Knowledge target

1. Accumulate knowledge of classical Chinese, and master the flexible use of synonyms and parts of speech in ancient and modern times.

2. Understand the characteristics of Mencius' prose and his political views.

3. Recite two short passages and accumulate famous sayings and aphorisms.

capability goal

1. Read repeatedly to understand the meaning of the text and cultivate students' self-study ability in classical Chinese.

2. Learn the reasoning and argumentation methods of the ancients, and the expressive effects of rhetoric such as taste comparison and parallelism.

Moral education goal

1. Understand? Time? The right place and the right person? With what? How helpful is it? Lack of help? Raise awareness of the political situation of national stability and unity,

2. Do you understand? Born in sorrow, died in happiness? Meaning of. And learn from it, enhance the sense of hardship, and be optimistic about life.

Teaching focus

Clear up the reasoning ideas and master the reasoning methods.

Teaching difficulties

Correct understanding? How helpful is it? And then what? Born of worry? The significance of the times.

teaching method

1. Reading is the key to learning classical Chinese. Especially for literary articles like Mencius, reading is particularly important. Through different reading methods, guide students to read the text beautifully, cadently and beautifully.

2. Discuss the nudge method

3. Competition law

4. Comparative method

Course arrangement 2 class hours

The first lesson in the teaching process

[teaching points]

Data assisted reading; Teachers and students * * * learn the book "How to help the Tao, how to help the Tao" and read the text aloud. Overall perception: translate and read the text, accumulate knowledge about classical Chinese, grasp the meaning of the text, clarify the reasoning ideas, master the reasoning methods, taste the language, extend and expand, and deepen the understanding of the views of the article.

[Teaching Steps]

First, guide the design.

Students, do you still remember the magnificent news that "a million troops of the People's Liberation Army crossed the Yangtze River"? What is the reason for the victory of marked army? (Students answer together; ? He who wins the hearts of the people wins the world. ? Today, we are going to learn "How to help if you gain the Tao, and how to help if you lose it", and discuss in depth the primary conditions for defeating the enemy.

Second, help reading information

Mencius and Mencius

Mencius (372 ~ 289 BC), a native of Zou, was a disciple of Kong You, the grandson of Confucius. The lobbying between Qi and Liang was not reused, but retired and wrote books with his disciples such as Gong Sunchou and Zhang Wan. Inherit Confucius' theory, stress benevolence and righteousness, and put forward? Ren? Slogan, advocate recovery? Well site system? And the Qing system was advocated at the same time? People are precious? Are you light? Call it a tyrant? Kazuo? It is the basis of Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty to think that human nature is good and emphasize the cultivation of mind. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the status became more and more respected. In the first year of Yuan Dynasty, Zou Guoya was made a saint, and the ninth year of Ming Jiajing was designated as? Yasheng Mencius? Its position in Confucianism is second only to that of Confucius. Most of his thoughts and behaviors can be found in Mencius.

The articles in Mencius have always been famous for their eloquence. Reading Mencius makes people feel magnificent, emotional and sharp. Out of indignation at the greedy and brutal behavior of the rulers at that time, out of sympathy for the people struggling in suffering, out of hostility to other theories, out of a strong desire to carry out their own ideas, which one is it? If you want to rule the world, who can you give me? A sense of salvation? Let Mencius' articles become radical, rigid and confident. He is also good at using various techniques to lure the enemy into submission. His writing style is sloppy and sometimes sharp, and he likes to use parallel prose extensively, so his writing style is aggressive.

Third, reading the text, the overall perception

1. The teacher plays the demonstration reading tape and the students listen.

Pay attention to pronunciation, pause and stress.

2. Teachers demonstrate reciting the text and pay attention to the momentum of reading the article.

Students read the text together, and the teacher gives some reading guidance.

Pay attention to the rhythm of parallelism, such as: territorial people/don't/border areas, consolidate the country/don't/the danger of mountains and rivers, dominate the world/don't/the benefits of military revolution. Those who gain the Tao/help more, those who lose the Tao/help less. Not much help/right, relatives/right: more help/right, the world/right.

Fourth, translate and read the text and master the meaning of the text.

1. Students translate the text by themselves, circle the outline and mark the difficult words.

2. Discuss in groups and ask questions.

3. Teachers guide students to accumulate knowledge of classical Chinese.

Teachers distribute written materials containing the following contents:

(1) Tong Jiazi:

Can't help, relatives in the side (Pan Tong? Rebellion, betrayal)

(2) Words with different meanings in ancient and modern times

City three miles, Guo seventy miles (city, inner city; Guo: Out of town)

Fortunately, I left. Today's meaning: arrive, arrive)

Friends and relatives, including parents and brothers. This refers to a family or its members who are married to their own family. )

The pool is not deep (moat. This refers to the pond. )

(3) Polysemy;

People in this area are not as good as Li Sanren.

