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On "Ruling the World with Filial Piety" in Han Dynasty
Sunjingtan
Abstract: Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty advocated Confucianism, he mainly adopted the filial piety thought of Confucianism, and both Han Dynasties advocated ruling the world by filial piety. In the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang began to pay attention to filial piety, and later "filial piety" was the auxiliary thought of governing the country in the early Han Dynasty: Hui Di praised "filial piety", Lv Hou praised "filial piety, granting officials" and Wendi "placed doctors in filial piety books". "Ruling the world by filial piety" was established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took two major measures in this regard: one was to establish "promoting filial piety" in employing people, and the other was to solve the disadvantages of the enfeoffment system with the same surname Wang. Later, the rulers of the Han Dynasty constantly improved the legislation on "filial piety". The reasons for filial piety in Han Dynasty were mainly determined by the failure of the enfeoffment system in wang xing, the small-scale peasant economy and the rule of Huang Lao, and the summary of the successful experience of filial piety in the early Han Dynasty. "Confucianism worship" in Han Dynasty is not mainly five classics, but seven classics, the most important of which is filial piety. The Book of Filial Piety is a must-read in Han Dynasty. From the central government to the local government, teachers should be appointed and the people should learn. Filial piety is also a tool of social education.
Keywords: Five Classics, Seven Classics, Filial Piety, Filial Piety, Filial Piety and Filial Piety Governing the World
Author: Enchanter1April 2, 2006120: 49 Reply to this statement.
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2 Reply: A Preliminary Study on "Ruling the World with Filial Piety" in Han Dynasty
A glimpse of "ruling the world with filial piety" in Han Dynasty
In the Han dynasty, "ruling the world with filial piety" began in principle with Emperor Wu. Because "Huang Lao" ruled the country by ideology in the early Han Dynasty, since the sixth year of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, "Dou Taihou collapsed, Wu 'an Hou Tianfen was the prime minister, Huang Lao lacked hundreds of words, and the literati was prolonged" [1], only Confucianism dominated the country. In other words, only after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism can "filial piety" occupy a place in the dominant thought of governing the country in the Han Dynasty.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty mainly did two things in "ruling the world with filial piety": one was to concretize "filial piety" into "respecting filial piety and saving righteousness" in the employment system, and the other was to solve the political problems that had been plaguing the Han rulers since Liu Bang in the early Han Dynasty.
On "Filial Piety": According to the statement of "one county in the first day, one country in the first day" in Records of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the theoretical circle thinks that it first appeared in May of the seventh year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In fact, although filial piety is used together here, it is still filial piety, which means filial piety, that is, filial piety and honesty. This is only the continuation and development of the policy of "filial piety, strengthening farmland, providing for the aged and being honest" during the reign of Emperor Wen. "History of Han Emperor Wen Di Ji" records that Emperor Wen was twelve years old and said, "Filial piety is a great success in the world; Tian Li is the foundation of life; Three old people, the teacher of the whole people; Honest officials are the people. I am very grateful to Dr. Eelsen for this trip. In today's county of ten thousand households, the cloud has no order. Is it really human? This is the way to cultivate talents. "Emperor Wu just mentioned filial piety and honesty. Emperor Wu really achieved "filial piety". According to the records of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was in the winter and November of the sixth year of Yuanshuo. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wrote a letter saying, "Doctor Gong Qing, the general plan he formulated is unity, wide education and beauty. The husband is benevolent, praises virtue and virtues, exhorts goodness and punishes violence, and the five emperors and three kings are all governed by Chang. I stayed up all night, and Jia and Yu were on the road. So, I went to the elderly to restore filial piety, choose heroes, talk about literature, participate in the discussion of state affairs, pray for the people's hearts, write letters to deacons, and promote honesty and filial piety, which became a common practice. There must be loyalty in a city of ten rooms; Three people go hand in hand, but there is no teacher. Today, I don't recommend a person to go to Hehe County, so I can't study it, but the ruler of the product will listen. The first discipline of the 2000 stone official, how to help me live in seclusion, persuade Yuanyuan, be honest and worship the hard work of the township party? The sages are rewarded, the sages are