The rural housing structure in Qingdao is similar to that in northern China. Most houses are built on sunny slopes, emphasizing sunny and shady sides, close to mountains and rivers. The house is a civil masonry structure, with a row of 3-5 questions, gables connected to neighbors and a herringbone roof (also known as "double water type"). There are main rooms, east and west rooms or inverted rooms, and each family has its own yard. Most of them are Sanhe Hospital.
Villages vary in size, ranging from a few to hundreds. In recent years, thousands of big villages have appeared.
After 1897, Germany and Japan successively occupied Qingdao. With the construction of ports and municipal administration, a large number of farmers poured into the urban areas. At that time, i0 houses were built in Xizhen area, and some shanty towns appeared in Nanshan and Zhongjiawa of Taitung Town. The buildings in these courtyards are unplanned, low and dark, and the environment is harsh. In addition to the "herringbone" roof, there are many houses with slopes, which people used to call "Taoist hats". Due to the change of living environment and conditions, some folk customs that have been passed down for thousands of years cannot be continued.
Since 1980s, it has been implemented by the government. Urban reconstruction projects and housing projects in Japan were implemented in the 1990s. Now, residential areas have been built in residential houses and shanty towns, with many buildings and beautiful environment, and people's living conditions have been greatly improved.
During this period, most of the old-fashioned houses in rural Qingdao were replaced by beautiful residential buildings. Residential development from simple and practical to beautiful. Some modern building materials are widely used, and buildings appear in many villages.
-& gt； village
In the rural areas of Qingdao, except for a few mountain watchers who live in "mountain temples", many people live together, thus forming buildings of different sizes, which are called "villages", "villages" or "villages".
The roads in the village are called "streets", mostly east-west, called front streets and back streets. There are many big streets in the village, so the surname Guan is the street name, such as Zhangjia Street and Wang Jia Street.
Paths are called "Hutong", which are named after surnames, hall numbers, village celebrities or trees, such as Songjiahutong, Fulai Hutong, Wu Jie Hutong and Laohuashu Hutong. The narrow road is called "lane"; The places where idlers often get together to chat are called "lazy people's nests" and "old people's nests"
Some village names are very distinctive and interesting. For example, Zhanggezhuang in Laixi was named after a man named Zhang who settled here. This man is very generous and helpful. People nearby call him Zhangge, so the name of this village becomes Zhanggezhuang. Because "ge", "ge" and "ge" are homophonic, village names like Zhougezhuang and Xiagezhuang appeared later. There are many villages named after surnames, some of which are directly called Yuejia and Zhao Jia, while others are called Liangjiatu, Yujiatun, Wang Jiagou and Xujiadian with the words of Mian, Cun, Gou and Dian.
Some villages are named after the people who built them. Now there is a village of Li, because during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, a man named Li Keyong came here to build a village. He has a long beard and is called "Lee". Over time, this village was called "Li Village". Later, some people thought the name was indecent. In the early years of the Republic of China, the village name evolved into today's "Lihuzhuang".
Some take the occupation of the village builder as the name of the village. There is a Zaohu village in Shan Zhi, because several salt households who used stoves to burn salt came to settle here during Yongle period of Ming Dynasty. Salt households in Song Dynasty were called "soap households", and this village was also called "soap household village".
Many villages are named after myths and legends. There is a female Gushan village in Laoshan Mountain. Because there is an "old ancient temple" in the south of the village, the main god in the temple is called "Nugu". Legend has it that it is the sister of Marshal Zhao Gongming in The Book of the Gods, so people named this village "Nvgu Mountain". Deng Ying Village is named after the legendary A Qin man Xu Fu. In order to get the elixir of life, he embarked on a journey to Xiandao Longcheng. The name of Shilaoren Village in Laoshan Mountain not only comes from a beautiful fairy tale, but also because there is a boulder like an old man on the beach in front of the village.
Some villages are named after the old garrison barracks or official camps, such as Aoshanwei, Xiongyasuo, Yingshang and Huangguantun. Some are named after temples and ancient houses, such as Miaotou, Jiazitou, Sidong and Shifo Temple. Some villages are named after their geographical environment, such as Bobin Ridge, which is named after its topography like a dustpan. There are also local village trees and flowers named after the village, such as Taolin, Zaoyuan, Liushutun and Bangzigou.
From 65438 to 0979, Qingdao began a general survey of place names, and repeated and indecent village names were adjusted. Village names and village names are standardized and standardized.
-& gt； courtyard
Most private houses in Qingdao have their own courtyards, commonly known as "patios" and "yards".
In the past, many families liked to set up front and back rooms. The front yard is a large area and the main place for family activities on weekdays. Pigsty and toilet were built in the yard, and pomegranate, rose and other flowers and trees were planted. It's useless to have a small backyard, just to block the back window and feel that there is "no place to live" in the street. Nowadays, with the change of ideas and the preciousness of land, few people have opened backyards.
The walls around the courtyard are called "courtyard walls", which used to be made of stone. The wall facing the street is inlaid with a stone with a "bridge of the nose" to tie mules and horses, which is called a "horse-tied stone". Putting lime or mud on the courtyard wall is called "hitting the wall". The topmost courtyard wall is painted in a semicircle, which is called "monk's head". At present, most of the courtyard walls are made of stone at the lower part, brick at the upper part and cement outside; Others use bricks or cement to form geometric patterns, which are called "flower walls". The courtyard wall shall not be higher than the eaves.
