Zhao Pu, the founding prime minister of the Song Dynasty, once said, "Half of the Analects of Confucius governs the world." Now it seems to be an exaggeration, but The Analects of Confucius is indeed the most important book in the cultural history of China. The so-called "water flows from a long distance" is the source of many cultural traditions in China. Therefore, some people say that understanding China's cultural tradition must begin with Confucianism, and understanding Confucianism must begin with Confucius. Understanding Confucius must begin with The Analects of Confucius. While thoroughly understanding the thought of The Analects, we should carefully consider the conscious use of its literary techniques, so that we can better position its classic position which has been circulated for thousands of years and still has infinite charm. 1. Simple and meaningful language The Analects of Confucius is a book that records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples and explains profound meanings. It is based on fluent spoken language at that time, and at the same time absorbs the advantages of elegant and refined written language, forming a simple and meaningful unique artistic style and a model of recording style. Among the pre-Qin philosophers, except Laozi's Tao Te Ching, other outstanding pre-Qin philosophers' works are either short and pithy reasoning articles or lengthy ones, which do not tell a profound truth in a few words like the Analects. Influenced by it, there are also many bibliography works, such as Zhuzi School and Biography of Wang Yangming by Zhu Xi, but their literary value is far less than that of The Analects. Therefore, many profound and memorable proverbs and idioms in The Analects of Confucius have been praised by people for thousands of years. "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." "Review the past and learn new things, and you can be a teacher." "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, just knowing." "If you don't do whatever you want, you will go forward bravely." ("Politics" "Clever words make color, fresh benevolence." ("Learning Writing") "The color is fierce and guilty. Like a villain or a thief! " "Hearsay says that morality is ruined." ("Yang Huo") There are many other examples, such as "I visit three times a day, let bygones be bygones, I am not ashamed to ask questions, think twice before you act, my future is terrible, I will draw inferences, I have a long way to go, haste makes waste, I am late, I will make trouble when I come, and I will be safe when I come. The language is concise but thought-provoking. Second, the visualization of performance is the essence of literature. The Analects of Confucius is good at expressing profound truth with concrete images, which is clear, vivid and even poetic. For example, Confucius criticized Zaiyu for sleeping in broad daylight, saying, "You can't carve rotten wood, and you can't carve a wall of dirt" (Gongye Chang). Because Zaiyu vowed to study hard before, Confucius also said, "At first, I was with others, and I believed what I said. Now I am with others, and I see what I did. Giving and changing are. Confucius used the wall of rotten wood and dirt to illustrate the incorrigibility of human beings, and used the behavior of being slaughtered to educate students not to believe other people's confession, but also to look at his behavior. Zi Gong asked Confucius whether a piece of beautiful jade should be preserved or sold. Confucius said, "It is for sale! Sell it! I invite Jia! " Punning, compare yourself to a beautiful jade waiting for pricing. Some visual expressions are also very poetic, such as: Zichuan said: the deceased is like a husband, not giving up day and night. It is meaningful to use the endless river to symbolize the passage of time. "If you are cold, you will know that the pine and cypress will wither." Praise people's indomitable spirit with pines and cypresses, and give endless creative inspiration to later literati. Thirdly, the reason why emotional literary works can touch people's hearts lies in its emotional power to a great extent. The Analects of Confucius is a quotation to remember words, which tells the truth of being a man, studying and governing the country, but it is not a dry sermon, because the language of characters is always full of feelings. There are several chapters in Advanced about the feelings between Confucius and Yan Hui, which are very touching. Confucius loved his disciple Yan Hui and regarded him as a confidant, the inheritor of his moral knowledge. He once praised