slaughtered, and the ancient road is also. It is sinful not to mention it with Dr. Zhong, Dr. Zhong and Dr. Zhong. After discussion, the relevant departments replied: "The ancients, when waiting for the public, said that they were good, virtuous, and meritorious, that is, they added nine tin; If you are not together, you will lose your title, lose your land, and lose your title and land. The husband is attached to the death of the loser and the punishment of the loser; Reject those who hear national politics and are not beneficial to the people; Being in the upper position, you can't enter the sage and retreat, so you advise good and evil. Today's imperial edict shows the sacred feelings of the first emperor, making 2,000 stones show filial piety, so it was changed to Yuan Yuan, changing customs. Without filial piety and imperial edict, it should be regarded as disrespect. If you are dishonest and incompetent, you will be exempted. " Emperor Wu officially instructed to "play". Here, "Ju Xiaolian" is a proper noun, that is, "Ju Xiaolian" in the true sense later-"Lian Xiao" is the same person, not separate. In the election, "promoting filial piety" mainly examines "filial piety" rather than "honesty", that is, a person can be promoted to "filial piety" as long as he is "filial". Here, "filial piety" must be true, "sincerity" is potential, and a person can be "sincere" as long as "filial piety". Lian Xiao "was not an official before he was elected. Only when he is promoted to "Lian Xiao" can he become an official. " "Ju Xiaolian" was officially defined as the employment system at this time.
On the issue of political system: In the early Han Dynasty, due to the rebellion of Wang with a different surname, Liu Bang learned from the experience of "feudal relatives supporting Zhou" in the early Western Zhou Dynasty and sentenced Baima to swear: "If it were not for Liu, Wang would be attacked by the world." [2] Dafeng shared the same surname Wang and established a political system of enfeoffment with the same surname Wang. Blood is thicker than water, and the enfeoffment system with the same surname Wang consolidated the Han regime, and the country also experienced prosperity. However, there is another drawback of the enfeoffment system with the same surname Wang, that is, the problem of excessive enfeoffment, and almost all enfeoffment countries have the ability to fight against the central court. When Emperor Wen, Jia Yi put forward that "it is a new moon, easy to change its color, correct its name and be happy" [3]; Jingdi; Chao Cuo advocated "cutting vassals" and tried to solve this problem. However, Chao Cuo's "cutting the vassal" aroused the "rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms with Wu Chu". In the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the solution of this problem was more urgent. In the 16th year of Liang Wudi, Zhu wrote to suggest: "The ancient princes were only a hundred miles away, and their strength was easy to control. Nowadays, the princes are even dozens of cities, and the land is thousands of miles away. If they are slow, they will be arrogant and prone to promiscuity. If they are in a hurry, it will hinder them from being strong and obedient to the capital. Today, if you cut it according to law, it will sprout against the knot, and so did Chao Cuo the day before yesterday. Today, there are more than a dozen princes' children, but they are suitable for several generations. Although I am flesh and blood, there is nowhere to seal, so the way of benevolence and filial piety is undeclared. May your majesty invite you gentlemen to stay. Everyone is happy when he is in his place, and the benevolent is divided into his country. They are a little weaker if they are not cut. " [4] This letter written by Zhufuyan is also called "Tun Zou Yi". At first glance, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty not only conformed to the principle of "filial piety", but also substantially weakened the vassal state, so "the imperial edict:' I will name the vassal king or those who want to promote his son's city. [5] This imperial edict is the famous "Fatwa" in history. According to the records of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liang Wudi's "favor order" was first responded by Liang Wang and Chengyang Wang, who wrote to the court and expressed their willingness to share the city with their descendants. Emperor Wu wrote a letter and agreed: "King Liang and King Chengyang were born together, and they are willing to share their younger brothers with the city. The princes invited their children to the city, and I will visit them myself to rank them. " "So the vassal states began to split, and the children were finished. It is even more clear in the Biography of the Thirteen Kings of the Han Dynasty that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "suppressed the plot with his father, so that the princes divided the land and the grandchildren with personal grace, while Han was a self-defined title, so it belonged to Han County. Han has great kindness, and princes have a slight analysis of weak clouds. The great significance of "Enzhi" lies not only in the smooth transition from enfeoffment system to county system in the early Han Dynasty, but also in the contradiction between enfeoffment system and county system in ancient China since the pre-Qin period.
