First, the three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

Argument: the author's point of view or opinion on the issue under discussion. (The soul of the full text. Play the role of commander-in-chief of the full text. )

Argument requirements: clear and correct.

Different: An argument must show what it supports and what it opposes.

Correct: The argument must conform to the objective reality and be able to solve practical problems.

Argument: the basis used by the author to prove his point of view.

Argumentation: the process and method by which an author proves an argument with arguments.

Second, demonstration methods: reasoning, example, comparison, quotation and metaphor.

Third, the way of argument: argument and rebuttal. Argumentative essays can be divided into two categories: argumentative essays and argumentative essays. )

The second part is frequently asked questions and answering skills.

First, the role of analysis and demonstration methods:

Sentence pattern: ×× argument method+argument ×× viewpoint+effect.

Details are as follows:

(1) Demonstration with examples: By citing specific examples to prove, the demonstration will be more specific and convincing.

Format: Use examples to demonstrate and cite … (summarize examples) to prove … (if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument), thus making the argument more specific and convincing.

(2) Reasoning argument: prove the argument by reasoning, so that the argument is more general and profound.

Format: To demonstrate the viewpoint of ... by reasoning.

③ Metaphorical argument: Proved by metaphor, making the argument vivid and easy to understand.

Format: Metaphorical argument is used for comparison

④ Comparative argument: The role of comparative argument is outstanding.

Format: Compare … with … by means of comparative argument, and highlight the viewpoint of ….

⑤ Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to continue reading.

Format: Use the argument method of quoting arguments, and quote … to prove the viewpoint of … to make the argument more convincing. (or more interesting, to attract readers to continue reading)

Secondly, analyze the types and functions of argumentation:

1. Argument can be divided into two types: truth argument and fact argument.

There are two main points in answering questions:

(1) Define the type of argument; (2) Specific analysis.

The essence of this kind of topic is to examine the relationship between arguments and arguments, whether it is the relationship between central arguments and sub-arguments, it is the relationship between proof and proof. So the standard answer format is as follows: this is an argument, which plays the role of proof ... (argument, if there is a sub-argument, write the sub-argument it proves, otherwise write the central argument. )

2, supplementary argument as a new question is popular, to do this kind of topic, we should pay attention to the following two aspects:

(1), see clearly the type of argument required to be supplemented, that is, see clearly whether the requirement is a famous saying or an example; (2) Pay attention to the word limit when adding celebrity cases. Of course, as an exam, you can prepare celebrity examples and famous sayings with common themes such as "diligence" and "dealing with the world". Words of famous aphorisms should be few, things should be familiar, and long famous aphorisms or unfamiliar celebrity examples should not be prepared for novelty.

Third, the way the article puts forward the central argument:

The title of the article points out the central argument;

② Put forward the central argument at the beginning of the article;

③ The article ends with a central argument;

(4) Put forward the central argument with a connecting sentence in the middle of the article.

The article does not directly put forward the central argument, but it always revolves around …

Fourth, identify the central argument:

Look at the title, the beginning and the end, whether it is a clear judgment, whether it is the commander-in-chief of the full text, and the point of view proved by the argument.

Fifth, analyze the argumentation ideas of the article.

First of all, we should understand the structure of general argumentative papers: asking questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions). In fact, analyzing the argumentation idea of argumentative essays is to add some words such as "first", "then", "then" and "last" on the basis of paragraph level. When you do this topic, you should pay special attention to the opening and closing sentences.

1, which begins with:

(1) put forward the central argument; (2) lead to the topic; In the above two aspects, we should specifically answer the specific ways to put forward the central argument or lead to the topic, some through celebrity quotes, some through celebrity anecdotes, and some through anecdotes and jokes.

2, the end of the content:

(1) Deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …:

(2) Repeating or strengthening the central argument ...;

(3) Call or exhort people ...;

(4) Supplementary argumentation. (Sometimes, the role of this aspect is to make the argument more rigorous. )

Doing this kind of topic is to state the introduction, theory and conclusion of the article in detail.

Sixth, the topic analysis of argumentative essays:

(1) action analysis

(1) point out the argument, (2) explain the topic, and (3) point out the argument from the beginning.

Method:

● Subject-predicate phrases and verb-object phrases are generally arguments, such as: cherish ××, learn ××, and continue to work hard.

Coordinate phrases generally discuss the relationship between things, such as thinking and doing, success and failure.