him in poetic language: "What a virtuous man! Eat only once, drink only once, and live in a mean alley. If you can't bear it, you will be worried. If you go back, you won't change your fun. Xian zai hui also! " Yan Hui died young, and Confucius was heartbroken. He stamped his foot and beat his chest and said, "Alas! The day has passed! The sky is lost! " The disciple was worried that he would cry to death and advised him to go to worship. He said, "If it's not your wife's grief, who will do it?" This language of expressing deep feelings can be seen everywhere. Confucius led his disciples around the world. When Kuang Di was besieged, Yan Hui got lost and finally escaped. When Confucius saw Yan Hui, he was surprised and delighted. He said, "My daughter is my death." (Looking back) said, "How dare you die when your son is here!" The words of the two masters convey warm and deep feelings. Yan Hui knows the teacher's love and respect for him. The teacher doesn't know how sad he will be when he dies. So when he fled, he wanted to go back to his teacher. Only when he meets the teacher will he say such a thing. But Yan Hui died in front of Confucius, and another proud disciple of Confucius, Lutz, died the next year. Confucius couldn't stand the blow and couldn't afford to get sick. He died soon. After reading these dialogues, how can we not be moved by the deep feelings between teachers and students? This is the moving literary power contained in The Analects. The so-called "from the heart, in words", Confucius sometimes gets angry. "Bashu" recorded that Li used the dance of Bashu, and Confucius said, "Can't bear it!" Anger is beyond words. When in love, he doesn't even say anything. Confucius hated the bad habit of martyrdom. At that time, some people were buried with humanoid pottery figurines, and Confucius cursed: "Who started it?" Cursed by Confucius' childless son. Zi Gong asked what politicians are like today, and Confucius said, "Alas, there are not enough people fighting!" " (Lutz) "Doudou" is a millet basket, and disdainful language criticizes the narrowness and incompetence of those in power. There is love and hate, joy and sorrow, laughter and scolding. The Analects of Confucius shows rich feelings. Fourth, personalized language, distinctive words The Analects of Confucius is mainly written. Although brief, it can fully reflect the personality of the characters, so the characters in The Analects are very distinctive. Confucius' amiable attitude, tireless spirit of teaching others, and persistent spirit of knowing what not to do stand out with his words. Yan Hui's modesty and piety, Zi Gong's intelligence and wisdom, and Lutz's recklessness are all consistent with his spiritual temperament. Zi Gong has a high IQ among Confucius disciples. He is a reasonable and practical person. He is an official and refuses to live in poverty. He made a fortune through speculation and business, and made a lot of money. But Confucius said that he could not reach the realm of benevolence. According to the article Bashu, Zi Gong regretted telling the sheep who sacrificed at the ceremony and felt it was a waste. Confucius sarcastically said, you cherish sheep, and I cherish ceremony more. Among Confucius' disciples, Lutz's personality is the most distinctive. He loves and hates clearly, and he speaks frankly. He refuted Confucius many times. According to Lutz, Lutz once asked Confucius where to start if Weiguo wanted Confucius to be in power. Confucius said, "A politician must first clear his name." Lutz smiled impudently and said, "Yes, my son is pedantic! Qi Zheng Qi? " Confucius was so angry that he cursed Lutz for being rude: "Being presumptuous is presumptuous! If a gentleman doesn't know it, he will be punished! " Lutz is a heartless man, so he is always scolded by the teacher. On another occasion, Confucius praised Yan Hui: "If you use it, you can do it; if you abandon it, you can hide it. Just you and me! " Lutz was jealous and asked Confucius, "Who is the son of the three armies?" Lutz was proud of his courage and military ability, but he was criticized by his teacher. Lutz is like this, straight ahead, you can't hide anything in your heart. He is also a generous knight. He once said, "I wish you a happy life with your friends." (Gongye Chang) Confucius knew Lutz's temper very well. Out of love for his students, he always seizes every opportunity to educate him. Although Lutz often contradicts his teacher, he sincerely respects him. Lutz's contradiction and Confucius' criticism added a lot of interest to The Analects. The sage