Author: Feng Mo1April 2, 2006120: 51Reply to this speech.
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3 Reply: A Preliminary Study on "Ruling the World with Filial Piety" in Han Dynasty
In addition, Liang Wudi wrote many times to "commend filial piety" and care for the elderly. For example, in founding ceremony in the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, it was written that "I am filial to my younger brother and Li Tian, and I am sorry for my husband's old age, loneliness, widowhood, loneliness or lack of food and clothing, which is very pitiful." He sent his advisers around the world to ask questions and give answers. Yue:' The emperor ordered his officials to give silks to the three elders, to be filial to the county and to give five horses; Three old people in the countryside, two brothers, and Li Tianbo, three horses; Widowed over 90 years old, widowed, alone, two horses, three pounds of sheep; More than 80 meters, people have three stones. In the sixth year of Yuan Shou's life, he wrote: "It is useless to send six people, including doctors, to travel around the world and ask questions about widowhood, waste and illness. "Yu Sanlao and his filial brother thought they were civilian teachers, thought they were independent gentlemen, and thought they could do whatever they wanted.
Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the rulers of the Han Dynasty have basically inherited the national policy of "ruling the world with filial piety". First, adhere to "filial piety" in the employment system. For example, "The Biography of Xun Shuang in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "The Han system makes the world recite the filial piety and choose officials to raise filial piety." In other words, as long as a person is "filial", he will be promoted to "filial piety" and can be an official. "Filial piety" is the first step for scholars in the Han Dynasty to enter the body, and it is also a celebration of the New Year, so the most talents come out from here. As long as you look over the Han Dynasty, "filial piety" can be seen everywhere. Until the end of the Han Dynasty, Cao Cao and Shi Mi were born with "filial piety". However, at this time, "Ju Xiaolian" has been seriously adulterated. For example, at that time, nursery rhymes ironically said that "the chrysanthemum is in love, and the father is separated" [6].
Second, adhere to the same surname Wang enfeoffment system. The biggest difference between the Han dynasty and the Qin dynasty is that the Han dynasty implemented a dual-track system, that is, the enfeoffment system combined with the county system. The enfeoffment system here is mainly the enfeoffment of Wang with the same surname, and heroes with different surnames can only be enfeoffment, and the fief in the later period is not big enough to form a country within a country. This is the result of following the "Yan En Order" of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the past, some people in the theoretical circle thought that the political system of the Han Dynasty after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the same as that of the Qin Dynasty, which was inappropriate. How can Qin be compared with the Han Dynasty, which completely abolished the enfeoffment system, ruled the county and had Shu Ren as its children? The Han dynasty has always been dominated by the county system, supplemented by the enfeoffment system, and the principle of "ruling the world with filial piety" has never wavered.
Third, constantly improve the legislation on "filial piety". For example, "History of Emperor Xuandi in Han Dynasty" records that the Land Festival lasts for four years, saying, "If people are guided by filial piety, the world will be smooth. Today, people may have suffered a terrible disaster, but officials can't be buried, which hurts the filial son's heart. I'm very sorry about that. From now on, those who have big parents and those who have lost their parents should not worry about things, let them converge to the end and do their best. " In order to make the people "filial", the corvee of "parents are older and parents are bereaved" is exempted; He also said: "Father and son are close, and husband and wife are natural. Despite the disaster, there is still life. Sincere love is rooted in the heart, kindness is the best, how can it be violated! From now on, don't sit with your parents, your wife and husband, and your grandparents. His parents hide their children, their husband and wife, and their parents hide their grandchildren. They all committed capital crimes. Please listen to Ting Wei. " It also solves the contradiction between filial piety of future generations and breaking the law of elders.
