Weather, climate and water resources
Water is an important natural resource on which life depends. Most of the water needed for life on earth comes from rivers, lakes, glaciers and oceans. These precious fresh water resources are mainly provided by atmospheric precipitation. In the climate system, the water cycle is one of the most important material cycles. Weather, climate and water cycle are conducive to human survival and development under normal circumstances, which is what people often say.
How can we expect fine weather? Ecologists have come to the conclusion that when the forest coverage rate of a country reaches about 30%, there will be few major natural disasters, and when it reaches 40%, there will be a good ecological environment. If it reaches 60%, the country will be beautiful and rich.
The grim situation of water resources in China
With the intensification of human activities and the rapid development of population and urbanization, the situation of water resources is becoming more and more severe. As early as 1972, the first United Nations Conference on Human Environment issued a warning that "water will lead to a serious social crisis". After more than 30 years, the problem of water resources has not been fundamentally solved, but has become more and more serious.
At present, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in China is facing a very severe situation. Among the more than 660 cities in China, there are more than 400 cities that are short of water, among which 108 cities are seriously short of water. Due to water shortage, the country produces nearly 80 billion kilograms of grain every year. The economic loss caused by water shortage reaches 200 billion yuan every year. China's per capita water resources are only 1/4 of the world average, 1/5 of the United States and1/0 of the world ranking, making it one of the poorest countries in the world. The shortage of water resources has become the main restricting factor affecting the economic development, people's life and environmental improvement in China.
What is not optimistic is that while water resources are scarce, soil erosion and water pollution in China are still serious. Soil erosion leads to further deterioration of the ecological environment, which leads to a vicious circle of water resources and water environment.
According to the analysis of water supply and demand in China in the 2nd/kloc-0 century by the Ministry of Water Resources, the total water demand for industry, agriculture, living and ecological environment in China in the 20th10 year is 698.8 billion cubic meters, the total water supply is 667 billion cubic meters, and the water shortage is 3 18 billion cubic meters. This shows that after 20 10, China will begin to enter a period of serious water shortage.
From the perspective of population growth, China's population will reach 65.438+0.6 billion around 2030, and the per capita water resources will be reduced by 654.38+0/5, which is about 654.38+0.700 cubic meters. From the perspective of economic growth, by the middle of 2 1 century, the gross domestic product will increase by more than 10 times, the urban and industrial water consumption will increase substantially, and the wastewater discharge will also increase accordingly, so the task of opening up new sources and reducing expenditure is very arduous; From the perspective of urban development, China's urbanization rate will reach 70% in the middle of 2 1 century, and the contradiction between supply and demand of urban water resources will become more acute; From the perspective of agricultural production, especially grain production, China's grain output will increase by more than 654.38+04 billion kilograms before 2050, which means that the total amount of agricultural irrigation water must be increased, especially in the northern region.
Save water and control water according to law
Water resources are important natural resources and indispensable and irreplaceable material resources for human survival and social development. Facing the severe situation of water supply and demand in China, to solve the water resources problem, we must strengthen law enforcement and start from the following three links.
First of all, we must save water according to law, which is the most effective measure to solve the contradiction between supply and demand. Article 8 of the new Water Law, revised and promulgated in August 2002, clearly stipulates: "The state strictly saves water, vigorously promotes water-saving measures, popularizes new water-saving technologies and processes, develops water-saving industries, agriculture and service industries, and establishes a water-saving society". The slogan of saving water has been put forward for many years, but it is not binding and the effect is not obvious. It is time to enter the era of saving water for all and saving water according to law. Carry out water-saving education in the whole society and use economic leverage to force water conservation. Units and individuals who waste water resources at will should be dealt with according to law and a water-saving society should be established.
