Do not exceed the length of the journal to be submitted (generally 250 words), and clearly explain the main information in the paper. Generally, it is a paragraph (some medical journals require a structured abstract, which consists of several paragraphs, each with a standardized subtitle). Many readers will read the abstract of the paper before reading the full text, whether they read the journal directly or obtain it through computer retrieval.

The abstract must:

(1) Explain the main purpose and scope of the research work.

(2) Describe the methods used in the research.

(3) Summarize the research results.

(4) Give the main conclusions of the research work.