Fourth, from "filial piety" to "respect for the elderly", "respect for the elderly" is also legalized. For example, in the Han bamboo slips of Wuwei, when he proclaimed himself emperor, he once told the Prime Minister:' From the time of Emperor Gao to the first two years of this year, I am extremely sorry for all ages. When I was old, I received a king's staff and a pigeon on it, so that the people could see it better than the festival. Some people dare to curse Europe in vain. You have to go in and out of the yamen and Langdi, and take the side door of Chilu. ..... The scepter doesn't work, so it needs to be repaired. ""This is the legislation of respecting the elderly in the Han Dynasty. There is another example in Han bamboo slips that was severely punished for bullying the elderly: "In the first year of peace, Lixian, the county magistrate of Xiling, Runan, was beaten by Wang at the age of 70, and Fu Wu, a subordinate of the Ministry, beat him first, so he sued the court. Report: the crime is clear, and the reward is abandoned. "
It can be seen that "ruling the world with filial piety" is a highlight of the Han Dynasty.
Reasons for "Ruling the World with Filial Piety" in Han Dynasty
"Ruling the world by filial piety" in the Han Dynasty was mainly determined by the political, economic and ideological situation at that time and the successful experience of the rulers in governing the country.
The political situation in the early Han Dynasty: As mentioned above, the system of enfeoffment of Wang with the same surname established by Liu Bang's Punishment of White Horse consolidated the Han regime, but it was too big to fail. Some kings with the same surname refused to accept imperial rule and even rebelled, which touched the Han regime greatly. How to treat the enfeoffment system with the same surname represented by Chao Cuo must be cracked down and banned according to law. In other words, the enfeoffment system with the same surname Wang is a curse. Another view, represented by Jia Yi, is very close to that of Chao Cuo. Either "abolish the enfeoffment system" or "multi-enfeoffment system", but both should be solved by compulsory means. Both of these practices violated Liu Bang's original intention of "feudal kinship to shield Han". In fact, the disadvantage of the enfeoffment system in wang xing in the early Han Dynasty was that the country was too big, not the enfeoffment system in wang xing itself. On the contrary, the advantage of the enfeoffment system with the same surname Wang is very obvious: there is no way for a different surname to rebel. Moreover, when Qin Shihuang didn't seal his children, Chen Sheng and Guangwu shouted in osawa Township, and the world responded. Wu Qin's "San Francisco" may perish soon after screening, which is a lesson from the past. If Han wants the enfeoffment system with the same surname Wang to continue to play the positive role of "feudal kinship" and solve the problem of excessive enfeoffment peacefully, the best way is to win over and motivate it with "filial piety". Because "filial piety" is the most cohesive category in blood relationship, and everyone belongs to the same ancestor and clan, "filial piety" is a matter of course. Whether it is "filial piety" to the central court or "filial piety" to children, everyone is convinced.
Author: Feng Mo1April 2, 2006120: 51Reply to this speech.
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4 Reply: A Preliminary Study on "Ruling the World with Filial Piety" in Han Dynasty
The economic situation in the early Han dynasty: the economic base is the small family economy. The fundamental ideological requirement of small-scale peasant economy is to govern the country within the scope of ethics. Although the rule of Huang Lao took care of him to a certain extent in the early Han Dynasty, Huang Lao was essentially a spirit of rule of law, which was not conducive to the economic protection of small families. For example, "Historical Records" said: "At this time, the network is sparse and the people are rich, the service is rich and arrogant, or the party members are arbitrary." In order to solve this problem and promote the healthy development of small-scale peasant economy, it is objectively required to govern the country with the Confucian thought of "benevolence and filial piety". Why did the Han Dynasty later "rule the world with filial piety" but not "rule the world with benevolence"? It is mainly determined by the situation of small-scale peasant economy and the characteristics of "benevolence and filial piety" in Han Dynasty. As we know, the economic base of China feudal society has always been the small-scale peasant economy. Although the small-scale peasant economy appeared temporarily in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, it was the Qin and Han Dynasties that really formed the climate in China. The Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising at the end of Qin Dynasty marked that it officially entered the historical stage as a vibrant class. Therefore, the small-scale peasant economy in Han Dynasty still belongs to the early stage of small-scale peasant economy. Benevolence and filial piety, as the thoughts of governing the country, both originate from ethics, but they are different, and this difference comes from ethics itself. We all think that ethics is a word today, and there is no difference. In fact, in the early days of mankind, ethics is ethics and morality is morality, and the connotations of the two are different. Ethics refers to the blood relationship of people, while morality includes both blood relationship and non-blood relationship. Primitive human society is a blood family, so ethical relationship is the initial relationship of human beings. With the disintegration of consanguineous families, at least when exogamous families like "punaluan family" appear, morality will appear. Therefore, compared with "benevolence", the category of "filial piety" is even older. "Filial piety" was originally a pure ethical concept, which came into being before the appearance of morality, and "benevolence" was the product after the appearance of morality. As the Han Dynasty is still in the early stage of small-scale peasant economy and the whole society is not very developed, "ruling the world with filial piety" is more suitable for the development of small-scale peasant economy than "ruling the world with benevolence".