Invincible attack (pronoun)

With the help of Shishun (use), Shishun (use) is not only firm, but also extremely sharp.

(4) Pay attention to the usage of the following punctuation marks:

People in China are not bound by frontiers (nouns are used as verbs)

Consolidate the country without risking mountains and rivers (adjective as verb to consolidate)

Wei Tian didn't take advantage of the war.

(5) Pay attention to the translation of the following sentences;

Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are outmatched by terrestrial advantages, which in turn are outmatched by the harmony among people. Not as good as the will of the people in the battle and internal unity. )

If the husband attacks it, there will be a good time. If he is invincible, the good time is not as good as the right place (use four sides; Surround the city. We certainly got the weather and season that are conducive to combat, but because the weather and season that are conducive to combat are not as good as the geographical situation that is conducive to combat, we can't win. )

With the world's obedience, attack the relatives' side, so the gentleman wins without fighting (on the condition that everyone in the world submits to him, attack the helpless king who is opposed by even his relatives, so the gentleman wins without fighting. )

Fifth, think about reading the text, clarify the argumentation ideas and recite the text.

1. What is the central point of this article? How is the article demonstrated layer by layer? Discuss and communicate with classmates at the same table.

Clear: What is the central argument? The weather is not as good as the right place, and the right place is not as good as people? .

This paper puts forward the argument that human harmony is the first condition to defeat the enemy, and then develops it step by step, proves it with general war examples, compares the weather with geographical location, geographical location with human harmony respectively, and points out that the three have different functions in the war, and then? People and? Introduce the principles of governing the country and securing the country and draw a conclusion? If you get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help. Conclusion, clarified? People and? The essence of, namely? Dosuke? The world is cold? ; Finally? Dosuke? With what? Helpless? More natural export? A gentleman can defeat the enemy without fighting. .

According to the students' answers to the blackboard, the teacher forms the idea of reciting.

2. Students recite the text according to the prompts on the blackboard.

Sixth, summarize and sublimate

The teacher suggested that the Six Classics Note me and I Note the Six Classics? When learning classical Chinese, we should pay attention to connecting with reality, make the past serve the present, and give the classic works the significance of the times; For what? People and? Understand? How did you meet? Please contact the reality and talk about your opinion.

Students discuss.

Health 1: I think? People and? It's just cliques. You can't tell. In this world, it is easy for groups to do things.

Student 2: Some anti-China forces in Japan tampered with history textbooks without authorization, and the result was unanimously opposed by people of insight at home and abroad, which made people feel sad. Just answer Mencius' old saying? If you get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help. .

Health 3: Mencius' proposition emphasizes that everything should be based on man's will, which embodies Mencius' foresight at that particular historical development stage. But it should also be noted that Mencius proposed? People and? Its fundamental purpose is to safeguard the interests of the ruling class, which inevitably brings the limitations of the times to his views.

Health 4: I think the victory or defeat of the war depends on the nature of the war and the people's hearts. What about Wei? Can't rely on it? Time? The right place? , but only by:? People and? Our theory can only be applied to ancient societies with underdeveloped science. In today's high-tech development, if you want to win the battle, you must have the most advanced weapons, and the rest are secondary. Isn't the US-Iraq war a good example?

Health 5: Power can only run rampant for a while, but never for a lifetime. The political structure of the world has developed to this day. Although the developed countries in Europe and America are still dominant, we can see that the hegemonic position of big countries is in a downward trend. In the world political operation, whether it is moral or not is becoming the standard to deal with the relationship between countries. If you get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help. It will become an important concept that will dominate the world political pattern in the 2 1 century.

Health 6: What is appropriate in today's society? Moral? what's up What does not match? Moral? What about yours?

The teacher knows, maybe he can answer like this; First of all, it conforms to the principle of equality among countries, that is, all countries, big or small, rich or poor, strong or weak, should participate in international affairs on the principle of equality. Second, it is conducive to maintaining peace, which is due to the wars in the 20th century. Society has brought great disasters. Maintaining peace and avoiding war are essential to the development of human society in the 2 1 century. ? If you get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help. As a valuable resource, this kind of China Confucianism has attracted our attention.

Seven. distribute

1, recite the full text.