Secondly, we should attach great importance to the development and utilization of atmospheric water from a strategic perspective. Asking for water from the air is another way to solve the water crisis. Artificial precipitation enhancement in China began in the late 1950s. At present, artificial precipitation enhancement has been carried out in most areas of China. 1995 to 2003, 23 provinces * * * organized more than 4230 artificial precipitation enhancement operations, with a total flight time of 988 1 hour. The area of artificial precipitation enhancement has reached more than 3 million square kilometers, and the precipitation has increased by about 2 1000 billion cubic meters, which has played a significant role in alleviating and alleviating the adverse effects of drought on the national economy. Third, building a good ecological environment is the long-term and fundamental solution to water resources. The destruction of forests and vegetation is an important factor leading to water shortage. Over the past half century, China has consumed 8.6 billion cubic meters of forest resources, which is equivalent to cutting down all the forests in the past. At present, the per capita forest area and volume are only 20% and 12% of the world average respectively. Large-scale blind utilization of ecological resources has led to a sharp decline in the quality of ecological resources in China, with rivers cut off and lakes shrinking, and the ability of water conservation and regulation is seriously insufficient. Flood, drought and desertification have threatened the Chinese nation.
The water crisis has become a bottleneck affecting the development of China's national economy and will threaten the soaring of the Chinese nation. In order to save our common homeland, for our own survival and development, facing the increasingly severe water crisis, it should be an effective breakthrough to strengthen law enforcement and strictly restrict and control water resources by legal means.
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Writing according to the above paper format can make your paper easier to be understood by readers and adopted by editors. Water nourishes everything and is closely related to people's production and life. Water is sweet. But sometimes it is bitter; Water is precious, but sometimes it overflows; The water is clear, but some places are dirty; All living things are inseparable from water, but in some places where water is especially needed, water becomes so stingy ... how much do we know about water, an indispensable source of life?
● Per capita water resources are very limited. According to the statistics of the World Bank 1998 on 132 countries, China's total water resources rank fourth in the world, but its per capita water resources rank 82nd. According to international standards, per capita water resources of 2000 cubic meters is the edge of serious water shortage, and per capita water resources 1000 cubic meters is the minimum requirement for human survival. At present, the per capita water resources of 15 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China are seriously below the water shortage line, and the per capita water resources of 7 provinces and autonomous regions (Ningxia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Liaoning and Jiangsu) are below the minimum requirements for survival.
● The water pollution is serious and the loss is huge. According to the water resources quality evaluation of more than 700 rivers in China, about 654.38+10,000 kilometers, 46.5% of the river length is polluted; 10.6% of the river length is seriously polluted, and the water body has lost its use value. More than 90% of urban waters are seriously polluted. Among the seven major river basins in China, more than 70% of the reaches of Taihu Lake, Huaihe River and Yellow River are polluted. The pollution in Haihe River and Songliao River basins is also quite serious, accounting for more than 60% of the polluted river sections, and14 of the population in China drinks water that does not meet the hygienic standards. Water pollution directly affects people's life and living environment in China.
● The rivers and lakes are shrinking and the Yellow River is cut off. During the 27 years from 1972 to 1998, Lijin Station of the Yellow River was cut off at 2 1 year, and the frequency of cut-off has reached five times in four years. The deadline is 1050 days, with an average of 50 days in each deadline year, including 6544 days. Rivers in the middle and lower reaches of Haihe River Basin have basically dried up, siltation at the estuary has intensified, and the ecological environment has been seriously damaged. Due to the sharp drop in runoff, the sewage discharged from cities and towns cannot be diluted, and many sewage rivers have been formed, which are vividly called: "No rivers are polluted, and water is polluted." According to the survey, the water surface area of lakes in China has decreased by 30% in the past 30 years.