The ideological situation in the early Han Dynasty: Although "Huang Lao" ruled the country ideologically, it did not engage in ideological autocracy, allowing a hundred schools of thought to contend and coexist and prosper together. For example, when Hui Di was in office, he wrote to the emperor, "Anyone who is hindered by provincial laws will be excluded from calligraphy" [7]; Lv Hou's family reiterated: "The day before yesterday, filial piety Hui Di said that he would get rid of the sins of the three clans, but the rumor has already died. The discussion failed. Today's points "[8]; During the Wendi period, in order to "study abroad", doctors such as Mencius and Xiao Jing were added [9], and people were specially sent to Fu Shengying to save Shangshu [10]; At least in Jingdi's time, there were doctors in poetry and Spring and Autumn Annals. At that time, Yuan Gusheng was a doctor of poetry, Hu Wusheng and Dong Zhongshu were doctors of Chunqiu [11]; In the early days of Emperor Wu, a doctor of the Five Classics was established [12]. The rulers in the early Han Dynasty always actively explored the idea of governing the country. After the malpractice of "the rule of Huang Lao" appeared, Emperor Wendi once supported Jia Yi's "celebrating the new moon, changing colors, naming officials, and promoting rites and music", Emperor Jingdi supported Chao Cuo's "cutting the vassal" and Emperor Wudi supported Wang Zang and Zhao Wan's "establishing courtiers", but these reforms were not implemented for fear of arousing public anger. In particular, the failure of Chao Cuo's "cutting Sect" and his theory of "Shen Shang" were rejected in the first year of Emperor Wu. [13] After some painful exploration, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty finally found that "filial piety" was feasible in the early days. He also used "filial piety to govern the world" to solve a series of political, economic and ideological problems in the society at that time.
How did the Han Dynasty discover that filial piety was feasible? The author thinks it mainly comes from Liu Han's regime's summary of the successful experience of "filial piety" in the early Han Dynasty. As early as the rule of Huang Lao, "filial piety" was the auxiliary thought of the rulers of Han Dynasty. In the early Han Dynasty, Liu Bang advocated respecting the "three elders" and taking his father as the "emperor" [14]; Hui Di's "Li Temple of the King of the County" and "Filial Piety to Help the Farmland" are the first to commend "Filial Piety to Help the Farmland" [15]; Lv Hou's "one person first cultivates two thousand stones by filial piety", that is, "the person who cultivates the fields by filial piety is granted an official" [16]; Emperor Wen placed a doctor in the Book of Filial Piety. In addition to continuing to give an official the title of "filial piety and strong field", he also "sent three elders and filial piety to five people; Two horses: Zanzhe and Li Tian; There are three honest officials, more than 200 stones, the rate of 100 stones. It is inconvenient to ask the people, but it is based on the household registration rate to set up three old people, filial piety, filial piety and strength, so that each rate can show public opinion. " [17]. Especially in the thirteenth year, Ti Ying wrote a letter to save his father. Wendi was moved by his "filial piety" and wrote "small punishment" [18]; As soon as Emperor Wu succeeded to the throne, he also wrote: "The ancients made filial piety, the village made teeth, the court made knights, helped the world and guided the people, and were not good at virtue. However, in the village, this is an ancient way to learn from the old. Today's dutiful sons and grandchildren are willing to do their best to support their loved ones. They are forced to do business outside and lack resources inside, all because of filial piety. I am sad. People are over 90 years old and have been punished by law. For their grandchildren, their handsome wives and concubines have to be raised. " [19] In other words, it is required to strictly implement the Adoption Law, so that "the filial son and grandson have Shi Shuai's wives and concubines". It's just that Emperor Jingdi didn't pay enough attention to "filial piety" during his reign, and the relationship between the central court and the kings with the same surname was also the most tense. In the later period, the "Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms with Wu Chu" finally broke out. Three years after the counter-insurgency, Liu Sheng, king of Zhongshan, came to Korea. When Emperor Wu ordered wine, Liu Sheng cried as soon as he heard the music. He remonstrated with Emperor Wu, saying, "I heard that society does not drink, but house mice do not smoke. What is this? The trustee is also natural. Although I am thin, I have to cling to my lungs; Although you are humble, you can call you Dong Qiang or your brother. Today, ministers are not close relatives but a feather. They live in groups, consult with each other, and friends are friends, so that the imperial clan of the husband's family is excluded and the flesh and blood are released. Sbacchi is so displaced and he is so divided. " The poem said, "My heart is sad and I am so embarrassed; Take a nap, sigh forever, only worry about getting old; Worry in the heart is as bad as the onset of disease. " And "has been occupied by officials. Therefore, it is a gift of thick princes, which saves the matter of playing princes and adds the kindness of kissing. " [20] Later, the decision of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to "govern the world with filial piety" was related to this.