● Topics to be discussed, topics to be discussed, topics to be said and topics to be discussed are generally topics.

(2) Effect analysis:

● Point out the content of the article and clarify the argument of the article.

Use metaphors to present arguments vividly, etc.

Seven, the role of the argument at the beginning:

(1) Cut to the chase and put forward the central argument.

(2) Analyze a phenomenon (or an example or viewpoint) in reality, and then put forward an argument (or topic), which is highly targeted.

(3) Quote famous sayings to put forward arguments or topics, and famous sayings are arguments to prove the arguments.

(4) An argument or topic comes from a story or an example, and at the same time, the story and the example are arguments to prove the argument.

⑤ Put out wrong arguments and arguments and set goals for the following refutation.

⑥ Using vivid metaphors or stories (such as fables) to draw out arguments can not only stimulate readers' interest in reading, but also visualize abstract truth for readers to accept.

Eight, the role of narrative in argumentative writing:

Describe the event (generally just summarize the time, place, people and results of the event) for discussion.

Argument function in narrative: point out the meaning of the characters and events described; Deepen the theme of the article; Play the role of finishing touch. )

Nine, the role of the argumentative ending:

(1) Deepen the central argument and put forward the conclusion of …:

(2) The central argument emphasized ...;

(3) Appeal or hope that people ...;

(4) Supplementary argumentation. Its function is to make the argument more rigorous.

(5) Summarize the full text and get the central argument.

(6) Asking questions makes people think deeply, and makes people pay attention to or think about a problem.

X. analysis of linguistic features of argumentative essays;

The angle of analyzing the linguistic features of argumentative writing is relatively fixed, with only two angles:

(1) language features;

(2) Stylistic features. To do this kind of topic, we should master some key words of language style: concise and plain, vivid and humorous, implicit and euphemistic, rich in literary talent and so on. Stylistic feature is to make a fuss about the word strict logic. One thing that needs special attention is that doing this kind of topic must be supported by specific sentences, that is, using specific example sentences in the article as examples for analysis.

Common sentence patterns: This word embodies the rigor of argumentative language.

Xi。 An analysis of the characteristics of argumentative writing

There are many angles to analyze the characteristics of argumentative writing, such as rhetorical devices, argumentation methods and writing skills.

(1) rhetoric:

● Metaphor: the metaphor of ×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××

● Parallelism enhances the momentum of the article's argumentation and the persuasiveness and appeal of the article;

Quoting, quoting ancient poetry, makes the article rich in literary talent, and at the same time strongly proves XXX's argument.

Quoting famous sayings proved XX's argument.

● rhetorical question: enhance the tone and make people think.

● Ask questions: inspire readers to think and emphasize a certain point.

(2) Demonstration method: refer to the function of demonstration method.

(3) Writing skills are relatively fixed, and the common ones are:

● Combination of case argumentation and reason argumentation (narration and discussion);

● Give priority to ... model law.

Twelve. Function of paragraph structure:

(1) leads to the next article (full text); (2) Summarize the first (full) articles; (3) connecting the preceding with the following.

As an argumentative paragraph, it must be answered in combination with stylistic features.

If the opening paragraph often leads to the central argument (topic), then we can refer to the following two examples of specific answer formats for use or adaptation:

(1) At the beginning, by writing an example ..., put forward the central argument ... (or lead to the topic cyy of ...).

(2) At the beginning, by quoting famous sayings, put forward the central argument … (or lead to the topic of …).

(3) At the beginning, by quoting interesting stories of celebrities (or …) to put forward the central argument … (or …) also played a role in attracting readers to read and enhancing the interest of discussion.

For the function of the ending paragraph, please refer to 4: "The content at the end".

Thirteen, can you get rid of an argument? Generally, it cannot be removed.

Reason: The author demonstrates from ancient and modern times (Chinese and foreign, positive and negative, different identities, etc.). ) after being removed, it is not comprehensive and representative, which makes the argument not completely rigorous.

Are arguments interchangeable? Usually not.

Reason:

(1) Structurally, it takes turns to take care of some words and phrases or has an order from ancient times to modern times, and the structure is not rigorous after the exchange.

(2) Content: This argument is to prove a small point of view of …, but it cannot prove another point.

Fourteen, thought-provoking topics:

note:

★ Views must conform to the mainstream ideology.

★ Explain the article center from another angle.

★ Pay attention to the actual problem.