● The northwest water environment is harsh. At present, the phenomenon of lakes drying up in arid and semi-arid areas in northwest China is very serious, and the salt content and salinity of some lakes have increased obviously, especially in northwest China. Bosten Lake in Xinjiang, due to the construction of water conservancy projects in the upper reaches, the water volume of the lake has dropped sharply, and the irrigation area with high salt content has shrunk and kept entering the lake. Therefore, in a short period of more than 10 years, the lake has evolved from a freshwater lake to a saltwater lake, with the salinity of the lake increased by 6 times, the water surface decreased by 120 square kilometers and the water level decreased by 3.54 meters. Ebinur Lake in the west of Junggar Basin, known as the "green maze", was cut off from water in the 1970s because of deforestation in the lake area in the 1960s. At this point, the surface of Ebinur Lake has been reduced from 1300 square kilometers to 600 square kilometers, and the dried-up lake basin has become a salt desert. Lop Nur, once the largest saltwater lake in China's history, has also dried up.
● The wetland area is shrinking and the ecology is degraded. Due to the population growth, the expansion of cultivated land and the change of ecological types, the wetland area in China has shrunk seriously. The continuous reclamation of the Great Northern Wilderness has reduced the largest wetland area in China by 60%, and the wetland area in Sanjiang Plain has decreased from 4.43 million hectares in the early days of the People's Republic of China to 6.5438+0.9 million hectares. If emergency protection measures are not taken, the wetlands in Sanjiang Plain will disappear in more than ten years.
● The consequences of reclaiming land from lakes in the south are serious. Reclamation of southern lakes is the primary reason for the shrinking area of southern lakes. Jianghan Lake Group, which was once beautiful, lost 983 lakes due to reclamation, and its area decreased by 204 1 square kilometer. At present, there are only 83 lakes left. In less than 40 years, the vast 800-mile Dongting Lake has reclaimed 2.26 million mu. Siltation and reclamation are mutually causal, leading to a vicious ecological cycle in the lake area.
● Overexploitation of groundwater causes environmental problems. Due to the scarcity of surface water resources and the intensification of water pollution, some areas exploit groundwater in a predatory manner, and groundwater overexploitation is very serious. According to incomplete statistics, there are currently 49 groundwater drop funnels 149, with an area of158,000 square kilometers, of which 67,000 square kilometers are seriously over-exploited, accounting for 42.3% of the over-exploited area. The average over-exploitation of groundwater for many years is 6.78 billion cubic meters, and the water level in some funnels has reached 60-80 meters. Land subsidence occurred in some cities, which caused serious consequences.
● China has become one of the countries with the most serious soil erosion in the world, with a soil erosion area of 3.67 million square kilometers, accounting for 38% of the land area, of which the hydraulic erosion area is 6.5438+0.79 million square kilometers. In addition, more than 5 billion tons of soil is lost every year, and the desertification area of the whole country is increased by 2 100 square kilometers every year due to soil erosion, and more than 70,000 hectares of cultivated land are lost for the same reason. Soil erosion in the Loess Plateau takes away 40 million tons of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium every year, which is equivalent to the annual fertilizer production in China. Water pollution accidents occur frequently. In recent years, water pollution accidents occur frequently all over the country, with an average of more than 1600 per year. 1994 Huaihe river pollution accident caused drinking water difficulties for Jiangsu and Anhui provinces1500,000 people. 1996 After the Spring Festival, another pollution accident occurred in the Huaihe River, causing 700,000 people in Bengbu City to fall into a state of water shortage. In recent 10 years, hundreds of water pollution accidents have occurred in Haihe river basin alone, and regional disputes caused by water pollution have occurred continuously, seriously affecting social stability.
Read a heavy report on water resources.
How do you feel after reading this article? What problems do you think exist in China's water resources?
The earth's water reserves are very rich, * * * as much as145 billion cubic kilometers. Although there is a huge amount of water on the earth, it is pitiful that it can be directly used for production and life. First of all, seawater is salty and bitter, so it can't be drunk, irrigated or used for industry. Secondly, the earth's fresh water resources only account for 2.5% of its total water, and more than 70% of these rare fresh water resources are frozen in the Antarctic and Arctic ice sheets, and 87% of the fresh water resources are difficult to use, plus the hard-to-use alpine glaciers and permafrost snow. The fresh water resources that human beings can really use are part of rivers, lakes and groundwater, accounting for about 0.26% of the total water of the earth. The global freshwater resources are not only in short supply, but also the regional distribution is extremely unbalanced. In terms of regional distribution, the freshwater resources of Brazil, Russian Federation, Canada, China, USA, Indonesia, India, Colombia and Congo account for 60% of the world's freshwater resources. About 654.38+0.5 billion people in 80 countries and regions, which account for 40% of the world's total population, are short of water, of which about 300 million people in 26 countries are extremely short of water. Even more frightening is that by 2025, 3 billion people in the world will face water shortage, and 40 countries and regions will be seriously short of water.