Author: Feng Mo1April 2, 2006120: 51Reply to this speech.
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5 Reply: A Preliminary Study on "Ruling the World with Filial Piety" in Han Dynasty
Xiao Jing's position in governing the country in Han Dynasty
The dominant view in the theoretical circle has always been that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ruled the country mainly by the Five Classics (Six Classics) since he advocated Confucianism. For example, some people say, "Confucian Classics is an ancient knowledge with rich philosophical content, and its research object is Confucian classics, that is, the Book of Changes, Poetry, Ritual, Music, Spring and Autumn Period and so on." Music has no books, and the so-called "six classics" actually only have the "five classics". ..... Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established imperial academy, which was called "official school". [2 1] The author thinks that this view has a correct side, but it is one-sided for him to define the study of Confucian classics only as the Five Classics, and then completely explain the thought of governing the country with the Five Classics.
It must be admitted that in addition to the Five Classics, there are Filial Piety Classics and The Analects of Confucius. The Han people themselves don't mean to rule the country by the Five Classics, but by the Seven Classics. Regarding the Seven Classics, The Biography of Zhao Dian in the Later Han Dynasty quoted Li Xian as saying: "The Biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu and Fu Qin, and the Book of Business in Fu Qin said:' Wen Weng sent seven classics to the east'." Xie Cheng's Book of the Later Han Dynasty says that Zhao Dian "learned from Confucius' Seven Classics". The Dictionary of China Literature in Past Dynasties, edited by Shi Xuanyuan and others, said: "Filial piety was advocated in the Han Dynasty. The Analects of Confucius and the Classic of Filial Piety were first presented by aristocratic children, and they are called the Seven Classics together with poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Spring and Autumn." This view is very reasonable. Therefore, it is wrong to talk only about the Five Classics of the Han Dynasty, not about the Classic of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius.
Many people have studied the Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius. For example, in Hanshu, the great-grandson of Emperor Xiaowu was ill and "studied poetry, Analects of Confucius and filial piety"; According to the "Thirteen Biographies of King Jing", Sun was widely spread to "study the Book of Changes, the Analects of Confucius and the Filial Piety"; The biography of Xue Ping Peng, which we neglected, contains Xuan Di's The Crown Prince was twelve years old and learned the Analects of Confucius and the Book of Filial Piety. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Zheng Jiachuan and Fan Sheng learned the Analects of Confucius and the Book of Filial Piety at the age of nine. In addition, during the Han Dynasty, there were many people who commented on the Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius. How to rest, Zheng Xuan and Ma Rong are both Theory of Three Represents's theories. Zhu's Biography of Zheng Zhou quoted the official documents of the Han Dynasty and said: "The doctor of the Five Classics was first established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and then increased to fourteen people. Too often, a clever and powerful person is chosen as a drink offering, and he always leads the discipline. Its example says:' Love and respect in life, but mourning is impolite. I am familiar with the Book of Changes, the Book of History, the Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius, and my explanation of the Olympiad is also poor. ""It can be seen that the Han people really take the Seven Classics as classics.