Confucius is not a hypocrite who keeps people away from him in a cold way. As Mr. Lin Yutang said, he is "close, respectful, safe, threatening but not fierce". In addition, in the Analects of Confucius, we also saw his humor, kindness, frankness and even willfulness. What Confucius said to his disciples was a lot of gossip from Yan Juyi. Tell the truth, tell the truth, what he didn't intend to say to others, what he blurted out, and even swore. In Zi Han, Zi Gong said, "There is a beautiful jade. Should I collect it or find a businessman who knows the goods to buy it? " Confucius said, "Sell it, sell it, I will treat Jia!" "Humorous answer expressed the hope that Xian Jun could use him. Once, he wanted to go out to do something and said, "am I a melon?" How can I just hang there and not give it to others? " (Ji Shi) At that time, some people thought that although Confucius was great and knowledgeable, he did not have the expertise to become famous. Confucius said, "What do I specialize in? Can you drive? An archer? Then I'll drive. " (Zi Han) Confucius is also good at telling stories: "I really don't know what it is until you tell me what it is. According to Xianwen, Gong Mingjia and Confucius talked about uncle Wen Zi's character. Gong Mingjia said that Uncle Wen Zi always speaks at the most appropriate time, laughs when he is really happy, and only asks when he is in line with etiquette. After listening to it, Confucius was dubious, thinking that Uncle Gong's prose was too great, and he had some doubts about whether he could really do it, so he blurted out, "Why?" He made no secret of his thoughts. When Luz mistakenly thought he had done something improper, he swore to heaven: "If you refuse, God will hate it!"! "It's annoying!" Say it twice in a row, eager to show your mind, there is no doubt about the sage's rate. In Yang Huo, it is said that a man named Rusade went to see Confucius, but Confucius didn't want to see him, so he asked the students to answer that he was not feeling well and it was not convenient to see the guests. But just as the students were telling their children their sadness, Confucius played the piano and sang, which showed that Confucius hated homesickness. Confucius once cursed the native soil when he was extremely angry: "Those who are old and never die are thieves." ("Xianwen") This is the only use of the original soil, which means hating iron and not turning into steel. These words show Confucius' frank and even willful humor. Fifth, the scene is full of fun. In the first chapter of Yang Huo, Confucius tried to avoid Yang Huo, but he met him on a narrow road. The conversation between the two is also very personalized. The text is not long, but it vividly depicts Yang Huo's arrogance and sarcasm, Confucius' embarrassment and helplessness, which is closely related to the surrounding environment and atmosphere, and is very dramatic. Wei Zi once wrote "The Songs of Chu, Fearing Crazy", praising and admonishing Confucius, which made Confucius very moved. He tried to speak, but he trotted away. This passage depicts the elegant image of a hermit for us, and also leaves us room for chewing. Advanced Articles-Articles by Luz, Ceng Xi, You Ran and Gong Xihua is a beautiful article, which is loved by readers of all ages. According to records, Confucius and his four disciples talked about their life ideals. Lutz's, You Ran's and Gong Xihua's ci can best reflect their personalities, and Ceng Xi's image attracts the most attention. When three students were talking to Kan Kan, he was playing the piano all the time. It was the teacher's turn to point fingers, but he waved casually. The descriptions of beautiful blueprints are full of vitality, such as ink paintings, which make people relaxed and fascinated, so that the teacher lamented: "I am also on point", which is even more memorable. There are many such words in The Analects, incomplete short stories and short pieces written by people, which are full of interest and thought-provoking, and can be read as note novels. Finally, with the help of Lin Jian's "A Preliminary Study on the Literary Interest of the Analects of Confucius", he said: "The high degree of integration of speech language and literary interest ... often with the help of the reason, interest and humor caused by colloquial and visualized literary language, the writing is humorous, natural, vivid and implicit, and there is no boring and obscure feeling in reading. In the approachable and touching conversation, I realized the purport and even profound philosophy. " This is the Analects of Confucius