1 the unity of reason and emotion
"Preface to Poetry" puts forward a classic remark that has influenced China literature for thousands of years: "Things are in love, but in ceremony." The word "propriety and righteousness" here is the ethics of maintaining the feudal social order formed by following Zhou Li, and it is a kind of "reason" in ancient literary theory. The preface to poetry does not deny the existence of "emotion" in poetry, but at the same time it is
The expression of "emotion" stipulates the restrictive condition: "stop at etiquette and righteousness", so "etiquette and righteousness" has become a means to unify "emotion" and a natural regulation of emotion. The purpose of "reasoning with emotion" is to make poetry a tool conducive to social education and achieve the effect of "gentleness and gentleness" in Confucian poetry teaching. The literary views of "emotion" and "reason" expressed in the preface to poetry have had a far-reaching impact on later literary theories. Liu Xiang put forward the concept of "sincerity" in Shuo Yuan in Han Dynasty, emphasizing the factor of "emotion" in poetry, but at the same time made rational and moral provisions on the expression of artistic emotion, demanding that the good and evil of emotion should be distinguished, and lyric should be "from its way". In Liu Xiang's view, the color of "unifying feelings with reason" is very obvious. Ruan Ji, as a famous figure in Wei and Jin Dynasties, acted willfully and despised feudal ethics, but he still had a strong Confucian color in his thoughts. Ruan Ji once emphasized the political education function of literature and art in On Music: In the past, the former king made music not with an enlightened view, but also with the worship of the music room. The spirit of heaven and earth must pass, and the god of all things is quiet; A solid position determines the truth of life. Therefore, "Song of the Qing Palace" celebrates successful achievements; Bing's poem is called comity principle; People turn good into virtue, and different customs into virtue. This lewd voice is thin because it is expensive. ..... So people who reach the Tao can listen to music, and people with good voices can't speak French. It can be seen that the influence of Confucianism on literature and art is lasting.
Later, scholars and writers such as Wang Bo, Jie Yuan and Pi Rixiu in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Kai, Wang Anshi and Dai Fugu in the Song Dynasty, Yu Ji and Yang Weizhen in the Yuan Dynasty, Song Lian, Qu Dajun, Mao Shuxian and Ji Yun in the Ming and Qing Dynasties all emphasized the importance of maintaining normal social order to varying degrees.
Eliminate feelings with reason.
The pre-Qin Confucian ethics, full of human feelings and emotions, was transformed by Confucian scholars represented by Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty, and finally formed a "heavenly justice" that transcended the secular world in the Song Dynasty. In some traditional neo-Confucian literary views, the contradiction between "emotion" and "reason" reached the extreme. The extreme view of Neo-Confucianism that "preserving righteousness and destroying human desire" drives "emotion" out of the garden of literature. Shao Yong, a Neo-Confucianist in Song Dynasty, was also a poet. In the Collection of Killing the Earth in Yichuan, he created some poems with personal feelings. Although he didn't really forget his feelings in realistic literary creation, his cognitive view and literary view as a Neo-Confucianism put "emotion" and "reason" in an incompatible relationship. "Observing things" is the core of Shao Yong's philosophy. He opposes "viewing things from me" and advocates "viewing things from things": the reason why saints can show affection for everything is because saints can look back.
Therefore, people who see things from the other side do not see things from me. Don't look at things with me, look at things with things. Not only can you look at the problem from the perspective of things, but you can also have me inside! Shao Yong's "seeing things by things" is also based on "the love of all things". However, "love of all things" is actually a kind of so-called "righteousness" or "Tao". Therefore, the essence of Shao Yong's epistemology or literary creation theory still lies in trying to exclude the emotional factors of individualization, and to eliminate the individualized aesthetic feelings in literary works in the recognition of "justice". Neo-Confucianist Cheng Yi
There was such a discussion: "Is it harmful to ask the composition?" Yue: It's harmful. If you don't specialize in writing, you can't. If you specialize in the art, you will win, and you will be as big as heaven and earth. The Book says,' Playing with things is a wearisome task.' Also playing with things for Wen. "The so-called' dedication' text is a literary work with personal aesthetic feelings. Cheng Yi put "emotion" and "reason" in absolute opposition, and "reason" expelled the aesthetic and emotional characteristics of literary works.
3 Oppose rationality with emotion
"Oppose reason with emotion" is the embodiment of the literary view of "main emotion". Its source lies in the Taoist thought of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Laozi and Zhuangzi advocate the philosophy of "nature" and "inaction". "According to Zhuangzi's point of view, people's natural innocence is people's inner feelings about life, which is inviolable, unpretentious and irresistible. Therefore, conforming to nature, as the name implies, is conforming to human nature.
Law, that is, based on the love of human life. "Laozi emphasized" returning to the baby "and" returning to the garden "(Chapter 28 of Laozi), and Zhuangzi advocated" truth and sincerity ". Not refined and sincere, not moving. " ("Zhuangzi Fisherman"), these are all to illustrate the value and importance of restoring and maintaining people's natural true nature. Although these thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi are not specifically aimed at literature and art, they have profoundly and profoundly influenced the creation and critical practice of ancient literature and art in China. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a turbulent era, but it is also an era when people are open-minded. In literary creation, the subjectivity of the creator has been greatly publicized. Writers broke through the shackles of "rationality" and expressed their true feelings in their works, either angry, calm, solemn or ridiculous. The literary theory of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties became the theoretical summary of this literary consciousness. Cao Zhi once edited his own work "Pre-recorded". In his preface, he stated that he was "elegant and generous", and "elegant and generous" meant to express his feelings directly and incite emotions. This is not only Cao Zhi's personal hobby, but also the personalized and emotional aesthetic fashion of the whole era. Lu Ji put forward that "poetry is beautiful because of emotion", which stipulated the emotional noumenon characteristics of poetry and also reflected the aesthetic taste of Wei and Jin literati with strong personal feelings. In his poems, Zhong Rong emphasized that the basic feature of poetry is "chanting temperament", and he paid special attention to stirring and touching "resentment". Although his thoughts were also influenced by Confucianism, he did not emphasize that poetry served political education. In Ming Dynasty, the literary trend of thought of "respecting emotion" and "valuing emotion" appeared, which was closely related to the development of urban economy in Yuan and Ming Dynasties and the new changes of Neo-Confucianism in Ming Dynasty. Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty was praised again in the Ming Dynasty, but its essence has changed with the times. Wang Yangming advocated the theory of "conscience" and introduced the "reason" of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty into people's inner world. "Mind is reason" is the basic understanding and viewpoint of Neo-Confucianism in Ming Dynasty. Li Zhi further developed this idea, put forward his famous theory of childlike innocence, and illustrated the "sincerity" of "truth without falsehood" with examples, but this "sincerity" was not covered by "true taste". Li Zhi's
In fact, the viewpoint has reached the opposite of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. His theory attaches importance to "pure feelings" and banishes "rationality", which adapts to the growing emotional needs of the general public. Under the influence of this social environment and ideological trend, many writers
They all hold high the banner of "opposing reason with emotion". Yuan Hongdao advocates the theory of "soul" with "human feelings" as the core, and Jiang Yingke advocates the only way to break "righteousness" and "full speech".