It should be pointed out that among the seven classics, the rulers of the Han Dynasty paid most attention to only two classics, one was the ram, and the other was the filial piety. The most popular saying of "worshipping Confucianism" in the Han Dynasty is that, under the guise of Confucius, "I aim at the Spring and Autumn Period, and I am filial piety." [22] In this regard, Ban Gu explained in Bai Renyi's Theory of Morality: Confucius "once wrote the Spring and Autumn Annals, followed by the Book of Filial Piety". What do you want? Autocracy lies in filial piety! Filial piety, from the Emperor to Shu Ren. Those who write "The Book of Filial Piety" are the foundation of making courtesy and benevolence, and the virtue of saints has been prepared. It can be seen that Xiao Jing's position was very important at that time. The Spring and Autumn Annals here does not refer to the Spring and Autumn Annals or the Three Biographies of the Spring and Autumn Annals, but refers to the Biography of the Ram, which was often used as a synonym for the ram in the early Han Dynasty. The Biography of the Ram was the most prosperous in the early Han Dynasty, and it was greatly impacted at the Liang Shi Pavilion meeting. Gu Liang Biography was also established as a classic, which divided the autumn colors of the ram equally, and the ram gradually withered. So only the Book of Filial Piety really became popular in the Han Dynasty.
In the Han Dynasty, compared with the Five Classics, the Book of Filial Piety was a must. In principle, the Five Classics do not require "simultaneous classics", that is, the Five Classics do not have to pass all or more than two classics, but only once. The Book of Filial Piety is read by everyone, including children and adults, men and women, scribes and warriors, and even foreign students. For example, in The Biography of Han Zhang Kuang Kong Ma, Kuang Heng once advised the emperor "Fei Pi" to say: "As for The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Filial Piety, we should study the words and deeds of saints"; "Biography of the Scholars in the Later Han Dynasty" contains: When Emperor Zhang was in power, "Yumen Yulin scholars learned the chapters and sentences of the Filial Piety, and the Huns also sent their children to school"; In fact, during the Guangwu period of the Han Dynasty, "all warriors learned the Book of Filial Piety"; Until the reflection of the Three Kingdoms, according to the biography of the reflection of Wu Shu Zhang Gu Zhuge Bu, "Quan tried to ask Wei severely:' Would you like to read the books you hid when you were young?' Yin Jun recited the filial piety book Zhongniju. Zhao said,' Yan Bi was born, please recite it for your majesty.' It is a matter of' gentlemen', and salt is known to Zhao. "Visible" filial piety "in the popularity of the han dynasty.
In the Han dynasty, there were "teachers of filial piety" from the central government to the local governments, and sometimes seminars were held. For example, Hanshu Ping Di Ji, Li Guan Ji and Guan Xue. Counties are called schools, and counties and cities are called schools. The school and the school have a teacher. Hometown is awkward, and the gathering is orderly. Order and place a teacher in the filial piety "; He also recruited professors who were familiar with the Five Classics, The Analects of Confucius, The Classic of Filial Piety and Er Ya, and sent them to the capital. Thousands of people "; In the Ji of Emperor Zhao, Emperor Zhao also wrote: "Biography: the filial piety, the Analects of Confucius and the history books are unclear. His life is blessed by Sanfu and Taichang, and the county has the highest Chinese language. It is different to give less than 2000 stones to officials and people. "
Author: Feng Mo1April 2, 2006120: 51Reply to this speech.
