First, the brand of the times Hamlet was born in a special era-the Renaissance. The ideology of this period has three distinct characteristics of the times, which can be reflected in Hamlet. (1) Awakening of self-consciousness In the Middle Ages, people were reduced to slaves without any initiative. During the Renaissance, with the increase of material and spiritual activities, people began to have a new understanding of their own nature and status. Hamlet wrote in "What kind of work is a person? What kind of special creation is man? ) In questioning, I fell into thinking about human nature. This awakening of self-consciousness in the Renaissance is a sign that human beings are moving from ignorance to civilization, but it also makes people fall into temporary confusion and pain. Hamlet's constant self-analysis has produced the will to kill and revenge, but also a feeling of irritability and nothingness. (2) Rationality replaces belief "The seemingly complete ideological system in the Middle Ages has a blind constraint on human beings, so that most people are temporarily unified in a' spiritual field' with the same * * *". This religious power has certain progressive significance for temporarily stabilizing social order, but it cannot deceive people forever. With the awakening of human self-awareness, the development of science and technology, and the yearning for truth, reason will inevitably replace faith, and the temporarily unified "spiritual field" will inevitably be destroyed, thus losing the habitat of the soul. Hamlet has no soul support because of lack of faith, and is caught in the fog of thought because of excessive rationality. He rationally analyzes himself, analyzes the tasks he faces, and rationally predicts the consequences of his actions. This almost rampant rationality, like a perpetual motion machine, makes him a crazy thinker. He thought for the sake of thinking and fell into an inescapable nothingness. (3) Observation and thinking, doubt and exploration coexist in an era of Renaissance. The old theological system can no longer maintain its position, and new ideas can not fully explain this era. The coexistence of observation and thinking, doubt and exploration has become another feature of this era. This is not only the characteristic of this era, but also the character quality of Hamlet. These characteristics make Hamlet an internal combustion character. With constant observation and thinking, his thinking is more and more detailed, and he is lost in constant doubt and exploration. Second, the author's own influence The author is another basic element of literary activities, and a work is also a reflection of the author's own quality to a great extent. Shakespeare's poetic talent and philosophical thoughts are fully reflected in Hamlet. (1) a unique natural poet1Dr. samuel johnson, a critic of Shakespeare in the 8th century, called Shakespeare a unique natural poet. "Nature" is the highest evaluation of Shakespeare's poetic talent, and Hamlet, regarded as his favorite, undoubtedly inherited his poetry. Hamlet is more like a melancholy poet than a vengeful prince. His enthusiasm and sensitivity, hesitation and confusion, loneliness and self-esteem, brilliance and being far away from reality are all qualities that a poet should have. A large number of poetic sentences and the use of various images make the work obscure, and also make Hamlet's image rich in connotation. (2) Philosophy full of speculation Our study of Shakespeare's philosophy cannot be explained by a certain theory or a certain faction. Shakespeare's philosophical thought is more complicated, which is due to this complicated era and Shakespeare's complicated own qualities. What is the core of Shakespeare's philosophy? What is his image in Hamlet? The following is an analysis from three aspects: natural view, historical view and ethical view. 1. The view of nature is the general knowledge and understanding of natural laws. During the Renaissance, with the approach to nature, people developed amazing curiosity and thirst for knowledge. Shakespeare was a versatile and all-round development figure in this period. Hamlet written by him is also an ideal model of talents. As his lover said, he is "the eyes of courtiers, the tongue of scholars, the sword of soldiers, the beautiful flowers expected by the country, the mirror of the times, the elegant model of interpersonal relationships, and the center of world attention ...". (2) In addition to the germination of real science, the existence of pseudoscience such as magic, witchcraft, astrology and alchemy made this period full of mysticism. Shakespeare was obviously influenced by this atmosphere, which can be seen from the appearance of the ghosts of Hamlet's father and his uncle during prayer, and Hamlet's hesitation in action (killing the praying person will make his soul go to heaven). We can define Shakespeare's view of nature as immature idealistic view of nature. Hamlet wrote in a poem to Mr. filia, "You can doubt that the stars are torches, you can doubt that the sun is turning, and you can doubt that the truth is a lie …". It can be seen that Shakespeare has doubts about the old theological view, and the new view of nature has not been fully established and is in a confused state, which can also be regarded as Hamlet's view of nature. 2. Historical view, also known as social historical view, is people's general view and viewpoint on the historical process of human society. During the Renaissance, the theological view of Christianity coexisted with the rationalistic historical view that viewed social history from the perspective of "human" and explained social phenomena with natural material reasons. Humanists, represented by Shakespeare, believe that the creator of history should be a rational person, and his so-called "person" is an abstract collection of human will, mainly the bourgeoisie with full self-awareness at that time. This position, which demands both order and perfection of human nature, determines the duality of Shakespeare's attitude towards kingship, and also determines that he must put his political ideal under the rule of the enlightened monarch, the most stable order of the feudal system. In the play, Hamlet is obviously influenced by Shakespeare's view of history. At first, he was a carefree and