The new energy vehicle refers to the vehicle that uses unconventional vehicle fuel as the power source (or conventional vehicle fuel and new vehicle power device), integrates the advanced technology of vehicle power control and driving, and has advanced technical principles, new technologies and new structures. New energy vehicles include hybrid vehicles, pure electric vehicles (BEV, including solar vehicles), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), hydrogen engine vehicles and other new energy (such as high-efficiency energy storage) vehicles. In today's increasingly serious energy shortage and environmental pollution, new energy vehicles have become the future development trend of the automobile industry.
I. Development Status of New Energy Automobile Industry in China
China's new energy automobile industry began in the early 20th century. Through the efforts of the Tenth Five-Year Plan and the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, the R&D capability of new energy vehicles in China has changed from weak to strong, and the independent innovation and technology integration of electric vehicles have been realized, forming a relatively complete industrial layout. However, China's new energy automobile industry still faces a bottleneck problem that cannot be ignored:
First, the integrated development and industrialization technology of new energy vehicles needs to be improved; The engine technology and automatic transmission technology of hybrid electric vehicles have less independent property rights; Pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles also face technical challenges in the development of power batteries, motor controllers, fuel cell engines and other components.
Second, the market promotion is difficult. Although new energy vehicles are clean, they face problems such as product reliability, stability and high cost.
Third, the construction of supporting facilities is slow, which seriously restricts industrial development. Pure electric vehicles, rechargeable hybrid vehicles and fuel cell vehicles are all facing the problems of charging and hydrogenation in their applications.
Second, based on the "diamond model" of China new energy automobile industry elements analysis.
(A) "Diamond Model" Brief Introduction
Michael Porter of Harvard Business School put forward the famous theoretical model of "diamond" and the corresponding analytical framework. Porter believes that whether a country's specific industry has international competitiveness mainly depends on four key factors: production factors, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, enterprise strategy, structure and competition. These four elements have two-way functions, forming a "diamond" system. In addition to these four elements, there are two variables-opportunity and government. Opportunities are uncontrollable, and the influence of government policies cannot be ignored. The "diamond" model provides us with an important method to analyze the formation and maintenance of the competitiveness of China's new energy automobile industry.
(B) Factors affecting the competitiveness of China's new energy automobile industry
1, factors of production. Porter divides production factors into primary factors and advanced factors. The primary factors refer to natural resources, unskilled workers, capital, etc. What a country has. Advanced elements are usually created by manpower, including manpower, technology and scientific research institutions with higher education. As an advanced manufacturing industry, the new energy automobile industry is highly dependent on advanced technology and human resources. At the same time, as a new industry, its development is inseparable from supporting infrastructure construction.
2. Demand conditions. Porter believes that domestic demand is the driving force to improve the international competitiveness of industries, and good demand conditions can quickly promote the scale of industries and achieve the ultimate goal of reducing costs and improving efficiency. For the new energy automobile industry, strong demand is conducive to accelerating market promotion and industrialization development.
3. Related and supporting industries. The formation of competitive advantage of any industry is inseparable from related and supporting industries. For new energy vehicles, the change of power system will strongly depend on the breakthrough of battery technology, so the new battery technology industry has become the most important supporting industry of new energy vehicle industry.
4. Enterprise strategy, structure and competition. Facing the situation that the country promotes hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles at the same time, domestic enterprises have lost their way in the choice of technical routes and lack clear short-,medium-and long-term development plans. Porter pointed out that strong domestic competitors generally exist in internationally competitive industries. Intense and effective competition can promote invention, improve product quality, reduce costs and enhance international competitiveness. The internal competition of China's new energy automobile industry is mainly reflected in the competition between domestic automobile enterprises and multinational automobile enterprises.
5. Opportunities. Porter pointed out that opportunities can break the original competitive state, provide new competitive space and give backward countries a competitive advantage. At the same time, he believes that the invention and creation of basic science and technology; Faults appear in traditional technology; Sudden increase in production costs due to external factors (such as oil crisis); Major changes in the financial market can bring opportunities to enterprises.
6. the government. Porter believes that the government has an important influence on the competitiveness of an industry in a country. The government can stimulate the four key elements of the "diamond" system by formulating relevant policies, thus affecting the industrial competitiveness of the country.
Third, countermeasures to enhance the competitiveness of China's new energy automobile industry
In view of the factors restricting the development of China's new energy automobile industry, this paper gives the following countermeasures:
(1) Accelerate infrastructure construction.
Infrastructure construction should be based on government investment and multi-participation. The government should focus on building a number of projects that enterprises cannot afford, such as public charging stations, energy supply stations, maintenance facilities and transportation facilities. Natural gas corporation and petrochemical enterprises can participate in the construction of multiple gas filling stations to serve gas vehicles, and power grid companies can establish a public charging station system on their own low-voltage power grids.
(2) Actively expand domestic demand and improve consumption maturity.
The key to promote the consumption of new energy vehicles is to reduce the production cost and use cost. Enterprises and related scientific research units should speed up the pace of technology research and development, technically minimize production costs and improve product quality. The government should give financial and tax support to the R&D and production of new energy vehicles, and introduce preferential policies for ordinary consumers, such as reducing vehicle purchase fees and providing subsidies, so as to reduce the use cost of new energy vehicles. At the same time, it is necessary to further adjust the fuel tax policy to improve the sustainable expenditure of traditional cars. In addition, the government should strengthen publicity and education, improve the environmental awareness of the whole society, cultivate a culture of advocating the purchase and use of new energy vehicles, and expand the user base of new energy vehicles.
(3) Strengthen research and development and master core technologies.
In the initial stage of R&D and industrialization of new energy vehicle technology, the government should play a leading role, determine key technical fields by integrating domestic scientific and technological resources and capital resources, and jointly promote key technology R&D with enterprises and research institutions. It is necessary to strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights and protect the relevant rights and interests of enterprises. On the premise of supporting independent innovation, enterprises are encouraged to register patents abroad and purchase foreign patents, so as to increase the technological innovation and competitiveness of products. In addition, it is necessary to speed up the establishment of a national technical standard system and establish and maintain the competitive advantage of China's new energy automobile industry.
(d) Market orientation and clear strategic focus.
The research and development of new energy vehicles in China should learn from international experience, be market-oriented, choose strategic priorities, and adopt a strategy of paying equal attention to short-term development and medium-and long-term development. In the near future, we will develop technologies such as diesel engine, gasoline direct injection, automobile lightweight and hybrid power, and focus on developing high-level hybrid power, fuel cells and alternative fuel vehicles in the medium and long term. Automobile enterprises should develop corresponding new energy automobile products according to their own conditions and local resources, culture and customs. At the same time, we should constantly adjust and improve the strategic structure and business strategy of enterprises according to the changes in the market situation.
(5) Promoting the adjustment of industrial structure and developing industrial clusters.
In order to make China's future new energy automobile industry stronger and bigger, it is suggested that the state promote transnational, trans-regional, cross-industry and cross-ownership mergers and acquisitions, and realize the integration and reorganization of existing enterprises through the capital market. Actively explore the development model of new energy vehicles led by Chinese capital, led by foreign capital, controlled by Chinese capital and controlled by foreign capital. Optimize and standardize the corporate governance structure, encourage Chinese and foreign enterprises to cooperate in innovation and entrepreneurship in various forms, promote the formation and development of new energy automobile industry alliances, and at the same time implement a strict review system for fair competition and the reorganization of anti-monopoly links.