2. Organize class speeches and write a review.

Second lesson

[teaching points]

Students read "Born in Worry, Died in Happiness" by themselves. Teachers design related questions, guide students to read independently, help students understand the meaning of the text, clarify the argumentation ideas and recite the text. Extension, expansion, summary and sublimation: comparative reading and grasping the artistic characteristics of Mencius' prose.

[Teaching Steps]

First, guide the design.

Everyone is familiar with it, right? Sleep on your laurel? This story. Gou Jian, the King of Yue, was firm in adversity, and finally defeated the State of Wu and revived the State of Yue. But then Gou Jian, the king of Yue, broke Wu Gui, and the soldiers went home to be loyal. Maid-in-waiting is like a flower in Man Chun Hall, but only partridges are flying today? . The King of Yue, who was addicted to happiness, made the same mistake again. What enlightenment does Gou Jian's experience give us? Please enter Mencius? Looking for the answer in the selection of Gao Zi Xia.

Second, reading the text, the overall perception

1. Students read the text together. Accurate pronunciation, pause, cadence and grace are required.

2. The teacher plays the demonstration tape to remind students to grasp the pause and stress in the sentence.

(1) Shun/Fa/Mu,/Ju/Banzhu, Glue/Ju/Fish Salt, Guan Yiwu/Ju/Shi, Sun Shuaiao/Ju/Hai, Bixi/Ju/Cheng.

(2) To suffer/his heart, to work/his bones and muscles, to starve/his skin, to be empty/his body, to be chaotic/chaotic/his behavior, so to induce/endure and benefit/his incompetence. (Add some words to emphasize)

3. Students read the text aloud.

Third, clarify the ideas of the argument and recite the text.

1. Students read the text by themselves and translate the text with the help of reference books.

2. Discuss and communicate in groups to solve difficult problems in translation.

3. The whole class is divided into two groups to have a class competition. Each question is answered by a set of odd questions and an even question. Give 5 points for each small question. Win or lose by points.

Part one: knowledge of classical Chinese.

(1) Read the following words correctly.

① Wood, ②, ③ glue, ④ line drawing.

(2) Point out the common words in the following sentences and explain them.

(1) Yico Zeng can't.

(2) trapped in my heart, weigh in consideration, and then do it.

(3) into the legalist brush.

(4) So be patient.

(3) The word is polysemous.

Shun is used in the fields.

If you do something wrong, you will be demoted, so will people.

(1) (2) died of happiness

If you enter, there will be no legalist school.

If you die today, you will die if you plan something big.

If the country dies, it will be famous.

Shun was born in an acre of land, so the sky will fall to a higher position, so his old friend is also ⑤.

Send it to Fu Su and say a few words of advice.

(4) Translate sentences.

(1) So the sky will fall, so people have benefited from what they can't get.

(2) The unchangeable sign of human beings is caused by color, followed by sound.

③ If you enter, you can't go home, but if you leave, you are invincible to foreign patients.

(4) and then know that born in sorrow and died in happiness.

The second plate: ideological content

(1) What is the central point of this article? From which two aspects does the author demonstrate? Please briefly describe the argument of this article.

(2) What are the characteristics of this essay in the method of argumentation?

Section 3: Talent Show

( 1)? Born in sorrow, died in happiness? Do you know which famous sentences have the same meaning? Please list two sentences.

(2) What examples can prove this truth? Please give some examples.

About ideological content:

(1) What is the central point of this article? Born in sorrow, died in happiness? .

The author demonstrates it from two aspects: individual and country. The article first talks about the problem of cultivating talents. First, it has six humble origins, and after all kinds of tempering, it finally carries forward the burden? Big project? Taking celebrities as an example, it shows that talents are cultivated in a difficult environment, and at the same time, we should pay attention to people's subjective factors. Stuck in your heart, think about balance, and then do it? The point of view. It is explained from two aspects that if people want to do something and achieve something, they must go through some difficult and even painful tempering in life, thought and behavior. Then the individual talks about the country, points out that the factors that determine the survival of the country are similar to those that determine whether an individual can achieve great things, and finally puts forward an argument.

(2) This paper adopts the methods of analogy, example, comparison and inductive reasoning. For example, the analogy between cultivating talents and governing the country, such as listing six examples of people who have become successful in adversity, such as comparing great achievements with national subjugation, such as analyzing and demonstrating first, then summing up opinions and so on.

(1) Related famous sentences are: Heroes have suffered many hardships since ancient times, and there is never a shortage of great men.

If you think so, you are safe; If you think like this, you will be cured; If you think so, you will be saved.

