2. Reform movement. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the reformists represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao led the reform movement. They not only put forward the idea of reform and political system reform, but also boldly and courageously put forward the topic of deep thinking mode change or "spiritual revolution" They borrowed western ideological weapons, introduced the theory of evolution and publicized bourgeois democratic politics, which triggered the first wave of ideological emancipation in modern China. In this sense, the Reform Movement is not only an ideological emancipation movement, but also a political reform movement, and it can even be said that China's modernization movement was launched in an all-round way. However, the views on the monarch and the Qing government are divorced from reality. The reformists tried to carry out top-down internal reforms by retaining the emperor's throne, realize constitutional monarchy, and take the modernization road of British and Japanese models. However, they are too naive. They don't understand that the emperor of China is different from the king of Britain and Japan, and the people of China are also different from Britain and Japan. Therefore, the reformists want to reform, but they don't know how to reform, let alone how to change China if the reform doesn't work. As Sun Yat-sen pointed out, it is impossible to implement a constitutional monarchy in China. "It is difficult for the ignorant Qing Dynasty to implement a constitutional monarchy, so it is necessary to carry out a revolution and establish a country." "What we need is a president who manages people's affairs", and there is no need to turn the country into a feudal emperor with private property.
3. Xinhai Revolution. The Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen is to learn from the western system and the American democratic system. Political power is the key. If the regime does not change, nothing can be said. Therefore, Dr. Sun Yat-sen believes that a responsible democratic government representing public opinion is necessary to integrate China with the world and realize the modernization of politics, economy, culture and education rapidly. As a great hero of the Chinese nation and the forerunner of China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolution, he was not only a politician and revolutionary who changed the dynasty in China, but also a great pioneer in rejuvenating China and pursuing China's modernization. Although he failed to remove the obstacles to the modernization of imperialism and feudalism, realize China's independence, democracy and prosperity, and realize the purpose of rejuvenating China, his modernization thought was undoubtedly the best of all the schemes at that time. The Revolution of 1911 is a new milestone in the process of China's modernization. The Revolution of 1911 accelerated the introduction of western democratic politics, promoted people's enthusiasm for participating in political movements, created a great environment for China's political democratization and industrial modernization, accelerated the awakening of the nation, and promoted the formation of people's new ideas, new concepts, new consciousness and new values. However, the Revolution of 1911 did not change the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social nature of China.
4. New Culture Movement. Chen Duxiu and other radical democrats saw that the Revolution of 1911 did not establish real democracy in China, so they publicized democratic ideas and opposed feudal autocracy. They used capitalist ideas of freedom and equality to expose and criticize Yuan Shikai's activities of restoring monarchy, hoping that China would truly embark on the road of democracy and harmony. The occurrence of the New Culture Movement has its profound social background, including politics, economy, ideology and culture. The direct reason is that Yuan Shikai's respect for Confucius and retro countercurrent in the cultural field can't be tolerated by intellectuals with democratic ideas. So they held high the banner of "democracy" and "science" and launched a fierce attack on feudalism, resulting in a cultural enlightenment. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country, but it did not make China embark on the road of democracy and science.