The total water resources in China is 2.8 trillion cubic meters. Among them, 2.7 trillion cubic meters of surface water and 0.83 trillion cubic meters of groundwater. Because surface water and groundwater are mutually transformed and replenished, after deducting the amount of repeated calculation, the amount of groundwater resources that are not repeated with river runoff is about 0. 1 trillion cubic meters. According to internationally recognized standards, the per capita water resources below 3000 cubic meters are mild water shortage; The per capita water resources below 2000 cubic meters are moderately short of water; The per capita water resource 1000 cubic meter is a serious water shortage; Water resources below 500 cubic meters per capita are extremely short of water. At present, the per capita water resources of 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) are below the critical water shortage line, and the per capita water resources of 6 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) are below 500 cubic meters (Ningxia, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Jiangsu). The total amount of water resources in China is not too large, ranking sixth in the world, but the per capita possession is even less, with 2240 cubic meters, ranking 88th among 153 countries counted by the World Bank. The regional distribution of water resources in China is also very uneven. The Yangtze River basin and its south area only account for 36.5% of the country's land area, and water resources account for 8 1% of the country. The area in the north accounts for 63.5% of the whole country, and the water resources only account for 19% of the whole country. What should we do in the face of this severe water resources situation:
1. Have the consciousness of cherishing water. For a long time, people generally believe that water is inexhaustible. They don't know how to cherish, and some even waste it in vain. We should know that China's per capita water resources are not rich, and the regional distribution is uneven, with great inter-annual differences and unpredictable changes during the year. Coupled with pollution and lack of water resources, tap water is even more difficult. Cherishing water is the basis of saving water. Only when we realize that "saving water is glorious and wasting water is shameful" can we pay attention to saving water all the time.
2. Develop good habits. According to analysis, families can save about 70% water as long as they pay attention to getting rid of bad habits. There are many habits related to wasting water, such as: flushing cigarette butts and breaking garbage with the toilet; In order to get a cup of hot water, a lot of cold water was put in vain; Wash potatoes and carrots before peeling, or wash them before choosing vegetables; Intermittent use of water (when opening the door to pick up guests, answering the phone, changing TV channels), with the faucet on; Forgot to turn off the faucet during the water stop; When washing hands, washing face and brushing teeth, let the water flow all the time; Do not check the faucet before going to bed or going out; The equipment leaked and was not repaired in time.
3, the use of water-saving appliances, family water saving in addition to pay attention to develop good water habits, the use of water-saving appliances is very important, but also the most effective. In order to save money, many people would rather let themselves go than replace water-saving appliances. In fact, it is even more uneconomical to pay so much water fee in the long run. Using water-saving appliances can not only save money, but also protect the environment. Isn't it killing two birds with one stone? There are many kinds of water-saving appliances, including water-saving water tanks, water-saving faucets and water-saving toilets. Just use a few, and make a lot of contributions to water saving!
4, check the leak and plug the flow, the "drip into the river" at home is not a joke. Always check the tap water pipes in your home. In order to prevent a slight delay, don't ignore the leakage of faucet and water pipe connector. If you find water leakage, please ask someone or yourself to repair it in time to block the running water. For the water leakage that cannot be repaired for a while, it is best to temporarily control the water flow with the main switch. Take good care of the faucet and unscrew the water gate of the faucet by half, then the leakage flow will naturally be small, and the water loss will be reduced by half at the same time.
