1, preferred
Different scenery naturally creates different situations, but the choice of scenery should be consistent with the emotional tone of the full text, so that the article can be integrated with the scenery.
For example, in the second, fifth and sixth paragraphs of Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, a lot of ink was used to write all the trees on the road and by the pond, but only poplar and willow were mentioned many times. Some of them had names, some didn't mention anything, and some "didn't know their names". Why does the author handle it this way? Because this article is to show the author's dissatisfaction with reality, the faint sadness of fantasy detachment, the faint joy of stealing a moment, and its atmosphere is quiet and quiet, so it is most appropriate to choose feminine plants Yang and Liu to express the simple and hazy artistic conception.
Another example is autumn in the old capital. Because the author pursues a clear, quiet and sad state of mind, he does not write warm red leaves in Xiangshan, nor do he write about parks and shopping malls where tourists are everywhere. Instead, I rented a shabby house to live in. Facing the blue morning glory with a broken waist, I thought that the color of the flower was blue or white, followed by purple and black, and the reddish one was the lowest. The rest of the scenery is also dominated by cool colors. This shows the author's painstaking efforts.
Step 2 combine
The combination of a single scene should win with a panoramic view. For example, in the fourth natural section of the banyan tree in my hometown, streams, pebbles, girls, ducks, stone bridges, stone tablets and small stone lions constitute a unique pastoral scenery, full of poetry and painting. Some articles contrast people's activities with monotonous natural scenery. For example, the "Cave Rain Play" in "Landscape Talk" shows the inner life of a man and a woman having a heart-to-heart conversation with a dreary rainy day, a lonely barren mountain and a primitive cave dwelling, and also makes nature colorful at once. In fact, there are more such famous sentences in ancient poetry. Walking in the morning on the good side of the mountain, the cock crows in Maodian and the frost on Banqiao is left out in the cold, outlines the artistic conception of the eastern countryside at dawn with six typical images, and vividly writes "Walking in the morning", which is really picturesque in poetry. Another example is Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si", which says, "The old vine is faint and the bridge is flowing. The old road is thin, the sun is setting, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world. " 10 The noun is touching the scene, desolate and sad, and the image of a wanderer in a foreign land is lonely. The above poems don't use verbs, they all use nouns.
Step 3 set the environment
In other words, the scene of the painting is set in a specific atmosphere, and the background of a specific background color makes the picture completely out. For example, the "charming summer pasture" in Tianshan Mountain Scenery, the sunset and red light give the mountains, grasslands, yurts, cattle and shepherds brilliant warm colors, showing the richness and tranquility of a thousand miles of pasture and the joy of herders. The sunset and red light here are the background colors at dusk. In Landscape Talk, the scenery itself is plain when flowers are picked without peaches, but the young people in the tea house make the scenery worth nostalgia, which shows the lofty spirit of human beings to fill the natural poverty, highlights the people who have a full life in the world to get their hands on and dominate the scenery, and well embodies the theme of the article.
4. Contrast and contrast
The scenery in prose is sometimes difficult to express its unique charm by direct description, so the author often uses the method of contrast to make the music beautiful. For example, in green, the green shade of Meiyu Pool is suitable, the light and shade are moderate, the poplar in Shichahai, Beijing is too light, the green wall of Hupao Temple in Hangzhou is too thick, the waves in West Lake are too bright, and the water in Qinhuai River is too dark. Camel Bell in the Desert selects extremely monotonous plane images such as long yellow sand, noisy hot air and camel's dead bones, which are in sharp contrast with camel array, scarlet flag and sweet bell, making the realm full of vitality and exciting. In addition, "Scenery of Tianshan Mountain" uses the sun shadow to line the dense branches and leaves of the forest, the sound of water to line the quietness, the birdsong to line the depth, and the red light to line the darkness to show that the trees in Tianshan Mountain are tall and dense, and the same is true.
5. Imagination and association
Some scenery is ordinary, and there is no special attraction. The picture is static, and the thinking space that can be expanded is very small. However, the essayist can not be confined to the narrow space and time, but skillfully arranges to turn decay into magic and make the picture move and live. Here, imagination and association become the necessary treatment. In Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, the phrase "Suddenly Thinking of Picking Lotus" brought the author and readers from the Tsinghua campus to a remote water town in the south of the Yangtze River, and brought them to a picturesque and wonderful realm. It is with imagination and association that the author creates a poetic artistic atmosphere, which enables readers to get wonderful artistic enjoyment.
In addition, imagination and association are often manifested in quoting myths and legends. Because the pure scenery itself is mostly static and contemporary, while the ancient myths and legends have a sense of historical depth and richer connotations because of their long history and more magical romance. For example, Scenery of Tianshan Mountain reminds us of the tears shed by Kazakh girls from the natural lake, which not only points out the magic of the lake, but also compares misfortune and happiness, showing that the life of Tianshan herders has undergone earth-shaking changes. The goddess of Wushan in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, carrying Qu Yuan's big fish, climbing Mount Tai's shampoo basin in the rain, and swimming in the bay are also evidence.
