorded as completely as possible according to the specification.
(2) The references listed in the list of references after the article shall be marked with complete information elements such as serial number, responsible person, title of the work or article, document carrier, place of publication, publisher, edition date (publication year and release date), page number, etc.
(10) correctly understanding and using reference section symbols In order to make the reference record table simple and unified, GB/T 77 14-2005 stipulated nine reference section symbols that should be used in recording, namely: ,; . "//""()""[ ]""/""-".
Most of these symbols are transplanted to punctuation marks, but their functions and usage are different from punctuation marks. They are a prefix, placed in front of the corresponding record items or record elements, in order to personalize these items and elements for computer identification and segmentation. Punctuation symbols are suffixes, so we can't use symbols with our understanding of punctuation usage.
2. Notes on the subject name and number.
All scientific research projects approved by relevant departments shall be marked with "project name" and "project number" on the front page or at the end of the paper. There are many ways of marking, which can be marked with asterisks at the bottom of the main body of the first page of the paper, or with "fund project:" or "[fund project]" or "remarks:" at the end of the paper, but in either way, the project name and number are marked. For example:
Note: This paper is one of the achievements of the general project of National Social Science Fund, The History of the Development and Evolution of Literature Terminology in China. The project number is 14BTQ07 1.
3. Author introduction notes.
Author's brief introduction refers to a set of characters that list the main author's name, date of birth, gender, nationality (Han nationality can be omitted), native place, professional title, degree, main research direction and other information in turn.
All academic papers submitted to journals should have a brief introduction of the author, which is for the needs of the layout of academic papers when they are published, and the layout format of relevant academic journals has clear requirements. The author's brief introduction is generally located in the footer of the first page, under the "fund project" (or the date of receiving the manuscript), or under the list of references at the end of the article. Author's brief introduction should be marked with "Author's brief introduction:" or "[Author's brief introduction]", and several author's brief introductions should use semicolons ";" List them separately.
4. Communication methods.
Communication means the communication and contact information provided by the author to the editorial department, including telephone (mobile phone), e-mail, author's unit and detailed address, house number, postal code and other information, so that the editorial department can contact and modify the manuscript, mail the sample publication to the author and pay the remuneration. Some journals also require authors to provide bank card numbers.
The communication method is generally attached to the last part of the manuscript, but it is not published with the paper. It only provides convenience for the editorial department to contact the author, so it should be specified in detail at the end of the article. Many authors do not pay attention to the way of communication in their contributions, which brings inconvenience to the editorial department and even affects the adoption of the manuscript, which needs attention.