As far as production is concerned, especially for some industries with high water consumption, we should actively organize technical research to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of water around how to optimize the operation of water system, how to improve the concentration multiple of circulating water and how to improve the recycling utilization of water resources; At the same time, a feasible operation system is formulated to manage the water consumption of products in quota, which is used as a technical and economic index for assessment to reduce waste.
For a long time, most people have the idea of saving water, but there is no concrete action, and extravagance and waste are still common. Some people think that the great cause of the family, coupled with the Yangtze River, always thinks that this source is inexhaustible and lacks the sense of urgency and urgency to save water. If water is more expensive than oil, it will be too late for us to save water.
Someone once said that the earth should be called water polo. Because when a person looks at the earth from space, he will see a huge blue sphere, because he sees the ocean covering most of the earth, which makes the earth a "blue planet". Because most of the earth with a surface area of 5.1×108 square kilometers is oceans, rivers and lakes, and only 1.49× 108 square kilometers is land, scientists have come to a conclusion that seven parts of the earth are oceans and three parts are land.
Therefore, most people think that there is so much water on the earth that it is nothing to waste. Anyway, the water on the earth is inexhaustible. But they don't know that although 7 1% of the world is ocean, there are few fresh water resources available for human use. In the global ocean of 7 1%, about 97% is seawater, that is, salt water or other water resources that human beings can't obtain, while the fresh water that human beings need only accounts for 2.5% of the global water. Most of the fresh water resources on the earth are polar and alpine glaciers, and the rest are deep groundwater. At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater, accounting for only 0.3% of the global freshwater resources.
China is a country short of water. Compared with other countries in the world, China's total water resources are less than Brazil, Russia, the United States and Indonesia, ranking sixth in the world. If calculated by per capita water resources, it is only 1/4 of the world level, ranking behind 1 10. The phenomenon of water shortage is widespread in the whole country, and it is getting worse. Taking urban water supply as an example, more than half of about 670 cities in China are short of water to varying degrees, of which 1 10 is seriously short of water.
However, in recent decades, with the growth of global population, the development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the demand for fresh water resources is increasing day by day, and many areas are short of water. At the same time, water pollution caused by human activities makes a lot of valuable water resources lose their use value, which further aggravates the water crisis. At present, the shortage of water resources has aroused widespread concern of the international community and our government and people. Some experts predict that the shortage of water resources will become the most serious resource problem facing mankind in the 2 1 century.
Please don't let the tears become the last drop of water!
Measures to cultivate water-saving consciousness
(1) Ordinary water prices within the standard water consumption are generally implemented, and the excess will be charged twice or even higher. This method can be regional, but it should be popularized nationwide.
(2) Not only posting advertising pictures as a means to promote water saving, but also putting it forward on TV or on important occasions to make people feel that water saving is also an obligation.
(3) After entering the 2 1 century, the water consumption mode of urban residents in China can also be changed to coin or credit card mode. Replace the water meter with a coin hole with a sensitometer, and put different colors to represent different coins, and the corresponding water will automatically flow out of the water pipe. This kind of coin needs people to buy it themselves. You can also replace the water meter with a card reader, and after reading the information in the magnetic card, the water will flow until the water on the magnetic card runs out.
(4) The structure of sewer pipes in the family can be changed into sewage treatment system. If the poured water can be reused, it can flow into the toilet reservoir for flushing; It can also flow into a fixed pool for other purposes. For example: washing mops, watering flowers, etc. In that case, the reuse of water will not be as troublesome as it is now.
In a word, it is not impossible to save fresh water resources in China as long as people's awareness of water conservation is strengthened. Therefore, at present, China's domestic water-saving potential is still great.
Save water and protect water resources
Water looks so ordinary, so ordinary that it is indispensable and can be forgotten at any time. People only think of drinking water when they are thirsty, but they seldom or never care about water itself.