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On "Ruling the World with Filial Piety" in Han Dynasty
In the Han Dynasty, from the state to the officials, people took the Book of Filial Piety as the frame of reference. For example, "Records of Han Guan Bai" said: "Han system: testing scholars with filial piety"; "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Guan Bai" also said: "Filial piety governs it." This is the national employment policy. "Zhao Chuan" contains: Han "prolong his life, taste it, get on the bus, ride an official and come back, and discuss the punishment. Back to the mansion, the doorman is a car, and I would like to say something. Yan Shou stopped to ask him, and he said,' The Filial Piety says,' The father respects the gentleman as a servant, so the mother takes his love, and the gentleman takes his respect, and the father is also a servant. The Ming government drove early today and stayed there for a long time. My father rode to the government gate and was afraid to go in. When the officials on horseback heard this, they hurried out of it so that the Ming people could get on the bus. Can it be more serious to see punishment by honoring your father? Yanshou raised his hand and said,' Wei Ziyou, the prefect doesn't know. Go back to the house and call the doorman. A pawn is based on his life, and it is impossible to succeed if he knows how to be immortal and virtuous. Therefore, the soldiers changed their generals and lived a long life for later use. Accepting kindness is the same as taking advice. Dong Jun's three-year-old ban has greatly reduced his sentence, which is the highest in the world. "
When Han people educate their children, both scholars and ordinary people often quote the Book of Filial Piety. For example, Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, told Sima Qian to inherit his career. When he wrote historical records, he said, "When I die, you are too old; For Taishi, I have never forgotten what I want to write. The husband's filial piety began to serve the relatives, he served the gentleman, and finally established himself. Famous for later generations, to show parents, this filial piety is the greatest "[23]; The Biography of Qiu Lan in the Later Han Dynasty quoted Xie Chengshu as saying: "A sheep in Yuan Dynasty is ferocious and unfilial, and its mother looks forward to Yuan Dynasty. Looking at huyuan, Chen accused Yuan of taking the child's way and reading a volume of the Book of Filial Piety. Regretted, he went under his mother's bed and apologized: "Yuan is very lonely and proud of his mother." . As the saying goes, "a lonely calf touches its chest, and a proud son scolds its mother." Begging for self-improvement today. The mother and son wept at each other, so Yuan cultivated filial piety and later became a scholar. "
More interestingly, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Opening Angle Uprising was worried about raising troops to disturb the people, so it suggested to the court: "But if a general is sent to read the book of filial piety and go north to the river, the thief should be put to death" [24]; In addition, Song Xiao or longyou secretariat, repeatedly rebelled. He once envisaged using the Book of Filial Piety to counter the rebellion, and suggested to the court: "Liangzhou has little scholarship, so it often leads to counter-violence. Today, I want to write more "Xiao Jing" so that everyone in Zhizhi can know the great righteousness. " [25] For example, today's influential Huangmei Opera "Fairy Couple" is based on the prototype of "Yong Dong meets a fairy" in the Han Dynasty. Why can Yong Dong meet fairies? Because he "sold his body to bury his father" and "filial piety". It can be seen that the Book of Filial Piety has been implanted with people's beliefs in the Han Dynasty.
To sum up, it can be seen that "Confucianism worship" in Han Dynasty is basically "ruling the world with filial piety". It is of great significance to correctly understand "ruling the world with filial piety" in Han Dynasty. First of all, we can understand the essence of advocating Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, that is, filial piety in the Seven Classics instead of the Five Classics. Secondly, it can be clear that the main measures of political reform in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty are to establish "promoting filial piety" in the employment system and "pushing favor orders" to solve the disadvantages of the enfeoffment system with the same surname Wang. Thirdly, we can understand the fundamental difference between filial piety in Han dynasty and filial piety in later generations, that is, filial piety in Han dynasty focuses on political guiding ideology instead of faith and ethics. Fourthly, only by correctly understanding "ruling the world with filial piety" in Han Dynasty can we better criticize and inherit China's ancient thought of "ruling the world with filial piety" and further improve our theory of "ruling the country with morality" today.
Author: Feng Mo1April 2, 2006120: 51Reply to this speech.
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7 Reply: A Preliminary Study on "Ruling the World with Filial Piety" in Han Dynasty
References:
[1] [4] [5] [11] [23] Sima Qian. Biography of Historical Records of the Scholars, Biography of Historical Records of Ping Jin Hou's Father, Biography of Historical Records of Hou since Jianyuan, Biography of Historical Records of Taishigong [M]
[2] [3] [7] [8] [10] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
[6] Han Yuefu Huan, Ling nursery rhymes [M].
[9] Zhao Qi. Inscription [A]. Zhao Qi. Mencius notes [M].
[2 1] Zhang Dainian et al. An overview of the history of China's philosophy [M]. Shanghai: Oriental Publishing Center, 1994. 130.
[22] Filial piety hook life tactic [M].