According to environmental experts, in order to strengthen the management of waste battery recycling, Germany has implemented new regulations on waste battery recycling management. The regulation requires consumers to send all kinds of batteries, such as used dry batteries and button cell, to shops or waste recycling stations for recycling. Stores and waste recycling stations must unconditionally receive waste batteries and transport them to processing plants for recycling. At the same time, they also implement a deposit system for toxic nickel-cadmium batteries and mercury-containing batteries, that is, consumers have a certain deposit when purchasing each battery, and the deposit can be automatically deducted from the price when consumers exchange used batteries.
In terms of the disposal of waste batteries, there are two factories in Switzerland specializing in the disposal and utilization of waste batteries. One factory uses the method of grinding old batteries and then sending them to the furnace for heating. At this point, the volatile mercury can be extracted. If the temperature is higher, zinc will also evaporate, and manganese and iron will fuse into manganese-iron alloy needed for steelmaking. This factory can handle 2000 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc and 3 tons of mercury. Another factory directly extracts iron from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide as metal scrap.
A "wet treatment" device has been built in the suburbs of magdeburg, in which all kinds of batteries except lead-acid batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. The raw materials obtained by this method are purer than those obtained by heat treatment, so the price is higher in the market, and 95% of the substances contained in the battery can be extracted, and the separation process can be omitted. The annual processing capacity of the device can reach 7500 tons.
Nomura Seiko Co., Ltd., built in the mountainous area of Hokkaido, Japan, mainly deals in waste batteries and waste fluorescent lamps. They buy 13000 tons of waste batteries from all over the country every year, 93% of which are collected by non-governmental environmental protection organizations and 7% by various manufacturers. This business was carried out by 1985, and the purification volume has been increasing. In the past, mercury was mainly recycled, but at present, domestic batteries in Japan no longer contain mercury, mainly recycling metal raw materials such as iron shells of batteries, and developing and manufacturing secondary products, such as one of which can be used as a picture tube of a TV set.
In addition, some countries have also formulated some relevant policies. For example, the waste batteries in the United States and Japan are recycled and handed over to enterprises for treatment, and the government gives certain subsidies for each ton of treatment; Korean battery manufacturers have to pay a certain margin for each ton produced, which will be used for the expenses of recyclers and processors, and designated special factories for processing. Other countries levy environmental taxes on battery manufacturers or reduce or exempt waste battery disposal enterprises.
At present, the recycling technology of used batteries is still immature. Because the battery contains many elements, but the quantity is small, the processing cost is very high. So it is impossible to set up treatment stations everywhere. As far as I know, a relatively large-scale treatment plant was built in Yixian County, Hebei Province, in cooperation with a university in Beijing. At present, what we can do is to collect waste batteries as much as possible (which can be handed over to the local environmental protection department) to avoid littering and polluting the environment.
It's different everywhere.
At present, Haikou has set up more than 200 waste battery recycling boxes, and the recovered batteries are sent to designated locations in the suburbs for treatment. With the help of this newspaper, the sanitation department told the general public that if you have collected a lot of waste batteries, don't dispose of them at will, and don't leave them at home or in public places for a long time. Call 6622 1595 if you want the sanitation department to dispose of the waste batteries.
Other countries:
Japan:
Nomura Seiko Co., Ltd. in the mountainous area of Hokkaido mainly deals with the disposal of waste batteries and waste fluorescent lamps, with employees 1 10. It was built here because it was the first mercury mine discovered in Japan. Nomura Sheng Xing buys 13000 tons of waste batteries from all over the country every year, accounting for 20% of the national waste batteries. Among them, 93% were collected by non-governmental environmental protection organizations, and 7% were collected by various manufacturers. This business was carried out in 1985, and the purification amount has been increasing at present. In the past, the recovery of mercury was mainly through the high temperature (600 ~ 700℃) incinerator to discharge and collect mercury waste gas. However, at present, batteries in Japan do not contain mercury, so we mainly recycle the iron case of batteries and the "black" raw materials inside, and develop and manufacture secondary products, such as one of which can be used for TV picture tubes. The cost of treatment should reach 80 yen/kg, and the profit of production mainly depends on the fees charged before the treatment of waste batteries (mainly manufacturers) and the value of recycled products, of which the latter is the key. Recycled batteries take up a lot of space. Nomura Seiko is a private enterprise, and the Japanese government did not invest a penny, but the Japan Battery Industry Association provided great help and coordinated with major Japanese manufacturers to make some economic compensation. The annual processing capacity can reach 16000 tons. In addition, the extraction of mercury from waste fluorescent lamps can reach 40 tons a year, while the demand in Japan is only 20 tons a year. In this respect, it can be completely recovered and its profit can be guaranteed.
Other batteries, such as lead-acid batteries, can be recycled in Japan 100%. Secondary batteries and mobile phone batteries are also being actively developed through cooperation between manufacturers, especially the recovery of cobalt in lithium-ion batteries has considerable profits. Through investigation, combined with the actual situation in China, I think it is necessary to resolutely implement the regulations of nine ministries and commissions on limiting the mercury content in batteries, realize mercury-free batteries in China as soon as possible, and minimize the impact of harmful mercury in primary batteries on the environment through industry law enforcement and the efforts of manufacturers. Secondly, it is necessary to raise citizens' awareness of environmental protection through various publicity means, recycle and bury batteries, and establish a recycling system for used batteries. In addition, the state encourages research on recycling technology to realize the reuse of resources as soon as possible. As for profit, we can take many ways, such as sharing with consumers, developing marketable products and so on.
