Karl jaspers refers to the axial age of China, that is, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Various schools and ideas, known as a hundred schools of thought contend, collide with each other, criticize and repel each other, absorb and blend with each other, forming a grand occasion of a hundred schools of thought contend, which has been praised by later generations and written down the most brilliant stroke in the history of ancient China thought. In 387 BC, Plato, a famous ancient Greek philosopher, established the Academie in the suburbs of Athens, commonly known as Athens College, to teach philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, physics, psychology, music theory and so on. Athens College is the academic center of ancient Greece, which gathered the most famous thinkers, scientists and many disciples who followed them. At about the same time, in the East and China, academic centers like Jixia Academy also appeared.
The site of Xia Ji Gong Xue is different from the Greek Academie College, and Xia Ji Gong Xue was founded by the government. Around the Taigong Tianqi period, the State of Qi established the Gong Xue to attract scholars to give lectures and conduct political consultation. Because Gong Xue is located in Jimen, the capital of Qi State, it is named, and scholars who are giving lectures are called bachelors. The Tianqi regime gave generous treatment to Xia Ji's bachelor students, and created a relatively relaxed academic environment, which made them have something to say after their death. Xia Ji reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty, and his academic activities continued until the Jian 'an period, until the demise of Tian Qi. It has existed for more than 150 years, which is almost consistent with the history of Tianqi in the Warring States Period.
Gong Xue, Xia Ji, also known as Gong Xue, Xia Ji, was an official institution of higher learning in Tian Ji during the Warring States Period and became the center of academic contention at that time.
Scholars gathered in Jixia Academy were collectively referred to as Xia Ji School by later generations. In fact, there is no single school in Xia Ji and Gong Xue, but it includes Confucianism, Taoism, France, Ming, Military, Agriculture, Yin and Yang. Xia Ji bachelors give lectures and write books in Gong Xue. They debated with each other and learned from each other, which became the symbol of a hundred schools of thought contending during the Warring States period. Unfortunately, most of Xia Ji's works have been lost, and Guan Zhong Zhuan is generally regarded as a collection of essays by some Xia Ji scholars. The tendency of academic integration and inclusiveness embodied in Guanzi is a typical academic feature under Miracle.
Guo Moruo once spoke highly of Xia Ji and Gong Xue, saying: The establishment of Gong Xue in Xia Ji is of epoch-making significance in the cultural history of China, and it has developed to the point where academic thoughts can be freely studied. This is the progress of society, not to mention promoting the progress of academic thought. The grand occasion of Zhou and Qin philosophers is here, forming a peak. Mencius, the sage of Confucianism, Zou Yan, the founder of Yin and Yang School, and Xunzi, the master of Confucianism, all shuttled among them, becoming a story of the ages.
Mencius, who advocated benevolent governance.
Mencius' name is Ke. In Shandong, Zoucheng, more than 50 kilometers away from Qufu, is the hometown of Mencius. Mencius developed Confucius' theory of benevolence. He believes that human nature is good, taking what he loves, what he doesn't love and what he hates, and promoting goodness as benevolence. He has a famous proposition that the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light. Mencius hoped that the rulers would be benevolent and provide for the old, the old and the young. Although Mencius also advocated reunification, he opposed the war of annexation for profit and advocated the practice of kingliness. Mencius, like Confucius, traveled around the world with his disciples and publicized his benevolent policies. However, unlike Confucius, Chen and Cai, Mencius was treated well by the rulers of various countries.
At that time, in the capital of Wei, a dialogue between Mencius and Liang has been passed down to this day. Liang said to him, old man, you have come a long way. What benefits will you bring to our country? Mencius replied rudely: Wang, why do you have to talk about interests? As long as there is righteousness, it is enough. The monarch of Wei in Liang's dialogue has long been submerged in the dust of history. Few people know that Mencius' name is deeply imprinted in the history of China.
Mencius, revered as a saint by later generations, explained to the king of a country for the first time that different people have different opinions, and later generations specially built the Youliang Hall to commemorate Mencius. According to legend, there is a couplet written in front of the temple: thousands of miles away, you don't have to talk about profit, you have to be benevolent; Under eternal life, it will inevitably rise, which will be worse than those close to it. Although Liang asked Mencius for advice many times, he only wanted to make Wei famous in the world through war, which was incompatible with Mencius' thought of benevolent government, loving the people and not killing them, saving punishment and reducing taxes. Mencius' thought of benevolent governance is hard to be truly accepted by the rulers.
Mencius despaired of Liang and finally left Wei. After leaving Wei, Mencius moved to Qi. He has high hopes for Qi, and especially wants to arrive at Jixia Xuegong as soon as possible. After arriving in Qi State, Mencius was treated with high courtesy. He continued to publicize and carry forward his theory of benevolent governance, and put forward his famous proposition: the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the light. Fortunately, Mencius' benevolent policy was finally accepted by the monarch of Qi, but at the same time, it also showed that the representatives of different schools would always be appreciated by kings with the same views.