Worry and fatigue can rejuvenate the country, and leisure can die.

Just as celestial bodies maintain vitality through movement, a gentleman should constantly pursue self-improvement.

Self-improvement is the health of the world, and Zhigang is the great Wang Zhidao.

(2) Relevant examples are: Li Baicheng, the leader of the peasant uprising in the late Ming Dynasty, led the rebel army into Beijing, full of ambition and eventually failed. Born in sorrow, died in happiness? A true portrayal of.

Someone did an experiment, throwing a frog into boiling water, and the frog jumped out with all his strength. Put the frog in mild boiling water, and the frog is happy to stay inside. The temperature rises gradually, the frog adapts slowly, and finally it is boiled to death. Is this one too? Born in sorrow, died in happiness? A portrayal of.

The best-selling book "Who Moved My Cheese" is also being interpreted? Born in sorrow, died in happiness? The truth.

4. Teachers comprehensively judge and group the winners, and the whole class applauds and congratulates them.

5. Students recite the text together.

Fourth, summarize and sublimate.

Q: What inspiration did you get from the study of Born in Worry and Died in Happiness?

Students discuss.

The two problems mentioned in Mencius' article still have valuable enlightening significance for us: First, the problem of cultivating talents. Mencius emphasized two aspects on this issue. On the one hand, he emphasized that the ability to enter was formed and increased in hardships. Take responsibility? Big project? Who must pass it first? Tired and hungry? Only by waiting for difficulties and hardships can we grow our talents and shoulder this heavy responsibility. Talent is not innate. But if you are carefree, you will naturally not grow into a talent. In order to come from tempering. On the other hand, he pointed out that we should stand the test of setbacks and stand up in them so that we can make a difference. In the face of setbacks, cheer up, work hard and give full play to subjective initiative, so as to get out of the predicament and start over; You are depressed, depressed, naturally depressed. In order to get out of the struggle. The first is about the governance of the country. Mencius pointed out that it is extremely important for a country to have good ministers, adopt admonitions and be prepared for danger in times of peace, which is related to the survival of the country. Mencius' thought has far-reaching significance. Imagine that if a country is in the evil forces, it is lucky to play politics, indulge in happiness and lose its vigilance, then its future and destiny can be imagined.

Fifth, compare reading and grasp the logic and literary talent of the prose of Mencius.

1. The characteristics of logic and in-depth argument.

From the perspective of war, the book "gets more help from the Tao, but gets less help from the Tao". Through the comparison of weather, geographical location and people, this paper expounds the decisive role of people and people in winning or losing the war, and then extends it. If you get more help, but if you lose it, you will get less help. This paper expounds the importance of implementing benevolent policies. What is the structure of the passage? General responsibility for elaborating conclusions? It embodies the author's logical thinking from point to surface and from individual to general, making the article very convincing and infectious. And "Born in Worry and Died in Happiness" lists six examples of historical figures first, and then pushes something similar? Is it a person? From the individual to the general, this paper expounds that talents are tempered in a difficult environment, and then from personal inference to governing the country, and finally summarizes the full text argument. The logical thinking discussed by the author is externalized into a kind of? Step by step? Structure.

2. Taste the language features of Mencius' prose.

Qing: These two essays are magnificent, with strong persuasiveness and appeal, which is not unrelated to Mencius' good use of rhetoric such as parallelism. Zhang yi? The city is neither high nor deep. Is it really because the army is not profitable and there is not much rice? Double negation. Strong parallelism; ? Domain people don't take the solid country, don't take the world? Hierarchical arrangement is more imposing. The second chapter lists historical figures at the beginning, and naturally adopts juxtaposition; And then what? People don't change? Use sentence parallelism. It can be seen that Mencius makes good use of parallelism and flexible sentences, which not only adds momentum to the article, but also gives people a sense of beauty.

In the two short essays, famous aphorisms are one after another, with neat sentences and profound meanings. Shining with the brilliance of philosophy.

Sixth, the class summary

Chapter Two of Mencius is sharp in writing, sharp in language, magnificent, clever in reasoning, diverse in techniques and rigorous in argumentation. These characteristics are instructive and instructive to our argumentative reading and writing today. Mencius' political thought still has certain reference significance for us living in 2 1 century. ? Weak water 3 thousand, grab a ladle to drink casually? I hope everyone will seriously understand, think and learn.

Seven. distribute

1. Which of these two articles do you like better? Tell me your reasons.

2. Write a profane essay. How to understand today's increasingly rich material life? Born of sorrow. Die happily? .