Prose wins with scenery, moves people with emotion, and finds the key to enter the prose hall, which is indispensable for accurately understanding the meaning of the text. This is the role of mastering the prose description method.
Among all styles, prose is the most familiar and unfamiliar one. The most familiar is because all literate people have read it, and the least familiar is because it is not easy to explain what prose is. This is because prose is the most unstable style in content and form, with great freedom and randomness. It is also because of the constant changes in the connotation and extension of prose in the long-term development process that people's knowledge and understanding of it are constantly changing, and the stylistic concept of prose has different characteristics with the changes of the times. Therefore, when we talk about prose, write prose and read prose today, our understanding of prose is often not completely consistent. Based on this, it is necessary for us to examine the evolution of the concept of prose style, position the prose style and make clear what prose is.
In ancient times, prose refers to prose. Judging from the writing practice, there were prose as early as Shang Dynasty, and Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen were the representatives of early prose. Although they are extremely simple notes, simple and simple, as a style opposite to poetry, they obviously exist independently. The advent of Zhouyi and Chunqiu shows that people have begun to pay attention to the art of prose, and the emergence of historical prose such as Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu and Warring States Policy shows that people have mastered the function of prose notes to a considerable extent. The successive launch of essays such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi and Xunzi not only shows that people have a good understanding of the argumentative function of prose, but also shows that people have a good understanding of the structural art and institutional characteristics of prose. The appearance of Song Yu's Feng Fu and Gao Tang Shen Fu further shows that people can express their feelings with prose. It can be said that by the end of the Warring States period, prose as a style was fully mature, but people had no concept of prose style.
In the Han Dynasty, with the development of society and the prosperity of culture, people's understanding of style has made obvious progress compared with that of the pre-Qin period, and they have a preliminary sense of style. Due to the increasing prosperity of literary creation mainly composed of poems, words and essays, the status of literary works has been unprecedentedly improved, and there has been a trend of separation between literature and academics. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, literature entered the so-called "conscious era", and not only a large number of literati who were good at poetry and prose appeared, but also the discussion on stylistic classification and various stylistic features attracted great attention. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long divided all the styles into two categories according to the popular ideas at that time. Writing refers to verse, and writing refers to non-verse. The former refers to rhythmic poems, Sao, Fu and Yuefu, while the latter refers to all narrative, argumentative and lyric articles except rhymes, including literary articles such as philosophers and historical biographies, as well as practical articles such as letters, scripts and sparse classics that lack literariness.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were brand-new changes in the form of prose. Parallel prose and parallel sentences became the main forms of the article, which was opposite to Japanese works and produced four or six neat and fixed parallel prose. As a stylistic name, the word "prose" was first seen in He Lin Yu Lu written by Luo Dajing in the Southern Song Dynasty. Yang Dongshan's paper is quoted in the book as saying: "Gu (Huang Tingjian)' s poems are wonderful in the world, but his prose is quite trivial and cramped." The "prose" here obviously refers to the prose as opposed to poetry. In fact, the concept of literary "prose" did not arise in ancient times, and all literary and non-literary prose articles were included in the category of "prose".
Modern prose-the orientation as a style.
With the emergence and maturity of novel, drama and other new styles, it is not enough and appropriate to use the broad concept of "prose" to summarize the family of prose after they have achieved an equal position with poetry and prose. Therefore, under the influence of the western concept of "prose", a concept of literary prose style, which is juxtaposed with poetry, novel and drama, began to appear, and scholars began to discuss its stylistic orientation. First, some people clearly classify prose as literature and exclude non-literary articles from prose. Then, prose, novel, poetry and drama are clearly mentioned together and divided into four major literary styles. Thus formally defined the concept of prose in the modern sense. However, all literary genres except poetry, novel, drama, folk art and film literature are classified as prose, which includes prose, essays, sketches, travel notes, features, communications, reportage, biographies and so on. Its main characteristics are individuality, lyricism and freedom.
With the increasing prosperity of prose creation, the personality characteristics of other members of the prose family are rapidly formed and clearly displayed. You can be friends with prose, such as essays, reportage, popular science sketches, etc. Therefore, it is independent from the prose family, making the conceptual connotation of prose more and more pure literature.
Stylistic orientation of prose in the new period. With the upsurge of prose creation in 1990s, there appeared the diversification of prose expression techniques. The innovative trend of prose, represented by "cultural prose", promoted the revolution of various "trendy prose" styles, made the prose style present a colorful situation, and triggered people to re-examine and think about the prose style. It is decided by combining various opinions and the actual situation of the current literary world. We believe that prose is a literary style that can make full use of all kinds of themes, creatively use all kinds of literary expressions, freely show the personality style of the subject, take lyric freehand brushwork as the main purpose and widely reflect social life.