Water, the source of life, is irreplaceable by any substance. Without water, there would be no life, let alone civilization and development. At present, due to the rapid increase of the world population, excessive demand and waste of human beings, industrial pollution and other reasons, the world's fresh water resources are increasingly scarce, and human beings are facing a serious water crisis.
China is a country short of water resources. Although its total water resources reserves reach 2.8 1 trillion cubic meters, ranking sixth in the world, China supports14 of the world's population, and its per capita water resources are less than14 of the world's per capita water resources, making it one of the countries with poor per capita water resources in the world. Experts predict that the population of China will reach the peak of 65.438+0.6 billion in 2030. Coupled with the increasingly serious water pollution, by then, China will become a country with serious water shortage.
Listen carefully, the Huaihe River is crying, the Yellow River is crying, and the Yangtze River is sighing ... Water pollution is like a chronic disease that plagues rivers, lakes and reservoirs ... The deterioration of water environment directly threatens people's health. In order to call on human beings to pay attention to water pollution and save water resources, the United Nations designated March 22nd every year as "World Water Day", calling on the children of the earth to cherish every drop of water.
National per capita daily water consumption; The water used for a cold bath in summer is equivalent to the daily water consumption of dozens of people in water-deficient countries; If the faucet is not tightened, the water lost in one night is equivalent to the total drinking water of a village in Africa or Asia in one day! This shows how important it is to save water.
Water resources are the common wealth of mankind, and each of us should improve our understanding of water resources and consciously form a good habit of saving water. Students, be a little environmental guardian! Start from the small things around you, pay attention to tighten the faucet at any time, save water when cleaning, and fight against the waste and destruction of water resources in life. Cherish every drop of water and protect water resources with your own practical actions.
At present, about one third of the people in the world live in an environment where fresh water resources are scarce. Statistics show that China has 2.8 trillion tons of fresh water, and every ton of wastewater discharged will pollute 8 tons of fresh water. If the annual wastewater discharge is 500 million tons, the fresh water in China can only be used for 700 years. I remember there was a public service advertisement to protect fresh water resources, which read: "Protect water resources, cherish life, and don't let aquatic creatures cry". Since mankind entered the 2 1 century, we have to face up to the fact that the available fresh water resources are increasingly scarce. In the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, whether the concept of sustainable utilization of water resources can be established is a major issue related to China's social and economic development and the survival of future generations. Strengthening law enforcement and paying full attention to water resources should be an urgent task before us.
Weather, climate and water resources
Water is an important natural resource on which life depends. Most of the water needed for life on earth comes from rivers, lakes, glaciers and oceans. These precious fresh water resources are mainly provided by atmospheric precipitation. In the climate system, the water cycle is one of the most important material cycles. Weather, climate and water cycle are conducive to human survival and development under normal circumstances, which is what people often say.
How can we expect fine weather? Ecologists have come to the conclusion that when the forest coverage rate of a country reaches about 30%, there will be few major natural disasters, and when it reaches 40%, there will be a good ecological environment. If it reaches 60%, the country will be beautiful and rich.
The grim situation of water resources in China
With the intensification of human activities and the rapid development of population and urbanization, the situation of water resources is becoming more and more severe. As early as 1972, the first United Nations Conference on Human Environment issued a warning that "water will lead to a serious social crisis". After more than 30 years, the problem of water resources has not been fundamentally solved, but has become more and more serious.
At present, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources in China is facing a very severe situation. Among the more than 660 cities in China, there are more than 400 cities that are short of water, among which 108 cities are seriously short of water. Due to water shortage, the country produces nearly 80 billion kilograms of grain every year. The economic loss caused by water shortage reaches 200 billion yuan every year. China's per capita water resources are only 1/4 of the world average, 1/5 of the United States and1/0 of the world ranking, making it one of the poorest countries in the world. The shortage of water resources has become the main restricting factor affecting the economic development, people's life and environmental improvement in China.
What is not optimistic is that while water resources are scarce, soil erosion and water pollution in China are still serious, which leads to further deterioration of the ecological environment, which makes water resources and water environment fall into a vicious circle.