happy prince influenced by humanism. He fully affirmed the value of people. He praised: "What a great masterpiece human beings are! What a noble reason, what an elegant move, the essence of the universe, the primate of all things. " During this period, his father was regarded as an enlightened monarch by him. With the development of the plot, he just wanted to kill the tyrant and replace him, instead of mobilizing the masses, because he still believed in the feudal monarchy under the enlightened monarch. Shakespeare's humanistic view of history is, in the final analysis, an idealistic view of history. This view of history will inevitably lead to the view of heroic history and the theory of genius, which will set the people against heroes. Shakespeare saw the rationality of the people's struggle, but he disapproved of their violent means. Hamlet still refused to take action after knowing his revenge task. One of the reasons is that he is opposed to using violence to solve contradictions. He wants to realize his heroic dream through personal efforts. 3. Ethics Ethics is a social concept that mainly studies human behavior standards and makes value judgments on objective things and people themselves. Shakespeare's ethics has always been based on his exploration of human nature, and the theory of human nature is the cornerstone of his ethical system. The development of Shakespeare's ethics has gone through three stages. Emphasizing secular life, affirming the rationality of people's pursuit of happiness and enjoyment, and opposing asceticism can be regarded as the first stage of his ethical development. In the second stage of the development of his ethical thought, he adopted a realistic attitude towards the observation of human nature, and in the struggle between human nature and good and evil, he showed more "evil" elements. The third stage of the formation of Shakespeare's ethics has broken through the fixed format of obtaining a happy ending after experiencing hardships in life, and holds that people who insist on justice can only achieve moral victory at the expense of themselves at most, which has a strong tragic color. The three stages of the development of Shakespeare's ethical thought can also be proved from Hamlet. At first, Hamlet, as a happy prince, had lofty life ideals and fully affirmed the value of human beings. With the sudden death of his father and the remarriage of his mother, his ideal was shattered, and the cold reality changed him from a happy prince to a melancholy prince. During this period, his psychological contest with his uncle Claudius can be regarded as a struggle between good and evil. Finally, although Hamlet killed his uncle and died by the sword, he did not fulfill the responsibility of reviving Gan Kun, but won a moral victory, and Hamlet finally became a tragic figure. Let's take a look at the third factor that forms Hamlet's rich connotation-environment. Third, environmental factors The environment is the place where characters live, the conditions for their actions, and the objective basis for their character formation and development. The formation of a typical character is inseparable from his typical environment. Hamlet's complexity is determined by his complex environment. Shakespeare's tragedy has broken through the simple process of pulling a high figure to the bottom. The protagonists in his works are often in strong contradictions and conflicts, forming an unavoidable tragic character with richer connotations. Judging from the general environment, Hamlet is in such a special era as the Renaissance. This era is an era in which observation and thinking coexist, doubt and exploration coexist, and it is also a turbulent, complex and full of contradictions. Hamlet undoubtedly has the characteristics of this era. Hamlet's specific environment is not static. At first, he was a student of Wittenberg University in Germany, full of lofty ideals and fully affirmed the value of human beings. In his eyes, everything is beautiful. During this period, he was a carefree and happy prince. With the sudden death of his father, the succession of his uncle, the remarriage of his mother, the betrayal of his friends, and his lover becoming a tool of the ruling class, he began to fall into a desperate situation and became a melancholy prince. The sudden change of environment disturbed Hamlet's mood and produced a sense of helplessness. He fell into a melancholy, confused and almost crazy state, which is also the most complicated and rich place in Hamlet's character. Fourth, the relative independence of characters: the appearance of a literary character is not completely controlled by the author. When the characters are mature, they may conflict with the author's intention, follow their own personality trajectory and maintain their internal consistency. The relative independence of this character will give the writer an unclear consciousness and increase the connotation of his works. This is one of the reasons why Hamlet is rich in connotation. As soon as Hamlet came into being, he had his own relatively independent ideological system. His thoughts and actions should conform to the logic of his character development, and we can't artificially exaggerate or belittle him. There is a view that Hamlet is a highly conscious humanitarian, and his playing the fool is regarded as his strategy against Claudius, which is inevitably biased. In fact, Hamlet is not a pure humanist, at least not a conscious humanist. He is just an aristocratic youth influenced by humanism. Humanism itself is a social ideological trend full of idealism, and it is impossible to solve social contradictions by completely breaking away. Influenced by this thought, Hamlet resisted violence from the bottom of his heart. His status as a Danish prince also determined that he could not completely abandon his class. He advocated an enlightened monarchy, which prevented him from mobilizing the people. His behavior is determined by the internal logic of his character development. It can be seen that the analysis of a literary figure can neither be confined to the barriers that literature serves politics, nor be subject to the writer's reputation and status. But to analyze him with a comprehensive, contact and realistic attitude, and only in this way can we really get close to him.