(1) argument
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the viewpoint to be discussed and expounded in the article, and it is also the viewpoint and proposition to be expressed by the author. To read an argumentative essay, we must first find, refine and understand the arguments of the article.
(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one or more arguments. If there is more than one argument, it is necessary to clarify the central argument. These arguments can be parallel or progressive, but they all obey the central argument of the whole paper.
(3) the position of the argument: the argument of the article can be arranged at the beginning, or at the middle or end of the article. In other words, it can be arranged anywhere in the article. But it is more often at the beginning of the article, and so is the argument of the paragraph.
(4) Presentation of arguments: Some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we just need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.
(5) The proposition and establishment of the argument should pay attention to:
(1) correctness. The persuasiveness of an argument is rooted in the correct reflection of objective things, and the correct reflection of objective things depends on whether the author's position, viewpoint, attitude and method are correct. If the argument itself is incorrect or even a lie, no amount of arguments can convince people. Therefore, the correctness of the argument is the minimum requirement for argumentative writing.
Clarity. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous.
(3) novelty. The argument should be as original and profound as possible, and can transcend other people's views. It's not repeating other people's platitudes, nor is it irrelevant and general. It should be as original and original as possible.
(2) arguments
(1) What is an argument? Argument is the material and foundation to prove the argument.
(2) Types of arguments: ① factual materials, ② theoretical materials.
The factual materials used as arguments can be A. Specific cases B. Summarized facts C. Statistical data D. Personal experiences and feelings.
(2) The theoretical materials used as arguments can be: a. classic works and predecessors' wisdom, b. folk proverbs and sayings, c. scientific axioms and laws, etc.
(3) Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. We must choose those hard and typical facts. When citing theoretical materials that have been tested by practice as arguments, we must pay attention to the exact meaning of the cited theory itself. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of argument and argument. The argument is to prove the argument, so it should be closely linked.
(3) Demonstration
(1) What is an argument? Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments. Arguments in argumentative essays are to solve "what to prove", arguments are to solve "what to prove" and arguments are to solve "what to prove".
Proof is to solve the problem of "how to demonstrate". The purpose of argumentation is to reveal the inherent logical relationship between arguments and arguments.
(2) Types of argumentative essays: argumentative essays are generally divided into argumentation and refutation.
(1) argument is a way to prove the correctness of the author's own argument with sufficient arguments; (2) Refutation is a way to refute others' wrong arguments with powerful arguments. Argument and rebuttal are proofs, one proves its correctness from the front and the other proves its error from the back. They can use basically the same argument method.
(3) Basic argumentation methods: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.
(1) induction. Inductive argument is an argument method from individual to general. Through many examples or arguments, summarize their characteristics, and then draw a general conclusion. Inductive method can give an example before drawing a conclusion, or put forward a conclusion before giving an example to prove it. The former is what we usually call induction, and the latter is what we call example. Illustration is a method to prove an argument with individual and typical concrete examples.
(2) deductive method. Deductive argument is a method from general to individual. It deduces conclusions about individual situations from general principles, and the connection between premises and conclusions is necessary. There are various forms of deduction, such as syllogism, hypothetical reasoning, selective reasoning and so on, but the most important one is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. For example, the major premise "all metals can conduct electricity" and the minor premise "iron is".
(3) Comparative method. Comparative argument is an individual-to-individual argument method. Usually divided into two categories, one is analogy and the other is contrast. Analogy is a method of comparing different things with the same or similar properties and characteristics in some aspects, so as to draw a conclusion. Contrast method is a method to prove an argument by comparing different things with opposite or opposite properties and characteristics in some aspects.
(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute an argument, namely, ① refuting an argument, ② refuting an argument, and ③ refuting an argument. Because argumentative writing is composed of three parts: argument, argument and argument, refuting argument or argument has the same effect as directly refuting argument. A refutation can be combined with several refutation methods to enhance the strength and persuasiveness of refutation.
(1) Refuting an argument, that is, directly refuting the one-sided, false or fallacy of the other party's argument itself, is the most commonly used method in refuting. (2) refuting the argument, that is, revealing the mistakes of the other party's argument, in order to achieve the purpose of knocking down the other party's argument; Because the wrong argument will inevitably lead to the wrong argument. (3) refute arguments, that is, expose the logical errors of the other party in the process of argumentation, such as the contradiction between major premise, minor premise and conclusion, the contradiction between the other party's arguments, the contradiction between arguments and arguments, and so on.
Argumentative writing is a style in which the author analyzes and comments on a certain issue or thing, and shows his own views, positions, attitudes, opinions and propositions. Argumentative writing has three elements, namely argument, argument and argument. The basic requirements of argumentation are: correct viewpoint, detailed generalization, practical significance, and proper comprehensive use of various expressions; The arguments are basically: true and reliable, fully typical; The basic requirement of argument is that reasoning must be logical.
When writing an argumentative essay, you should consider the argument, what to use as an argument to prove it, how to demonstrate it, and then draw a conclusion. It can be that we first put forward a general argument, then discuss and analyze each sub-argument, and finally draw a conclusion; You can also quote a story, a dialogue, or describe a scene first, and then analyze the facts layer by layer and draw new conclusions. This writing method is called total score, which is a common composition method for middle school students. You can also ask a question that everyone cares about at the beginning of the article, and then answer it one by one, step by step. This is a difficult writing method. It is also necessary for the author to deliberately compare two different things in the opposite way.
Argumentative writing is a style that uses logic, reasoning and proof to explain the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes other people's wrong views. Comments in newspapers, essays or feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative writing.
Argumentative writing, also known as argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By stating facts, reasoning and distinguishing between right and wrong, the author can determine whether his views are right or wrong, and establish or deny some views. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.
First, the three elements of argumentative writing
Argumentative writing mainly includes three elements: argument, argument and argumentation method. The parameters must be correct. Arguments are used to illustrate arguments and should be reliable and sufficient. Facts speak louder than words, which is the best argument. Arguments can also be accepted truths and philosophies that have been tested by practice. There are various methods of demonstration, and the commonly used methods are:
1. induction
Start with typical analysis, that is, analyze individual things, find out the similarities and differences of things, and then draw a conclusion.
2. Reasoning method
Starting from the general principle, explain and analyze individual things, and then draw a conclusion.
3. Inspection method
Compare all the facts and aspects, then analyze them and draw a conclusion.
4. Refutation method
First list the wrong views, then refute them one by one, and finally clarify your own views.
Second, the characteristics of argumentative writing
Generally speaking, the structure of an argumentative paper consists of three parts: introduction, text and conclusion sentence. Generally, an argument is put forward in the introduction, that is, the theme of the article, the favorable facts are presented in the text, the argument is strictly demonstrated, and finally the conclusion is drawn according to the previous argument.
Third, the writing of argumentative essays.
To write a good argumentative essay, we must pay attention to the following points:
1. Determine the argument.
Arguments are usually put forward in the first paragraph of an article.
2. To have sufficient arguments, you can cite examples from your life.
This argument should be strictly logical.
All facts, reasons and reasons should be closely related to the conclusion.
4. The grades should be clear.
5. Sincere and friendly attitude, because the argument focuses on being reasonable and convincing.
Argumentation is the main writing skill in argumentative writing, but sometimes explanation, narration, description and other skills are also used. Narration and description in argumentative essays should provide basis for arguments. Therefore, the narrative should be general and the description should be short.
6. The argument should be sufficient
To prove his point, there must be sufficient evidence. The author can cite facts, show data, provide examples, use common sense or personal experience.