There is a gate near the wall facing the street, commonly known as "inside the street" or "street gate". Street gates are mostly south or east, and hutongs are also west, rarely north. The gate facing the street is higher than the neighbor's gate across the street, which is called "diagonally opposite the door". The gate is usually painted black, and the famous people of the older generation can paint it red. There are two doors, each door has an iron ring, and the door ring on the left is connected to the "rocker" on the door, which can rotate and close the door conveniently. Some people have iron ring buttons on their doors, which are called "door pull" to lock the door.
There is a guard room above the door. In the past, the gatehouse and the gatehouse were both symbols of wealth. The gatehouse of the rich is decorated with cornices and mascots such as "dragon head" and "longevity dog". The gate is very high and decorated with colorful paintings. Usually, people's gates and gatehouses are very simple. The gatehouses are mostly grass felt, and some doors have no doors, so they are called "earth doors".
Most of the gates are built with shadow walls, commonly known as "shadow walls" (brick screens), with the word "Fu" written on them, or painted with deer, cranes and other patterns, one for auspicious celebration and the other for decoration.
-& gt； house
People live in bungalows. In the old days, the structure of the house was roof-like, with beams and columns as the skeleton, grass roofs on the walls, and wood invading the windows (ask if there is a stone wall and tile roof). There are 3, 4 and 5 rooms in a house. The room facing south is the "main room" and the room facing north is the "inverted room". The rooms on the east and west sides are called "East Room" and "West Room" respectively. The room in the middle of the main room is the "main room", and the two sides are called "East Room" and "West Room" respectively, and then the suite is opened inside. There are two cookers in the middle, which pass through Dongkang and Xikang for heating in winter. In the old days, there was a small square hole on the wall between the main room and the east room, which was called the "light nest". An oil lamp can be placed in the hole, so that a lamp can illuminate the main room and the east room, saving lamp oil. Some people call it "mother-in-law's eyes", saying that you can see the movements between the stoves from the square hole for your mother-in-law to monitor your daughter-in-law. The ceiling is tied with wooden boards or sorghum stalks above the center, also called "ceiling", which can be used to store sweet potatoes in winter. In the east and west, the ceiling of the shed is often decorated with paper-cut flowers and bats, which is called "Yang Peng".
In a family with a large population, the elders generally live in the first room, and the younger generation lives in the box. If you live in a house, the elders live in the outer room, the younger generation lives in the inner room (suite), the elders live in the east room and the younger generation lives in the west room.
Most people live in upside-down houses. Ordinary people pile up sundries, tools or firewood, and people with status as entertainment are called "guest houses".
The wing is hot in summer and cold and stubborn in winter, so there is a folk saying that "the son of an unfilial son in the east wing and the west wing", and the rich don't live in the east wing, which is warm in winter and not cool in summer. Many people live in the rooms of wealthy families, which are used to raise large livestock or make an asbestos factory as a mill.
Building a house (Qingdao people call it "building a house") is a family matter. In the old society, seeing Feng Shui, choosing the foundation of a house, installing doorframes and making beam rafters all went through various ceremonies and activities, among which the beam rafters ceremony was the most lively and grand. Generally, the time to let off the beam is "noon", and relatives and friends will come to help or congratulate. Most wedding gifts are a piece of red cloth called "hanging red". The words "Good luck on the beam" should be hung on the beam rubber, and chopsticks, copper coins tied with red ropes and red cloth should be tied for good luck. On the beams, firecrackers were set off around the house, the square table was placed in the middle, offerings were set, red candles were lit, and the owner of the house bowed down. When Laixi area is in Shangliang, two carpenters and bricklayers will sing happy songs and throw down some dragons, phoenixes, tigers and butterflies to tease the children to plunder. On the second day after the ceremony, the host will hold a banquet in the new house, inviting relatives, craftsmen and helpers, and the dining tables are generally very rich.
At present, the old customs of "looking at Feng Shui" and "setting the god of supply and demand" in folk architecture have been abolished, but the customs of sticking horizontal couplets on beams and purlins and setting off firecrackers for good luck are still popular.
Since 1970s, rural housing has been uniformly planned by the production brigade (village committee). Streets and houses have gradually achieved a unified layout, and most of the houses are masonry walls, tile roofs and glass windows. The kitchen, bedroom and reception room are set separately, and the cabins are mostly cement flat roofs, which are used for drying grain or enjoying the cool in summer nights.
After the 1980s, the old straw houses basically disappeared, some rural areas were already contiguous with buildings, and the living conditions of farmers were greatly improved. There are also many taboos in folk customs of life, but most of them are superstitious. For example, in some places in the past, it was forbidden to build houses in May of the lunar calendar, saying that May was an evil month and that building houses would kill people. Obviously, there was no scientific basis. Don't point the door of your residence at hills, rivers, avenues, wells and graves, saying that it will ward off evil spirits. If you can't avoid it, you must hang a "gossip mirror" on the door to crack it; Homestead can't face the street directly, nor can it face the temple. If it is unavoidable, a small stone tablet engraved with the words "Taishan Shi Gandang" will be installed in the corner outside the mansion. The wood used for building a house should not be wood or locust tree, because the words "fire" and "ghost" are stained on "flood" and "locust tree", which may be unlucky. Don't plant mulberry, willow and poplar in the courtyard, which is commonly known as not planting mulberry before and willow after, and don't plant "ghost clapping" in the courtyard. Because "mulberry" and "mourning" are homophonic, it is unlucky to go out to see "mourning"; If the willow does not bear fruit, it may be childless and never die; The kind of "ghost clapping" (referring to poplar) is afraid of attracting ghost stoves and making the room uneasy. Now few people believe in ghosts, but the above three kinds of trees are still not planted in the farm yard.