Germany:
In order to strengthen the management of used batteries, Germany has implemented new regulations on recycling used batteries. The regulations require consumers to send all kinds of waste batteries, such as dry batteries and button cell, to stores or waste recycling stations for recycling. Stores and waste recycling stations must unconditionally receive waste batteries and hand them over to manufacturers for recycling.
It is estimated that there are 32 billion discarded batteries in the world every year. In Germany alone, the average person consumes 10 batteries per year, totaling about 30,000 tons. A large number of discarded waste batteries have caused serious damage to the soil environment. The German environmental protection department is not sure whether the new regulations can put an end to littering waste batteries, because before that, waste recycling stations and manufacturers generally only recycled batteries containing cadmium and mercury, while 90% of ordinary zinc-carbon batteries and aluminum-magnesium batteries were buried or burned as domestic garbage.
According to the statistics of the German Ministry of Environment, Germany only recycles 1/3 toxic nickel-cadmium batteries every year, and 2/3 batteries are treated as domestic garbage, and about 8 tons of mercury, 400 tons of nickel and 400 tons of cadmium are discharged into the environment every year. Generally speaking, it is difficult for ordinary consumers to distinguish toxic batteries from non-toxic batteries and dispose of them, so the new regulations require shops and waste recycling centers to take responsibility. A new idea of the Ministry of Environment is to implement a deposit system for toxic nickel-cadmium batteries and mercury-containing batteries, that is, the deposit for consumers to buy each battery is 15 mark, and when consumers replace old batteries, the deposit can be automatically deducted from the price.
A "wet treatment" device is being built in the suburbs of magdeburg, in which all kinds of batteries except lead batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than those obtained by heat treatment, so the price is higher in the market, and 95% of the substances contained in the battery can be extracted. Wet processing can save the sorting process (because sorting is manual operation, which will increase the cost). The annual processing capacity of this device in magdeburg can reach 7,500 tons. Although its cost is slightly higher than that of landfill, precious raw materials will not be discarded and will not pollute the environment.
The vacuum heat treatment method developed by Alte company in Germany is cheaper, but it needs to sort out the nickel-cadmium batteries from the waste batteries, heat the waste batteries in vacuum, quickly recover mercury, then grind the remaining raw materials, extract metallic iron with magnets, and then extract nickel and manganese from the remaining powder. The cost of treating one ton of waste batteries is less than 1500 mark.
Switzerland:
There are two factories that specialize in handling and utilizing used batteries. The method adopted by Battleck Company is to grind the old batteries and send them to the furnace for heating. At this time, the volatilized mercury can be extracted, and zinc will also volatilize at a higher temperature. It is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are melted to form ferromanganese alloy for steelmaking. The factory can process 2000 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. Another factory directly extracts iron from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide as metal scrap.
However, the heat treatment method is expensive, and Switzerland also stipulates that each battery buyer should be charged a small amount of special expenses for waste battery treatment.
United States:
A country with the most detailed legislation on environmental management of waste batteries has not only established a perfect recycling system for waste batteries, but also established a number of waste battery treatment plants. At the same time, it has persistently publicized and educated the public, so that the public can consciously support and cooperate with the recycling of waste batteries.
The recovery of waste batteries is the first step of recovery, and reprocessing is the key to recovery. At present, the recycled waste batteries are still lying in the warehouse and homeless.
The technology of disposing of waste batteries is not a problem. Developed countries already have ready-made technology, so just use it. It is understood that a "wet treatment" device is being built in the suburb of magdeburg, Germany, in which all kinds of batteries except lead batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. The raw materials obtained in this way are purer than the heat treatment method, so the price is higher in the market, and 95% of the substances contained in the battery can be extracted. Wet processing can save the sorting process (because sorting is manual operation, which will increase the cost). The annual processing capacity of this device in magdeburg can reach 7,500 tons. Although its cost is slightly higher than that of landfill, precious raw materials will not be discarded and will not pollute the environment. The annual processing capacity of the device can reach 7500 tons.
The vacuum heat treatment method developed by Alte company in Germany is cheaper, but it needs to sort out the nickel-cadmium batteries from the waste batteries, heat the waste batteries in vacuum, quickly recover mercury, then grind the remaining raw materials, extract metallic iron with magnets, and then extract nickel and manganese from the remaining powder. The cost of treating one ton of waste batteries is less than 1500 mark.
Switzerland: There are two factories specializing in the processing and utilization of waste batteries. The method adopted by Butrick Company is to grind the waste batteries and send them to the furnace for heating. At this time, the volatilized mercury can be extracted, and zinc will also volatilize at a higher temperature. It is also a precious metal. Iron and manganese are melted to form ferromanganese alloy for steelmaking. The factory can process 2000 tons of waste batteries a year, and can obtain 780 tons of ferromanganese alloy, 400 tons of zinc alloy and 3 tons of mercury. Another factory directly extracts iron from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide as metal scrap. However, the heat treatment method is expensive, and Switzerland also stipulates that each battery buyer should be charged a small amount of special expenses for waste battery treatment.
As far as we know, some domestic scientific research units and enterprises have also developed related technologies. The Donghua Xinxin Waste Battery Recycling Factory in Hebei Province, which adopts the technology of University of Science and Technology Beijing, is under construction. The Beijing Municipal Development Planning Commission also approved the adoption of European technology and equipment to establish a waste dry battery treatment plant. Henan Xinxiang Battery Factory has technicians who have designed a set of technology and production equipment for recycling used batteries. After two years of tackling key problems, Anshan City, Liaoning Province has successfully developed a harmless treatment process for recycling used batteries, which has been demonstrated by relevant experts and departments.